The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Dive... more The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Diverging from the common and widely accepted interpretation, it is found that a translation of the term "imi" as an anaphoric possessive pronoun is more plausible than the more usual translation as the first person singular present indicative form of the verb "to be".
This paper examines the physiological and psychological benefits that can be derived from regular... more This paper examines the physiological and psychological benefits that can be derived from regular immersion in natural environments. It explores in detail the mechanisms by which exposure to sunlight, fresh air, and volatile chemical compounds exuded by plants, known as phytoncides, contribute to the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of mental and physical illnesses.
This essay discusses the matter of whether three highly characteristic and diagnostic features of... more This essay discusses the matter of whether three highly characteristic and diagnostic features of the insular Celtic language family, namely VSO word order, fusions of prepositions with personal pronouns, and initial consonant mutations, are attested in the extant corpus of the Gaulish language. It is found that there are traces that can be tentatively interpreted as confirming their existence in an embryonic form.
The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Dive... more The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Diverging from the common and widely accepted interpretation, it is found that a translation of the term "imi" as an anaphoric possessive pronoun is more plausible than the more usual translation as the first person singular present indicative form of the verb "to be".
This brief essay examines how narratives in popular culture dealing with the concept of “The Last... more This brief essay examines how narratives in popular culture dealing with the concept of “The Last Of The Gauls” may be presenting an inaccurate version of reality. To this end some of the evidence pertaining to the survival of the Gaulish language and culture is examined, and a proposal is made for the tentative identification of people who may be considered the last of the Gauls.
It is often asserted that the term "Celtic", when used in relation to languages, culture, history... more It is often asserted that the term "Celtic", when used in relation to languages, culture, history or, specifically, a people or group of people, is a modern invention, is inaccurate and inappropriate, and should not be used. This essay offers a brief discussion of the historicity of the use of the term.
This brief overview of Gaulish religion finds indications that the Gaulish worldview was animisti... more This brief overview of Gaulish religion finds indications that the Gaulish worldview was animistic in nature, without dichotomy between humans and their surrounding world. Phenomena such as thunder and lightning, and entities such as mountains and rivers appear as deities, and seem to have played an important role in people's lives. /// Úra apísan'uchel vrío in credhlói Galáthach sin o bú in hapisan'víthu Ghaláthach hanathasach en hamvith, echan dhavíon enther dhoné ach só víthu erís. Bathwía dichenorúé comíu tarthar ach lócheth, ach ganvisúé comíu bríé ach avóné co dhévisúé, ach bathwía í o ré shuvor sí ran lhúithwár en víthé in tóth.
In hAmanar Colighnu ach in Blédhn Nói Celthach: Athanséru. /// The Coligny Calendar and the Celti... more In hAmanar Colighnu ach in Blédhn Nói Celthach: Athanséru. /// The Coligny Calendar and the Celtic New Year: An Analysis.
Abstract /// Edhichléthan
A linguistic and historical analysis of the names of the months of the Coligny calendar reveals that they contain information regarding the seasons they were to be situated in. This is compared to data extrapolated from historical calendars from the other Celtic countries. It is found that an archaic division of the year in two seasons, summer and winter, was shared across all the calendars examined. The equation of Gaulish Samon with Irish Samhain is questioned, examined closely and found to be false. An investigation of the arguments which have historically led to an identification of the Irish festival of Samhain and its modern counterpart All Saints' Eve with a presumed former concept of a pan-Celtic New Year found that this identification was erroneous. Instead the data strongly indicates that the start of the Celtic new year, as illustrated by the Coligny calendar, took place around the start of what is now the month of May, and was associated with what is now generally referred to as May Day celebrations, known in an Irish context as Bealtaine and in a Welsh context as Calan Haf.
Dicheltha athanséru tenguchwidhíach ach spathlamanach anúé mísé in hamanar Colighnu o delgha sí berwénu am shonchingé o ré ví sí eradháthu enís. Esi sin cosáthu can verwénu dichléthu e hamanáré 'pathlamanach e in bróié Celthach al. Esi í uríthu o bú coraníthu ran goth in blédhn en dhá sonching, sam ach gíam, tré in hamanáré hol hathéchoserwíthu. Esi pethaníthu swéian Samon Galáthach can Shamhain Éirach, esi í hathéchoserwíthu in nhes, ach esi í uríthu bis ancherth. Ré húri ensáithl urgharúé o duchíthu sí in 'pathlamanach a 'wéian lith Éirach Samhain ach ó rhan'ur haiedhnú Nesnóith Cádhé Ol can goménu cinach covuríthu Blédhn Nói Celthach Ol o bú in 'wéian-sin hancherth. Enwái gwerchalgha in berwénu in nherthach o ré chwéri dianthu in blédhn nói Celthach, co chwerlóchwíthu tar in hamanar Colighnu, am dhianthu sé och esi í in wís Mái nú, ach o bú í nesconathú can shé och esi í nú atheverthu adhí in goranach co lhitháné Dí Mái, gníthu en gleth Éirach co Vealtaine ach en gleth Comróich co Galan Haf.
There are widespread errors in terminology that occur regularly in discussions pertaining to the ... more There are widespread errors in terminology that occur regularly in discussions pertaining to the language, history and culture of Gaul. This paper aims to set the record straight.
An anthology of mostly original poetry and prose in the modern Gaulish language, Galáthach, by ni... more An anthology of mostly original poetry and prose in the modern Gaulish language, Galáthach, by nine different authors.
This paper provides a brief summary of the grammar and phonology of the modern Gaulish language, ... more This paper provides a brief summary of the grammar and phonology of the modern Gaulish language, and its relationship with Old Gaulish.
In recent years a theory has been put forward that proposes that the Celtic language family devel... more In recent years a theory has been put forward that proposes that the Celtic language family developed on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe in the Bronze Age and then expanded eastwards into central and eastern Europe. This short and informal essay examines that theory and suggests that some hitherto not considered data from the Gaulish language may have the potential to contribute to the debate.
An anthology of poetry and prose in ancient and in modern Gaulish, with translations in English.
... more An anthology of poetry and prose in ancient and in modern Gaulish, with translations in English.
The complete grammar of reconstructed modern Gaulish, designed for the revival of the language in... more The complete grammar of reconstructed modern Gaulish, designed for the revival of the language in the 21st century.
The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Dive... more The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Diverging from the common and widely accepted interpretation, it is found that a translation of the term "imi" as an anaphoric possessive pronoun is more plausible than the more usual translation as the first person singular present indicative form of the verb "to be".
This paper examines the physiological and psychological benefits that can be derived from regular... more This paper examines the physiological and psychological benefits that can be derived from regular immersion in natural environments. It explores in detail the mechanisms by which exposure to sunlight, fresh air, and volatile chemical compounds exuded by plants, known as phytoncides, contribute to the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of mental and physical illnesses.
This essay discusses the matter of whether three highly characteristic and diagnostic features of... more This essay discusses the matter of whether three highly characteristic and diagnostic features of the insular Celtic language family, namely VSO word order, fusions of prepositions with personal pronouns, and initial consonant mutations, are attested in the extant corpus of the Gaulish language. It is found that there are traces that can be tentatively interpreted as confirming their existence in an embryonic form.
The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Dive... more The Gaulish Word "imi" is analysed from a morphological, semantic and syntactic perspective. Diverging from the common and widely accepted interpretation, it is found that a translation of the term "imi" as an anaphoric possessive pronoun is more plausible than the more usual translation as the first person singular present indicative form of the verb "to be".
This brief essay examines how narratives in popular culture dealing with the concept of “The Last... more This brief essay examines how narratives in popular culture dealing with the concept of “The Last Of The Gauls” may be presenting an inaccurate version of reality. To this end some of the evidence pertaining to the survival of the Gaulish language and culture is examined, and a proposal is made for the tentative identification of people who may be considered the last of the Gauls.
It is often asserted that the term "Celtic", when used in relation to languages, culture, history... more It is often asserted that the term "Celtic", when used in relation to languages, culture, history or, specifically, a people or group of people, is a modern invention, is inaccurate and inappropriate, and should not be used. This essay offers a brief discussion of the historicity of the use of the term.
This brief overview of Gaulish religion finds indications that the Gaulish worldview was animisti... more This brief overview of Gaulish religion finds indications that the Gaulish worldview was animistic in nature, without dichotomy between humans and their surrounding world. Phenomena such as thunder and lightning, and entities such as mountains and rivers appear as deities, and seem to have played an important role in people's lives. /// Úra apísan'uchel vrío in credhlói Galáthach sin o bú in hapisan'víthu Ghaláthach hanathasach en hamvith, echan dhavíon enther dhoné ach só víthu erís. Bathwía dichenorúé comíu tarthar ach lócheth, ach ganvisúé comíu bríé ach avóné co dhévisúé, ach bathwía í o ré shuvor sí ran lhúithwár en víthé in tóth.
In hAmanar Colighnu ach in Blédhn Nói Celthach: Athanséru. /// The Coligny Calendar and the Celti... more In hAmanar Colighnu ach in Blédhn Nói Celthach: Athanséru. /// The Coligny Calendar and the Celtic New Year: An Analysis.
Abstract /// Edhichléthan
A linguistic and historical analysis of the names of the months of the Coligny calendar reveals that they contain information regarding the seasons they were to be situated in. This is compared to data extrapolated from historical calendars from the other Celtic countries. It is found that an archaic division of the year in two seasons, summer and winter, was shared across all the calendars examined. The equation of Gaulish Samon with Irish Samhain is questioned, examined closely and found to be false. An investigation of the arguments which have historically led to an identification of the Irish festival of Samhain and its modern counterpart All Saints' Eve with a presumed former concept of a pan-Celtic New Year found that this identification was erroneous. Instead the data strongly indicates that the start of the Celtic new year, as illustrated by the Coligny calendar, took place around the start of what is now the month of May, and was associated with what is now generally referred to as May Day celebrations, known in an Irish context as Bealtaine and in a Welsh context as Calan Haf.
Dicheltha athanséru tenguchwidhíach ach spathlamanach anúé mísé in hamanar Colighnu o delgha sí berwénu am shonchingé o ré ví sí eradháthu enís. Esi sin cosáthu can verwénu dichléthu e hamanáré 'pathlamanach e in bróié Celthach al. Esi í uríthu o bú coraníthu ran goth in blédhn en dhá sonching, sam ach gíam, tré in hamanáré hol hathéchoserwíthu. Esi pethaníthu swéian Samon Galáthach can Shamhain Éirach, esi í hathéchoserwíthu in nhes, ach esi í uríthu bis ancherth. Ré húri ensáithl urgharúé o duchíthu sí in 'pathlamanach a 'wéian lith Éirach Samhain ach ó rhan'ur haiedhnú Nesnóith Cádhé Ol can goménu cinach covuríthu Blédhn Nói Celthach Ol o bú in 'wéian-sin hancherth. Enwái gwerchalgha in berwénu in nherthach o ré chwéri dianthu in blédhn nói Celthach, co chwerlóchwíthu tar in hamanar Colighnu, am dhianthu sé och esi í in wís Mái nú, ach o bú í nesconathú can shé och esi í nú atheverthu adhí in goranach co lhitháné Dí Mái, gníthu en gleth Éirach co Vealtaine ach en gleth Comróich co Galan Haf.
There are widespread errors in terminology that occur regularly in discussions pertaining to the ... more There are widespread errors in terminology that occur regularly in discussions pertaining to the language, history and culture of Gaul. This paper aims to set the record straight.
An anthology of mostly original poetry and prose in the modern Gaulish language, Galáthach, by ni... more An anthology of mostly original poetry and prose in the modern Gaulish language, Galáthach, by nine different authors.
This paper provides a brief summary of the grammar and phonology of the modern Gaulish language, ... more This paper provides a brief summary of the grammar and phonology of the modern Gaulish language, and its relationship with Old Gaulish.
In recent years a theory has been put forward that proposes that the Celtic language family devel... more In recent years a theory has been put forward that proposes that the Celtic language family developed on the Atlantic seaboard of Europe in the Bronze Age and then expanded eastwards into central and eastern Europe. This short and informal essay examines that theory and suggests that some hitherto not considered data from the Gaulish language may have the potential to contribute to the debate.
An anthology of poetry and prose in ancient and in modern Gaulish, with translations in English.
... more An anthology of poetry and prose in ancient and in modern Gaulish, with translations in English.
The complete grammar of reconstructed modern Gaulish, designed for the revival of the language in... more The complete grammar of reconstructed modern Gaulish, designed for the revival of the language in the 21st century.
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Úra apísan'uchel vrío in credhlói Galáthach sin o bú in hapisan'víthu Ghaláthach hanathasach en hamvith, echan dhavíon enther dhoné ach só víthu erís. Bathwía dichenorúé comíu tarthar ach lócheth, ach ganvisúé comíu bríé ach avóné co dhévisúé, ach bathwía í o ré shuvor sí ran lhúithwár en víthé in tóth.
Abstract /// Edhichléthan
A linguistic and historical analysis of the names of the months of the Coligny calendar reveals that they contain information regarding the seasons they were to be situated in. This is compared to data extrapolated from historical calendars from the other Celtic countries. It is found that an archaic division of the year in two seasons, summer and winter, was shared across all the calendars examined. The equation of Gaulish Samon with Irish Samhain is questioned, examined closely and found to be false. An investigation of the arguments which have historically led to an identification of the Irish festival of Samhain and its modern counterpart All Saints' Eve with a presumed former concept of a pan-Celtic New Year found that this identification was erroneous. Instead the data strongly indicates that the start of the Celtic new year, as illustrated by the Coligny calendar, took place around the start of what is now the month of May, and was associated with what is now generally referred to as May Day celebrations, known in an Irish context as Bealtaine and in a Welsh context as Calan Haf.
Dicheltha athanséru tenguchwidhíach ach spathlamanach anúé mísé in hamanar Colighnu o delgha sí berwénu am shonchingé o ré ví sí eradháthu enís. Esi sin cosáthu can verwénu dichléthu e hamanáré 'pathlamanach e in bróié Celthach al. Esi í uríthu o bú coraníthu ran goth in blédhn en dhá sonching, sam ach gíam, tré in hamanáré hol hathéchoserwíthu. Esi pethaníthu swéian Samon Galáthach can Shamhain Éirach, esi í hathéchoserwíthu in nhes, ach esi í uríthu bis ancherth. Ré húri ensáithl urgharúé o duchíthu sí in 'pathlamanach a 'wéian lith Éirach Samhain ach ó rhan'ur haiedhnú Nesnóith Cádhé Ol can goménu cinach covuríthu Blédhn Nói Celthach Ol o bú in 'wéian-sin hancherth. Enwái gwerchalgha in berwénu in nherthach o ré chwéri dianthu in blédhn nói Celthach, co chwerlóchwíthu tar in hamanar Colighnu, am dhianthu sé och esi í in wís Mái nú, ach o bú í nesconathú can shé och esi í nú atheverthu adhí in goranach co lhitháné Dí Mái, gníthu en gleth Éirach co Vealtaine ach en gleth Comróich co Galan Haf.
Authors: Bellouesus Isarnos and Steve Hansen
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Úra apísan'uchel vrío in credhlói Galáthach sin o bú in hapisan'víthu Ghaláthach hanathasach en hamvith, echan dhavíon enther dhoné ach só víthu erís. Bathwía dichenorúé comíu tarthar ach lócheth, ach ganvisúé comíu bríé ach avóné co dhévisúé, ach bathwía í o ré shuvor sí ran lhúithwár en víthé in tóth.
Abstract /// Edhichléthan
A linguistic and historical analysis of the names of the months of the Coligny calendar reveals that they contain information regarding the seasons they were to be situated in. This is compared to data extrapolated from historical calendars from the other Celtic countries. It is found that an archaic division of the year in two seasons, summer and winter, was shared across all the calendars examined. The equation of Gaulish Samon with Irish Samhain is questioned, examined closely and found to be false. An investigation of the arguments which have historically led to an identification of the Irish festival of Samhain and its modern counterpart All Saints' Eve with a presumed former concept of a pan-Celtic New Year found that this identification was erroneous. Instead the data strongly indicates that the start of the Celtic new year, as illustrated by the Coligny calendar, took place around the start of what is now the month of May, and was associated with what is now generally referred to as May Day celebrations, known in an Irish context as Bealtaine and in a Welsh context as Calan Haf.
Dicheltha athanséru tenguchwidhíach ach spathlamanach anúé mísé in hamanar Colighnu o delgha sí berwénu am shonchingé o ré ví sí eradháthu enís. Esi sin cosáthu can verwénu dichléthu e hamanáré 'pathlamanach e in bróié Celthach al. Esi í uríthu o bú coraníthu ran goth in blédhn en dhá sonching, sam ach gíam, tré in hamanáré hol hathéchoserwíthu. Esi pethaníthu swéian Samon Galáthach can Shamhain Éirach, esi í hathéchoserwíthu in nhes, ach esi í uríthu bis ancherth. Ré húri ensáithl urgharúé o duchíthu sí in 'pathlamanach a 'wéian lith Éirach Samhain ach ó rhan'ur haiedhnú Nesnóith Cádhé Ol can goménu cinach covuríthu Blédhn Nói Celthach Ol o bú in 'wéian-sin hancherth. Enwái gwerchalgha in berwénu in nherthach o ré chwéri dianthu in blédhn nói Celthach, co chwerlóchwíthu tar in hamanar Colighnu, am dhianthu sé och esi í in wís Mái nú, ach o bú í nesconathú can shé och esi í nú atheverthu adhí in goranach co lhitháné Dí Mái, gníthu en gleth Éirach co Vealtaine ach en gleth Comróich co Galan Haf.
Authors: Bellouesus Isarnos and Steve Hansen