Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2016
Food insecurity is a dynamic, global issue requiring our constant attention today, and practical ... more Food insecurity is a dynamic, global issue requiring our constant attention today, and practical assessment instruments are needed to detect food insecurity in various populations and countries. A screening tool for food insecurity was developed and tested its psychometric properties. The Food Insecurity Screening Instrument (FISI) was developed based on literature review and qualitative data from a sample of 30 female who were family food providers in crowded urban communities in Bangkok. Content validity was determined by five experts, resulting in a good content validity index. It was tested with another 350 food providers, resulting in high reliability Item analysis revealed good internal consistency of items to total scale, except for two items which were deleted. Construct validity was determined using exploratoiy factor analysis, and revealed four factors, consisting of 33 items, food quantity, food quality, food safety, and anxiety about food These factors together explained...
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003 Food insecurity (FI), a situation of an ... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003 Food insecurity (FI), a situation of an inadequacy in quality and quantity of food, is an increasing public health concern especially in the urban poor. Little is known about how low-income families experience financial crises and FI.The overall objective in this study was to assess perceptions of FI, socioeconomic change, and health among urban poor households in Thailand. This report focuses on 4 operational research questions: (1) what are the socio-economic histories, basic needs, food related behaviors, and perceptions of health that have changed since 1997 among households living in slum areas? (2) what are the experiences of FI in this sample? (3) what social and environmental factors influence FI in these informants? and (4) do descriptions of food security correlate with other indicators of nutritional health measured by dietary intake and anthropometry?A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted to identify experiences and influencing factors for FI and health in households living in slum areas. Questionnaires on food security, health, and nutritional assessment, including a 3-day dietary record, and anthropometric measurements were collected from 199 female food providers of households.Overall, households reported lower income, and worse health and life satisfaction as compared to before the economic recession. In addition, a decrease in income led to difficulty meeting their basic needs, such as access to health service and food provision. Results indicated that FI was prevalent. Only 44.2% of the households reported food security whereas 39.2%, 13.6%, and 3% reported FI without hunger, FI with moderate hunger, and FI with severe hunger, respectively. Experiences of FI, and its influencing factors for FI and health, among urban poor families were identified. FI was negatively associated with total calorie intake, nutrient intake, and body weight. Dietary intake and nutrients decreased as FI situations increased. Number of children in household, household income, and support from family predicted FI status among this sample. Improvement in social and health policy for urban poor families is suggested. The results of the study serve as constructive information for developing health programs to empower the urban poor and contribute to health promotion of food security in Thailand.
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet
Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the best modality to diagnose osteoporosis and ... more Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the best modality to diagnose osteoporosis and predict future fractures. The use of risk factors to predict BMD and fracture risk has been considered to be inadequate for precise diagnostic purpose, but it may be helpful as a screening tool to determine who actually needs BMD assessment. Recently, artificial neural network (ANN), a nonlinear computational model, has been used in clinical diagnosis and classification. In the present study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with low BMD in Thai postmenopausal women and assessed the prediction of low BMD using an ANN model compared to a logistic regression model. The subjects consisted of 129 Thai postmenopausal women divided into 2 groups, 100 subjects in the training set and the remaining 29 subjects in the validation set. The subjects were classified as having either low BMD or normal BMD by using BMD value 1 SD lower than the mean value of young adults as the cutoff point. Decreased body weight, decreased hip circumference and increased years since menopause were found to be associated with low BMD at the lumbar spine by logistic regression. For the femoral neck, increased age and decreased urinary calcium were associated with low BMD. The models had a sensitivity of 85.0 per cent, a specificity of 11.1 per cent and an accuracy of 62.0 per cent for the diagnosis of low BMD at the lumbar spine when tested in the validation group. For the femoral neck, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 90.5 per cent, 12.5 per cent, and 69.0 per cent, respectively. Models based on ANN correctly classified 65.5 per cent of the subjects in the validation group according to BMD at the lumbar spine with a sensitivity of 80.0 per cent and a specificity of 33.3 per cent while it correctly classified 58.6 per cent of the subjects at the femoral neck with a sensitivity of 76.2 per cent and a specificity of 12.5 per cent. There was no significant difference in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of low BMD at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck between ANN model and logistic regression model. We concluded that ANN does not perform better than convention statistical methods in the prediction of low BMD. The less than perfect performance of the prediction rules used in the prediction of low BMD may be due to the lack of adequate association between the commonly used risk factors and BMD rather than the nature of the computational models.
We report the association of a newly identified synonymous G2014A single nucleotide polymorphism ... more We report the association of a newly identified synonymous G2014A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which does not alter the amino acid sequence in exon 8 of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) gene with osteoporosis in Thai postmenopausal women. Subjects consisted of 228 postmenopausal women aged more than 55 years divided into two groups--with vertebral or femoral osteoporosis (n = 106) or without osteoporosis (n = 122)--according to bone mineral density (BMD) criteria. The exon 8 G2014A SNP, which is 6 nucleotides upstream from the end of the stop codon, was identified by PCR-RFLP. Data are expressed as the mean and 95% CI. The allele frequency of the G2014A polymorphism was 26.4% in osteoporotic subjects and was significantly higher than that in non-osteoporotic women (15.2%) (p<0.05). By stepwise logistic regression analysis, it was found that the G2014A polymorphism was related to the presence of osteoporosis (odds ratio 2.7 per A allele, 95% CI 1.49-4.76) independentl...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2000
This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation... more This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation to serum lipids in 217 healthy Thais consisting of 79 males and 138 females. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined by enzymatic-colorimetric methods, while serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated using Friedewald formula. Apo E genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. Out of 217 subjects, apo E genotype frequencies were 5.5 per cent for E2/E2, 12.4 per cent for E2/E3, 81.1 per cent for E3/E3 and 0.9 per cent for E4/E4. In men, advancing age was associated with increased serum TC (r = 0.28, P < 0.05) and LDL-C (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). Subjects having the E2 allele had lower TC (r = -0.27, P < 0.05) and LDL-C. (r = -0.25, P < 0.05). Age and apo E genotypes were not associated with HDL-C and TG in men. In women, increasing age was related to higher serum TC (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), LDL-C (r = 0.44, P ...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2005
Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, possesses several physiological functions not limited to... more Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, possesses several physiological functions not limited to energy balance. Recently, leptin has been shown to inhibit bone formation through its action at the hypothalamus. In the present study, the authors explored the association of leptin with bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women according to menopausal status. Subjects consisted of 75 men, 51 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women aged 20-80 years. All were healthy and did not take medication which may affect bone metabolism. BMD was measured at L2-4 and femoral neck by DEXA. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum leptin in males was independently related to BMD at L2-4 (r = -0.36, p < 0.05) and the femoral neck (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) in a multiple linear regression model with age, body mass index (BMI), serum free testosterone, estradiol and leptin as independent variables. In premenopausal women, serum leptin correlated negatively to L2-4...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2002
Age and sex related changes in bone metabolism are of interest in the pathogenesis of osteoporosi... more Age and sex related changes in bone metabolism are of interest in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, most data in the literature were studied in Western countries. In a tropical country, such as Thailand, little is known of vitamin D status and bone remodeling. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the changes of vitamin D levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover in healthy women and men of various age groups between 20-80 years who were living in Bangkok. From the results, vitamin D levels of various age groups did not alter significantly between men and women except in the sixth decade of women. However, men had higher levels of vitamin D than women. In women, all biochemical markers of bone turnover increased with age, with a sharp increase at the onset of menopause. In contrast, biochemical markers of bone turnover in men gradually declined with advancing age. There was no evidence of vitamin D deficiency in the Bangkok population. Women and men showed diff...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001
Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) with age is an increasing health problem, especially for pos... more Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) with age is an increasing health problem, especially for postmenopausal women. Multiple factors have been reported to affect BMD including both genetic and environmental factors such as calcium intake and physical activity. For Thailand, people residing in different regions may differ in BMD due to these factors. However, there is a paucity of data concerning this issue. The objectives of this study were to identify the lifestyle factors which may influence BMD and to investigate the association between BMD and these factors in postmenopausal women who have been living in Bangkok and other provinces in Thailand. Subjects consisted of 466 postmenopausal women aged 46-90 years including 236 Bangkokians (116 early postmenopausals and 120 late postmenopausals) and 230 non-Bangkokians (134 early postmenopausals and 96 late postmenopausals). All were healthy and ambulatory. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Expert XL). Calcium...
Markers of bone formation and resorption may be useful as early indicators of response to therapy... more Markers of bone formation and resorption may be useful as early indicators of response to therapy. Our aim in this study was to investigate the use of bone markers for monitoring of intervention for bone loss in early postmenopausal women and to assess the relationships between these markers and changes in bone mineral density (BMD). Subjects were randomly assigned to the following groups: a control group; a group receiving calcium alone; groups receiving calcium plus low or conventional doses of conjugated equine estrogen; and groups receiving calcium plus low or conventional doses of calcitriol. At baseline and at 1 and 3 months after intervention, we measured serum intact osteocalcin, serum N-terminal midfragment osteocalcin, serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), urinary deoxypyridinoline cross-links, and urinary CTX: The BMD of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck was measured at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of intervention. No marker changed significantly ...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 1999
In the present study, the relation of serum leptin to adiposity, gender and metabolic covariates ... more In the present study, the relation of serum leptin to adiposity, gender and metabolic covariates in normal Thais was examined. Subjects consisted of 224 individuals aged between 20-79 years. Eighty two were men while 142 were women. Data were expressed as mean +/- SEM. Serum leptin was associated with total body fat assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in both men (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001) and women (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). Compared to women, serum leptin concentrations was lower in men (P < 0.0001). The difference still persisted after controlling the adiposity. Compared to premenopausal women, postmenopausal women had higher serum leptin independent of adiposity (P < 0.0001). In men, serum free testosterone was negatively associated with serum leptin (r = -0.36, P < 0.001) while there was no association between serum estradiol and leptin. The relation between serum FT and leptin in men no longer persisted after controlling for adiposity. Body fat was associated ...
The levels of intake and food sources of zinc and copper in 231 20-80 yr old healthy adults livin... more The levels of intake and food sources of zinc and copper in 231 20-80 yr old healthy adults living in Bangkok and surrounding districts were determined. Dietary data from 3-d food records collected and validated at Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital were analyzed. Levels of zinc and copper intake were compared between sexes and age groups (20-39, 40-59, and 60-80 yr). Mean daily zinc and copper intakes (+/-SEM) in men were 6.3+/-0.2 and 1.9+/-0.1 mg, respectively. Mean daily zinc and copper intakes (+/-SEM) estimated in women (5.5+/-0.2 and 1.6+/-0.1 mg) were significantly lower. Higher zinc and copper intakes were found in the younger (20-39 yr) age group of both sexes. This could be explained by higher density and percentage from animal source of both nutrients. Consumption of various types of meat, fish, egg, and milk accounted for 42 and 22%, and rice, the staple food of Thai people for 9 and 23% of total dietary zinc and copper, respectively.
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2016
Food insecurity is a dynamic, global issue requiring our constant attention today, and practical ... more Food insecurity is a dynamic, global issue requiring our constant attention today, and practical assessment instruments are needed to detect food insecurity in various populations and countries. A screening tool for food insecurity was developed and tested its psychometric properties. The Food Insecurity Screening Instrument (FISI) was developed based on literature review and qualitative data from a sample of 30 female who were family food providers in crowded urban communities in Bangkok. Content validity was determined by five experts, resulting in a good content validity index. It was tested with another 350 food providers, resulting in high reliability Item analysis revealed good internal consistency of items to total scale, except for two items which were deleted. Construct validity was determined using exploratoiy factor analysis, and revealed four factors, consisting of 33 items, food quantity, food quality, food safety, and anxiety about food These factors together explained...
ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003 Food insecurity (FI), a situation of an ... more ABSTRACT Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003 Food insecurity (FI), a situation of an inadequacy in quality and quantity of food, is an increasing public health concern especially in the urban poor. Little is known about how low-income families experience financial crises and FI.The overall objective in this study was to assess perceptions of FI, socioeconomic change, and health among urban poor households in Thailand. This report focuses on 4 operational research questions: (1) what are the socio-economic histories, basic needs, food related behaviors, and perceptions of health that have changed since 1997 among households living in slum areas? (2) what are the experiences of FI in this sample? (3) what social and environmental factors influence FI in these informants? and (4) do descriptions of food security correlate with other indicators of nutritional health measured by dietary intake and anthropometry?A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted to identify experiences and influencing factors for FI and health in households living in slum areas. Questionnaires on food security, health, and nutritional assessment, including a 3-day dietary record, and anthropometric measurements were collected from 199 female food providers of households.Overall, households reported lower income, and worse health and life satisfaction as compared to before the economic recession. In addition, a decrease in income led to difficulty meeting their basic needs, such as access to health service and food provision. Results indicated that FI was prevalent. Only 44.2% of the households reported food security whereas 39.2%, 13.6%, and 3% reported FI without hunger, FI with moderate hunger, and FI with severe hunger, respectively. Experiences of FI, and its influencing factors for FI and health, among urban poor families were identified. FI was negatively associated with total calorie intake, nutrient intake, and body weight. Dietary intake and nutrients decreased as FI situations increased. Number of children in household, household income, and support from family predicted FI status among this sample. Improvement in social and health policy for urban poor families is suggested. The results of the study serve as constructive information for developing health programs to empower the urban poor and contribute to health promotion of food security in Thailand.
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet
Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the best modality to diagnose osteoporosis and ... more Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the best modality to diagnose osteoporosis and predict future fractures. The use of risk factors to predict BMD and fracture risk has been considered to be inadequate for precise diagnostic purpose, but it may be helpful as a screening tool to determine who actually needs BMD assessment. Recently, artificial neural network (ANN), a nonlinear computational model, has been used in clinical diagnosis and classification. In the present study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with low BMD in Thai postmenopausal women and assessed the prediction of low BMD using an ANN model compared to a logistic regression model. The subjects consisted of 129 Thai postmenopausal women divided into 2 groups, 100 subjects in the training set and the remaining 29 subjects in the validation set. The subjects were classified as having either low BMD or normal BMD by using BMD value 1 SD lower than the mean value of young adults as the cutoff point. Decreased body weight, decreased hip circumference and increased years since menopause were found to be associated with low BMD at the lumbar spine by logistic regression. For the femoral neck, increased age and decreased urinary calcium were associated with low BMD. The models had a sensitivity of 85.0 per cent, a specificity of 11.1 per cent and an accuracy of 62.0 per cent for the diagnosis of low BMD at the lumbar spine when tested in the validation group. For the femoral neck, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 90.5 per cent, 12.5 per cent, and 69.0 per cent, respectively. Models based on ANN correctly classified 65.5 per cent of the subjects in the validation group according to BMD at the lumbar spine with a sensitivity of 80.0 per cent and a specificity of 33.3 per cent while it correctly classified 58.6 per cent of the subjects at the femoral neck with a sensitivity of 76.2 per cent and a specificity of 12.5 per cent. There was no significant difference in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of low BMD at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck between ANN model and logistic regression model. We concluded that ANN does not perform better than convention statistical methods in the prediction of low BMD. The less than perfect performance of the prediction rules used in the prediction of low BMD may be due to the lack of adequate association between the commonly used risk factors and BMD rather than the nature of the computational models.
We report the association of a newly identified synonymous G2014A single nucleotide polymorphism ... more We report the association of a newly identified synonymous G2014A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which does not alter the amino acid sequence in exon 8 of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) gene with osteoporosis in Thai postmenopausal women. Subjects consisted of 228 postmenopausal women aged more than 55 years divided into two groups--with vertebral or femoral osteoporosis (n = 106) or without osteoporosis (n = 122)--according to bone mineral density (BMD) criteria. The exon 8 G2014A SNP, which is 6 nucleotides upstream from the end of the stop codon, was identified by PCR-RFLP. Data are expressed as the mean and 95% CI. The allele frequency of the G2014A polymorphism was 26.4% in osteoporotic subjects and was significantly higher than that in non-osteoporotic women (15.2%) (p<0.05). By stepwise logistic regression analysis, it was found that the G2014A polymorphism was related to the presence of osteoporosis (odds ratio 2.7 per A allele, 95% CI 1.49-4.76) independentl...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2000
This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation... more This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation to serum lipids in 217 healthy Thais consisting of 79 males and 138 females. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined by enzymatic-colorimetric methods, while serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated using Friedewald formula. Apo E genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. Out of 217 subjects, apo E genotype frequencies were 5.5 per cent for E2/E2, 12.4 per cent for E2/E3, 81.1 per cent for E3/E3 and 0.9 per cent for E4/E4. In men, advancing age was associated with increased serum TC (r = 0.28, P < 0.05) and LDL-C (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). Subjects having the E2 allele had lower TC (r = -0.27, P < 0.05) and LDL-C. (r = -0.25, P < 0.05). Age and apo E genotypes were not associated with HDL-C and TG in men. In women, increasing age was related to higher serum TC (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), LDL-C (r = 0.44, P ...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2005
Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, possesses several physiological functions not limited to... more Leptin, a hormone produced by fat cells, possesses several physiological functions not limited to energy balance. Recently, leptin has been shown to inhibit bone formation through its action at the hypothalamus. In the present study, the authors explored the association of leptin with bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women according to menopausal status. Subjects consisted of 75 men, 51 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women aged 20-80 years. All were healthy and did not take medication which may affect bone metabolism. BMD was measured at L2-4 and femoral neck by DEXA. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum leptin in males was independently related to BMD at L2-4 (r = -0.36, p < 0.05) and the femoral neck (r = -0.32, p < 0.05) in a multiple linear regression model with age, body mass index (BMI), serum free testosterone, estradiol and leptin as independent variables. In premenopausal women, serum leptin correlated negatively to L2-4...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2002
Age and sex related changes in bone metabolism are of interest in the pathogenesis of osteoporosi... more Age and sex related changes in bone metabolism are of interest in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. However, most data in the literature were studied in Western countries. In a tropical country, such as Thailand, little is known of vitamin D status and bone remodeling. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the changes of vitamin D levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover in healthy women and men of various age groups between 20-80 years who were living in Bangkok. From the results, vitamin D levels of various age groups did not alter significantly between men and women except in the sixth decade of women. However, men had higher levels of vitamin D than women. In women, all biochemical markers of bone turnover increased with age, with a sharp increase at the onset of menopause. In contrast, biochemical markers of bone turnover in men gradually declined with advancing age. There was no evidence of vitamin D deficiency in the Bangkok population. Women and men showed diff...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001
Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) with age is an increasing health problem, especially for pos... more Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) with age is an increasing health problem, especially for postmenopausal women. Multiple factors have been reported to affect BMD including both genetic and environmental factors such as calcium intake and physical activity. For Thailand, people residing in different regions may differ in BMD due to these factors. However, there is a paucity of data concerning this issue. The objectives of this study were to identify the lifestyle factors which may influence BMD and to investigate the association between BMD and these factors in postmenopausal women who have been living in Bangkok and other provinces in Thailand. Subjects consisted of 466 postmenopausal women aged 46-90 years including 236 Bangkokians (116 early postmenopausals and 120 late postmenopausals) and 230 non-Bangkokians (134 early postmenopausals and 96 late postmenopausals). All were healthy and ambulatory. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, Expert XL). Calcium...
Markers of bone formation and resorption may be useful as early indicators of response to therapy... more Markers of bone formation and resorption may be useful as early indicators of response to therapy. Our aim in this study was to investigate the use of bone markers for monitoring of intervention for bone loss in early postmenopausal women and to assess the relationships between these markers and changes in bone mineral density (BMD). Subjects were randomly assigned to the following groups: a control group; a group receiving calcium alone; groups receiving calcium plus low or conventional doses of conjugated equine estrogen; and groups receiving calcium plus low or conventional doses of calcitriol. At baseline and at 1 and 3 months after intervention, we measured serum intact osteocalcin, serum N-terminal midfragment osteocalcin, serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), urinary deoxypyridinoline cross-links, and urinary CTX: The BMD of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck was measured at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of intervention. No marker changed significantly ...
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 1999
In the present study, the relation of serum leptin to adiposity, gender and metabolic covariates ... more In the present study, the relation of serum leptin to adiposity, gender and metabolic covariates in normal Thais was examined. Subjects consisted of 224 individuals aged between 20-79 years. Eighty two were men while 142 were women. Data were expressed as mean +/- SEM. Serum leptin was associated with total body fat assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in both men (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001) and women (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). Compared to women, serum leptin concentrations was lower in men (P < 0.0001). The difference still persisted after controlling the adiposity. Compared to premenopausal women, postmenopausal women had higher serum leptin independent of adiposity (P < 0.0001). In men, serum free testosterone was negatively associated with serum leptin (r = -0.36, P < 0.001) while there was no association between serum estradiol and leptin. The relation between serum FT and leptin in men no longer persisted after controlling for adiposity. Body fat was associated ...
The levels of intake and food sources of zinc and copper in 231 20-80 yr old healthy adults livin... more The levels of intake and food sources of zinc and copper in 231 20-80 yr old healthy adults living in Bangkok and surrounding districts were determined. Dietary data from 3-d food records collected and validated at Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital were analyzed. Levels of zinc and copper intake were compared between sexes and age groups (20-39, 40-59, and 60-80 yr). Mean daily zinc and copper intakes (+/-SEM) in men were 6.3+/-0.2 and 1.9+/-0.1 mg, respectively. Mean daily zinc and copper intakes (+/-SEM) estimated in women (5.5+/-0.2 and 1.6+/-0.1 mg) were significantly lower. Higher zinc and copper intakes were found in the younger (20-39 yr) age group of both sexes. This could be explained by higher density and percentage from animal source of both nutrients. Consumption of various types of meat, fish, egg, and milk accounted for 42 and 22%, and rice, the staple food of Thai people for 9 and 23% of total dietary zinc and copper, respectively.
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