The present work is aimed to evaluate the saccharification potential of a thermostable β-xylosida... more The present work is aimed to evaluate the saccharification potential of a thermostable β-xylosidase cloned from Bacillus licheniformis into Escherichia coli for production of bioethanol from plant biomass. Recombinant β-xylosidase enzyme possesses the ability of bioconversion of plant biomass like wheat straw, rice straw and sugarcane bagass. By using this approach, plant biomass that mainly constitute cellulose can be converted to reducing sugars that could then be easily converted to bioethanol by simple fermentation process. The production of bioethanol will help to overcome energy requirements due to depleting fossil fuels and will also help to protect environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission. In the end, future directions are briefly mentioned that can be utilized to reduce the cost and increase the yield of biofuels.
Expression of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SPRY4-IT1 is low in normal human melanocytes but hi... more Expression of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SPRY4-IT1 is low in normal human melanocytes but high in melanoma cells. siRNA knockdown of SPRY4-IT1 blocks melanoma cell invasion and proliferation, and increases apoptosis. To investigate its function further, we affinity purified SPRY4-IT1 from melanoma cells and used mass spectrometry to identify the protein lipin 2, an enzyme that converts phosphatidate to diacylglycerol (DAG), as a major binding partner. SPRY4-IT1 knockdown increases the accumulation of lipin2 protein and upregulate the expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) an enzyme involved in the conversion of DAG to triacylglycerol (TAG). When SPRY4-IT1 knockdown and control melanoma cells were subjected to shotgun lipidomics, an MS-based assay that permits the quantification of changes in the cellular lipid profile, we found that SPRY4-IT1 knockdown induced significant changes in a number of lipid species, including increased acyl carnitine, fatty acyl chai...
Background Short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) perform their cellular functions in ribonucleoprotein (... more Background Short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) perform their cellular functions in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, which are also essential for maintaining the stability of the ncRNAs. Depletion of individual protein components of non-coding ribonucleoprotein (ncRNP) particles by RNA interference (RNAi) may therefore affect expression levels of the corresponding ncRNA, and depletion of candidate associated proteins may constitute an alternative strategy when investigating ncRNA-protein interactions and ncRNA functions. Therefore, we carried out a pilot study in which the effects of RNAi against protein components of small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) in Caenorhabditis elegans were observed on an ncRNA microarray. Results RNAi against individual C. elegans protein components of snoRNPs produced strongly reduced mRNA levels and distinct phenotypes for all targeted proteins. For each type of snoRNP, individual depletion of at least three of the four protein components produced significant (P...
A 1.4 Kb fragment of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding β-glucosidase was cloned and expr... more A 1.4 Kb fragment of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding β-glucosidase was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. β-Glucosidase expressed by E. coli harboring cloned gene was located entirely in the intracellular fraction. Recombinant β-glucosidase protein was purified to homogeneity level and the molecular weight was found to be 53 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. It gave maximum activity at 50°C and pH 6. K m and V max were 0.206 mM and 1.26 U/mg, respectively, with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, while activation energy Ea, enthalpy of activation ?H and entropy of activation ΔS were found to be 66.31 kJ/mol, 64.04 kJ/mol and 48.28 J/mol/K, respectively. The pKa1 and pKa2 of the ionizable groups of active site residues involved in Vmax were found to be 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. When the recombinant β-glucosidase protein was used as a member of consortium with endoglucanase and exoglucanase for the saccharification of wheat...
Fifty seven strains of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from soil, milk and poultry droppings... more Fifty seven strains of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from soil, milk and poultry droppings from different areas of Lahore. Pour plate method using TYE agar medium was used for the isolation of B. licheniformis. All the isolated cultures were screened for the bacitracin production by hole plate method using Micrococcus luteus as test strain. Strain Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 produced maximum bacitracin production (21±0.72 IU/mL) and was identified on the basis of physiological and biochemical tests. Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 was treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiations and chemical treatment by N-methyl N-nitro N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) and nitrous acid (HNO2) for improvement in bacitracin production. UV treatment of parental cells produced 87 mutants. Out of these mutants only 29 produced higher concentrations of bacitracin than wild type and maximum bacitracin production (29±0.69 IU/mL) was observed for mutant strain designated as GP-UV-15. When parental cells were treated with different concentrations of MNNG 53, 42, 57, 43, 59 and 41 mutants were obtained. Out of these mutants 9, 7, 8, 9, 8 and 7 mutants produced higher bacitracin titers. Maximum bacitracin production (35±1.35 IU/mL) was obtained from mutant strain designated as GP-MNNG- 28. Similarly, parental cells were treated with different concentrations of HNO2. Out of 48, 63, 52, 57, 45, 49 and 53 mutant strains obtained, 8, 8, 9,8, 6 and 9 strains produced higher bacitracin yield. Maximum bacitracin (31±0.89 IU/mL) was produced by mutant strain designated as GP-HN-23. Studies regarding the combined effect of UV andchemical treatment on parental cells yield significantly higher titers of bacitracin with maximum bacitracin (43±1.21 IU/mL) produced by mutant strain designated as B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8. Mutant strain was highly stable and produced consistent yield of bacitracin. After mutagenesis, cultural conditions of the mutant strain B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8 as well as wild strain B. licheniformis GP-40 were optimized. Both strains were grown at different temperature values ranging from 28-47oC. Maximum bacitracin production for wild (47.6±1.78 IU/mL) as well as for mutant strain (23±1.34 IU/mL) was obtained when temperature was maintained at 37oC. The effect of pH on the production of bacitracin by B. licheniformis was also studied. B. licheniformis was grown on different pH values (4-10). Maximum bacitracin titers were obtained for wild (27±0.84 IU/mL) and mutant strain (48±1.87 IU/mL) when pH value of fermentation medium was maintained at 7.0. Incubation time also plays a vital role in the bacitracin production. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (26±1.05 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.43 IU/mL) strain after 48 hours of incubation. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (23±0.74 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.15 IU/mL) strains when 20 hours old inoculum was used. Similarly, maximum bacitracin production for both wild strain (22.5±0.67 IU/mL) and mutant strain (50.3±1.89 IU/mL) was achieved when 6% inoculum was used. Agitation speed also influenced the bacitracin production. Wild and mutant strains produced highest yield of bacitracin i.e. 51.4±1.30 IU/mL and 21±0.85 IU/mL when agitation speed was kept at 200 rpm. Parameters like effect of addition of organic acids, nitrogen sources, divalent metal ions and phosphate salts were employed to enhance the bacitracin production in shake flask studies. Maximum bacitracin production obtained after optimizing all the parameters in shake flask studies was 53±1.79 IU/mL for mutant strain and 36±0.93 IU/mL for wild strain. For scale up studies, 2 L glass fermenter (working volume 1 L) was used for bacitracin production. Different parameters like incubation time, inoculum age, inoculum size, aeration, agitation and dissolved oxygen were optimized to further enhance the bacitracin production. The effect of incubation time on the bacitracin production in fermenter was carried out. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved after 30 hours of incubation i.e., 62±2.25 IU/mL and 44±1.32 IU/mL for mutant and wild strain respectively. Effect of inoculum age on the production of bacitracin by both mutant and wild type strains in fermenter was studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 63±1.53 IU/mL and 42±0.87 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strain when 20 hours old inoculum was used. As far as inoculum size is concerned, maximum bacitracin production of 65±2.42 IU/mL and 45±0.86 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strains respectively when 6% inoculum size was utilized. Similarly, effect of different rates of air supply (aeration) on bacitracin production was also studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 67±2.56 IU/mL and 48±1.47 IU/mL was obtained by mutant and wild strains when 1.25 L/L/min aeration was supplied in fermenter. Parameters like effect of agitation and dissolved oxygen were also employed to enhance the bacitracin production in fermenter studies.…
The two anti-TMG antibodies precipitated a similar group of the C. elegans ncRNAs. All snRNAs kno... more The two anti-TMG antibodies precipitated a similar group of the C. elegans ncRNAs. All snRNAs known to have a TMG cap structure were found in the precipitate, indicating that our identification system was efficient. Other ncRNA families related to splicing, such as SL RNAs and Sm ...
Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are encoded by genes that function at the RNA level, and several h... more Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are encoded by genes that function at the RNA level, and several hundred ncRNAs have been identified in various organisms. Here we describe an analysis of the small non-coding transcriptome of Caenorhabditis elegans, microRNAs excepted. As a substantial fraction of the ncRNAs is located in introns of protein-coding genes in C.elegans, we also analysed the relationship between ncRNA and host gene expression. To this end, we designed a combined microarray, which included probes against ncRNA as well as host gene mRNA transcripts. The microarray revealed pronounced differences in expression profiles, even among ncRNAs with housekeeping functions (e.g. snRNAs and snoRNAs), indicating distinct developmental regulation and stage-specific functions of a number of novel transcripts. Analysis of ncRNA–host mRNA relations showed that the expression of intronic ncRNA loci with conserved upstream motifs was not correlated to (and much higher than) expression level...
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among US males. There is an urgent unme... more Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among US males. There is an urgent unmet need to develop sensitive and specific biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer to reduce overtreatment and accompanying morbidity. We identified a group of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer cell lines and patient samples and further characterized six long noncoding RNAs (AK024556, XLOC_007697, LOC100287482, XLOC_005327, XLOC_008559, and XLOC_009911) in prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue samples (Gleason score >6.0) and compared them with matched normal (healthy) tissues. Interestingly, these markers were also successfully detected in patient urine samples and were found to be up-regulated when compared with normal (healthy) urine. AK024556 (SPRY4-IT1) was highly up-regulated in human prostate cancer cell line PC3 but not in LNCaP, and siRNA knockdown of SPRY4-IT1 in PC3 cells inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and increased cell apopto...
The xylanase gene (xynA) of Bacillus licheniformis 9945A was cloned and expressed in Escherichia ... more The xylanase gene (xynA) of Bacillus licheniformis 9945A was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-22b(+) as an expression vector. The recombinant xylanase enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by single-step immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography with a 57.58-fold purification having 138.2 U/mg specific activity and recovery of 70.08 %. Molecular weight of the purified xylanase, 23 kDa, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme was stable for up to 70 °C with a broad pH range of 4–9 pH units. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of metal ions especially Ca+2 and decreased in the presence of EDTA, indicating that the xylanase was a metalloenzyme. However, an addition of 1–4 % Tween 80, β-mercaptoethanol, and DTT resulted in the increase of enzyme activity by 51, 52, and 5 %, respectively. Organic solvents with a concentration of 10–40 % slightly decreased the enzyme activity. The xylanase enzyme possesses the ability of bioconversion of plant biomasses like wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse. Among the different tested biomasses, the highest saccharification percentage was observed with 1 % sugarcane bagasse after 72 h of incubation at 50 °C with 20 units of enzyme. The results suggest that recombinant xylanase can be used in the bioconversion of natural biomasses into simple sugars which could be further used for the production of biofuel.
The present work is aimed to evaluate the saccharification potential of a thermostable β-xylosida... more The present work is aimed to evaluate the saccharification potential of a thermostable β-xylosidase cloned from Bacillus licheniformis into Escherichia coli for production of bioethanol from plant biomass. Recombinant β-xylosidase enzyme possesses the ability of bioconversion of plant biomass like wheat straw, rice straw and sugarcane bagass. By using this approach, plant biomass that mainly constitute cellulose can be converted to reducing sugars that could then be easily converted to bioethanol by simple fermentation process. The production of bioethanol will help to overcome energy requirements due to depleting fossil fuels and will also help to protect environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission. In the end, future directions are briefly mentioned that can be utilized to reduce the cost and increase the yield of biofuels.
Expression of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SPRY4-IT1 is low in normal human melanocytes but hi... more Expression of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SPRY4-IT1 is low in normal human melanocytes but high in melanoma cells. siRNA knockdown of SPRY4-IT1 blocks melanoma cell invasion and proliferation, and increases apoptosis. To investigate its function further, we affinity purified SPRY4-IT1 from melanoma cells and used mass spectrometry to identify the protein lipin 2, an enzyme that converts phosphatidate to diacylglycerol (DAG), as a major binding partner. SPRY4-IT1 knockdown increases the accumulation of lipin2 protein and upregulate the expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) an enzyme involved in the conversion of DAG to triacylglycerol (TAG). When SPRY4-IT1 knockdown and control melanoma cells were subjected to shotgun lipidomics, an MS-based assay that permits the quantification of changes in the cellular lipid profile, we found that SPRY4-IT1 knockdown induced significant changes in a number of lipid species, including increased acyl carnitine, fatty acyl chai...
Background Short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) perform their cellular functions in ribonucleoprotein (... more Background Short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) perform their cellular functions in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, which are also essential for maintaining the stability of the ncRNAs. Depletion of individual protein components of non-coding ribonucleoprotein (ncRNP) particles by RNA interference (RNAi) may therefore affect expression levels of the corresponding ncRNA, and depletion of candidate associated proteins may constitute an alternative strategy when investigating ncRNA-protein interactions and ncRNA functions. Therefore, we carried out a pilot study in which the effects of RNAi against protein components of small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) in Caenorhabditis elegans were observed on an ncRNA microarray. Results RNAi against individual C. elegans protein components of snoRNPs produced strongly reduced mRNA levels and distinct phenotypes for all targeted proteins. For each type of snoRNP, individual depletion of at least three of the four protein components produced significant (P...
A 1.4 Kb fragment of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding β-glucosidase was cloned and expr... more A 1.4 Kb fragment of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580 encoding β-glucosidase was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. β-Glucosidase expressed by E. coli harboring cloned gene was located entirely in the intracellular fraction. Recombinant β-glucosidase protein was purified to homogeneity level and the molecular weight was found to be 53 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. It gave maximum activity at 50°C and pH 6. K m and V max were 0.206 mM and 1.26 U/mg, respectively, with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, while activation energy Ea, enthalpy of activation ?H and entropy of activation ΔS were found to be 66.31 kJ/mol, 64.04 kJ/mol and 48.28 J/mol/K, respectively. The pKa1 and pKa2 of the ionizable groups of active site residues involved in Vmax were found to be 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. When the recombinant β-glucosidase protein was used as a member of consortium with endoglucanase and exoglucanase for the saccharification of wheat...
Fifty seven strains of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from soil, milk and poultry droppings... more Fifty seven strains of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from soil, milk and poultry droppings from different areas of Lahore. Pour plate method using TYE agar medium was used for the isolation of B. licheniformis. All the isolated cultures were screened for the bacitracin production by hole plate method using Micrococcus luteus as test strain. Strain Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 produced maximum bacitracin production (21±0.72 IU/mL) and was identified on the basis of physiological and biochemical tests. Bacillus licheniformis GP-40 was treated with ultraviolet (UV) radiations and chemical treatment by N-methyl N-nitro N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) and nitrous acid (HNO2) for improvement in bacitracin production. UV treatment of parental cells produced 87 mutants. Out of these mutants only 29 produced higher concentrations of bacitracin than wild type and maximum bacitracin production (29±0.69 IU/mL) was observed for mutant strain designated as GP-UV-15. When parental cells were treated with different concentrations of MNNG 53, 42, 57, 43, 59 and 41 mutants were obtained. Out of these mutants 9, 7, 8, 9, 8 and 7 mutants produced higher bacitracin titers. Maximum bacitracin production (35±1.35 IU/mL) was obtained from mutant strain designated as GP-MNNG- 28. Similarly, parental cells were treated with different concentrations of HNO2. Out of 48, 63, 52, 57, 45, 49 and 53 mutant strains obtained, 8, 8, 9,8, 6 and 9 strains produced higher bacitracin yield. Maximum bacitracin (31±0.89 IU/mL) was produced by mutant strain designated as GP-HN-23. Studies regarding the combined effect of UV andchemical treatment on parental cells yield significantly higher titers of bacitracin with maximum bacitracin (43±1.21 IU/mL) produced by mutant strain designated as B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8. Mutant strain was highly stable and produced consistent yield of bacitracin. After mutagenesis, cultural conditions of the mutant strain B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-8 as well as wild strain B. licheniformis GP-40 were optimized. Both strains were grown at different temperature values ranging from 28-47oC. Maximum bacitracin production for wild (47.6±1.78 IU/mL) as well as for mutant strain (23±1.34 IU/mL) was obtained when temperature was maintained at 37oC. The effect of pH on the production of bacitracin by B. licheniformis was also studied. B. licheniformis was grown on different pH values (4-10). Maximum bacitracin titers were obtained for wild (27±0.84 IU/mL) and mutant strain (48±1.87 IU/mL) when pH value of fermentation medium was maintained at 7.0. Incubation time also plays a vital role in the bacitracin production. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (26±1.05 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.43 IU/mL) strain after 48 hours of incubation. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved for wild (23±0.74 IU/mL) and mutant (49±1.15 IU/mL) strains when 20 hours old inoculum was used. Similarly, maximum bacitracin production for both wild strain (22.5±0.67 IU/mL) and mutant strain (50.3±1.89 IU/mL) was achieved when 6% inoculum was used. Agitation speed also influenced the bacitracin production. Wild and mutant strains produced highest yield of bacitracin i.e. 51.4±1.30 IU/mL and 21±0.85 IU/mL when agitation speed was kept at 200 rpm. Parameters like effect of addition of organic acids, nitrogen sources, divalent metal ions and phosphate salts were employed to enhance the bacitracin production in shake flask studies. Maximum bacitracin production obtained after optimizing all the parameters in shake flask studies was 53±1.79 IU/mL for mutant strain and 36±0.93 IU/mL for wild strain. For scale up studies, 2 L glass fermenter (working volume 1 L) was used for bacitracin production. Different parameters like incubation time, inoculum age, inoculum size, aeration, agitation and dissolved oxygen were optimized to further enhance the bacitracin production. The effect of incubation time on the bacitracin production in fermenter was carried out. Maximum bacitracin production was achieved after 30 hours of incubation i.e., 62±2.25 IU/mL and 44±1.32 IU/mL for mutant and wild strain respectively. Effect of inoculum age on the production of bacitracin by both mutant and wild type strains in fermenter was studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 63±1.53 IU/mL and 42±0.87 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strain when 20 hours old inoculum was used. As far as inoculum size is concerned, maximum bacitracin production of 65±2.42 IU/mL and 45±0.86 IU/mL was achieved for mutant and wild strains respectively when 6% inoculum size was utilized. Similarly, effect of different rates of air supply (aeration) on bacitracin production was also studied. Maximum bacitracin production of 67±2.56 IU/mL and 48±1.47 IU/mL was obtained by mutant and wild strains when 1.25 L/L/min aeration was supplied in fermenter. Parameters like effect of agitation and dissolved oxygen were also employed to enhance the bacitracin production in fermenter studies.…
The two anti-TMG antibodies precipitated a similar group of the C. elegans ncRNAs. All snRNAs kno... more The two anti-TMG antibodies precipitated a similar group of the C. elegans ncRNAs. All snRNAs known to have a TMG cap structure were found in the precipitate, indicating that our identification system was efficient. Other ncRNA families related to splicing, such as SL RNAs and Sm ...
Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are encoded by genes that function at the RNA level, and several h... more Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are encoded by genes that function at the RNA level, and several hundred ncRNAs have been identified in various organisms. Here we describe an analysis of the small non-coding transcriptome of Caenorhabditis elegans, microRNAs excepted. As a substantial fraction of the ncRNAs is located in introns of protein-coding genes in C.elegans, we also analysed the relationship between ncRNA and host gene expression. To this end, we designed a combined microarray, which included probes against ncRNA as well as host gene mRNA transcripts. The microarray revealed pronounced differences in expression profiles, even among ncRNAs with housekeeping functions (e.g. snRNAs and snoRNAs), indicating distinct developmental regulation and stage-specific functions of a number of novel transcripts. Analysis of ncRNA–host mRNA relations showed that the expression of intronic ncRNA loci with conserved upstream motifs was not correlated to (and much higher than) expression level...
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among US males. There is an urgent unme... more Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among US males. There is an urgent unmet need to develop sensitive and specific biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer to reduce overtreatment and accompanying morbidity. We identified a group of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs in prostate cancer cell lines and patient samples and further characterized six long noncoding RNAs (AK024556, XLOC_007697, LOC100287482, XLOC_005327, XLOC_008559, and XLOC_009911) in prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue samples (Gleason score >6.0) and compared them with matched normal (healthy) tissues. Interestingly, these markers were also successfully detected in patient urine samples and were found to be up-regulated when compared with normal (healthy) urine. AK024556 (SPRY4-IT1) was highly up-regulated in human prostate cancer cell line PC3 but not in LNCaP, and siRNA knockdown of SPRY4-IT1 in PC3 cells inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and increased cell apopto...
The xylanase gene (xynA) of Bacillus licheniformis 9945A was cloned and expressed in Escherichia ... more The xylanase gene (xynA) of Bacillus licheniformis 9945A was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-22b(+) as an expression vector. The recombinant xylanase enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by single-step immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography with a 57.58-fold purification having 138.2 U/mg specific activity and recovery of 70.08 %. Molecular weight of the purified xylanase, 23 kDa, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme was stable for up to 70 °C with a broad pH range of 4–9 pH units. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of metal ions especially Ca+2 and decreased in the presence of EDTA, indicating that the xylanase was a metalloenzyme. However, an addition of 1–4 % Tween 80, β-mercaptoethanol, and DTT resulted in the increase of enzyme activity by 51, 52, and 5 %, respectively. Organic solvents with a concentration of 10–40 % slightly decreased the enzyme activity. The xylanase enzyme possesses the ability of bioconversion of plant biomasses like wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse. Among the different tested biomasses, the highest saccharification percentage was observed with 1 % sugarcane bagasse after 72 h of incubation at 50 °C with 20 units of enzyme. The results suggest that recombinant xylanase can be used in the bioconversion of natural biomasses into simple sugars which could be further used for the production of biofuel.
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Papers by Muhammad N Aftab