Mohammad Hadi Azad Safaei

Background: The objective was to determine the predictors of posttraumatic psychiatric disorders (PTPD) during the first 6 months following traumatic brain injury (TBI) focusing on neuroimaging, clinical and neuropsychological appraisements during acute and discharge phase of TBI. Materials and Methods: We designed a prospective, longitudinal study in which 150 eligible TBI patients were entered. Postresuscitation brain injury severity and discharged functional outcome were evaluated by standard clinical scales. First neuroimaging was done at a maximum of 24 h after head trauma. Early posttraumatic (PT) neuropsychological outcomes were assessed using Persian neuropsychological tasks at discharge. The standardized psychiatric assessments were carefully implemented 6 months postinjury. A total of 133 patients returned for follow-up assessment at 6 months. They were divided into two groups according to the presence of PTPD. Results: Apparently, aggression was the most prevalent type of...

The early Shiites of the Indian subcontinent The difficulty in investigating the Shiism in the Indian subcontinent, particularly during the early centuries of Islam is not only confined to scant information about it, but also to the its exemplification and determining of its boundaries with other branches of Islam. In the section, Shiism has been traced through signs such as ancestry and siyāda (being a Sayyid, i.e. a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad), and above all, love of Imam Ali and his family. Notwithstanding, limitations in acquiring information about the early links with Shi'ism in the Indian subcontinent, makes our exploration to a knowledge of Shi'ite personalities rather than to a multilateral delineation of the mainstream of Shiism. The existing narratives about the earliest traces of the connection between Islam or Shi'ism and the Indian subcontinent have face the same vast differences which are seen in the accounts of about the era of Orthodox Caliphs in other areas. According to Madāʿini, who has written works such as Kitāb Thaghr al-Hind and Kitāb ʿUmmal al-Hind (see Ibn al-Nadim, 116), Uthman, the third Rightly Guided Caliph, ordered Abdullah ibn Amer ibn Karix, the then governor of Iraq, to dispatch Hakim Bin Jabala ʿAbdi, to Sind in order to direct the conquest, and Hakim after returning from Sind, gave a report which discourage Uthman from sending troops to this land (for his descriptions and the consequent response of Uthman, see al-Balādhurī, Futūh al-Buldān, 432). According to the Kalbi's account, Hakim was the first conqueror of Makran (ibid., 433) and some have associated this conquest with a number of Jats (Arabic, zuṭṭ, A Sindi tribe) (MacLean, 309). We know that zuṭṭ is the Arabicized form of Jat, the name of a community of Indians (see Firouzabadi, 668-669; For further details about Jats, see Bazmi Ansari, 488-489/II; see also the rest of this article, Hussaini Brahmins (in Persian)). Several years later, in 36 AH, the name of al-Ḥakīm was accompanied again with Jats, when the aṣḥāb al-Jamal (i.e. A'isha (widow of Muhammad), Talhah and Zubayr, and their followers) raided Basra 1 , the guardians of Dar ul-amrāh and Bayt al-māl were the Jats and Siyābijah who after withstanding Zunayr and his companions were killed (Shaykh Mufid, 281; Majlisi, 32/119; For details, see Muhammadi, 3/211ff). After hearing the news of this event, Hakim accompanied with several hundreds of his tribe, Bani Abdul Qays, hastened to fight the rebels and finally gave his life in this battle (Shaykh Mufid, 283; see also Khalifa bin Khayyaṭ, 137). Hakim had already eulogized Ali ibn Abi Talib, while his arriving at Basra, in some verses (for his poems, see Kufi, 74-75). Ali ibn Abi Talib, in his lecture before the Battle of Jamal (in English, Battle of the Camel), characterized Siyābijah as among "the righteous men" who were killed by the pledge-breakers (Shaykh Mufid, 334). Hakim, as one of the companions of Imam Ali, was probably the first Shiite that entered the Indian subcontinent. There is also further evidence of the Jats' company and association with Hakim: The Bani Abdul Qays tribe who pledged allegiance to Ali, resided in Bahrain, Makran, Sind and Sarandīb before the advent of Islam, and had established relationships with the Indians. The Jats converted to Islam at the time of the second caliph, and contributed to the conquests in India for many years due to their warriorship as well as familiarity with this land and the association between Abdul Qays and the Jats had a long history. Perhaps this issue has another side which relates to the Jats: According to a tradition (hadith) transmitted form Imam Muhammad Bāqir, 70 persons from the Jats tribe, after returning of Imam Ali from the Battle of Jamal, were punished severely because of their 1. also spelled as "Basrah" [Transliterated as "Baṣrah"].