Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). L... more Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l’exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d’anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l’exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s’étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilisé dans la tâche ; (3) le...
Intensity of balance exercises used to reduce fall risk is often poorly quantified. The study aim... more Intensity of balance exercises used to reduce fall risk is often poorly quantified. The study aimed to test whether balance difficulty can be rated during gait perturbations against balance difficulty during gait without perturbation, using the stabilizing/destabilizing forces. These forces represent the difficulty to maintain balance as the theoretical forces necessary to cancel body velocity and to set the body into an unstable posture, respectively. Ten healthy subjects walked on a split-belt treadmill, that also generated perturbations. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during gait at comfortable and fast speeds without perturbation, and in five trials at comfortable speed with perturbations. Perturbations consisted of increasing or decreasing the speed of one belt to three different levels in each direction in a random order during the stance phase of 12 random steps per trial. The difficulty of maintaining balance was measured during the perturbation and the three foll...
The aim of this experiment was to explore the behavioral effects of various temporal pressures on... more The aim of this experiment was to explore the behavioral effects of various temporal pressures on the anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in a complex task. Eighteen handball players performed a handball direct throw in three conditions of temporal pressure: (1) a reactive condition (RC), the throw was initiated as quickly as possible following a visual stimulus; (2) an anticipation-coincidence condition (AC), by synchronizing the impact of the ball with the passage of a visual mobile on a target; and (3) a self-initiated (SI) throw. The whole-body postural oscillation and the acceleration of the wrist were measured before and during the throwing action. Results showed that the delays between the onsets of the postural and focal activities were significantly different between RC and both the SI and the AC conditions. Movement time, time to peaks (negative and positive), are shorter in the RC, intermediate in the AC, and longer in the SI condition. Variability was significantly ...
Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). L... more Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l'exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L'objectif de ce travail est d'examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d'anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l'exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s'étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilis...
According to recent findings, intentional motor actions are controlled by resetting the referent ... more According to recent findings, intentional motor actions are controlled by resetting the referent position, R, at which neuromuscular elements, including reflexes, begin to act. It is suggested that somatosensory afferents inform the brain about the deviation (P) of body segments from the centrally set referent position. To perceive the actual position (Q) of body segments and form the position sense (PS), the central and afferent signals are combined: Q=R+P. In previous studies, the R has been shown to remain invariant during involuntary changes in the wrist position elicited by sudden unloading of muscles, suggesting that only the afferent component is responsible for the PS during this reflex. In contrast, the central PS component, R, is predominantly responsible for PS during intentional motion in isotonic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that the R and P are interchangeable PS components such that involuntary changes in wrist position elicited by the unloading reflex can easily be reproduced by making intentional changes in wrist position in isotonic conditions, in the absence of vision. The PS rule also suggests that PS is independent of sense of effort, which was tested by asking subjects to reproduce elbow joint angles under different constant loads. We also tested the hypothesis that tendon vibration may elicit motion that may not be perceived by subjects (no-motion illusion). These hypotheses were confirmed in three experiments. It is concluded that the R and P are additive components of PS and that, contrary to the conventional view, PS is independent of the sense of effort or efference copy. The PS rule also explains kinesthetic illusions and the phantom limb phenomenon. This study advances the understanding of action-perception coupling in kinesthesia.
Large disturbances arising from the moving segments (focal movement) are commonly counteracted by... more Large disturbances arising from the moving segments (focal movement) are commonly counteracted by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). The aim of this study was to investigate how APAs - focal movement coordination changes under temporal constraint. Ten subjects were instructed to perform an arm raising movement in the reactive (simple reaction time) and predictive (anticipation-coincidence) tasks. A stop paradigm was applied to reveal the coordination. On some unexpected trials, a stop signal indicated to inhibit the movement; it occurred randomly at different delays (SOA) relative to the go signal in the reactive task, and at different delays prior to the focal response initiation in the predictive task. Focal movement was measured using contact switch, accelerometer and EMG from the anterior deltoid. APAs were quantified using centre of pressure displacement and EMG from three postural muscles. The inhibition rates as a function of the SOA produce psychometric functions where the bi-serial points allow the moment of the motor "command release" to be estimated. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that APAs and focal movement were closely timed in the reactive task but distinct in a predictive task. Data were discussed according to two different models of coordination: (1) hierarchical model where APAs and focal movement are the results of a single motor command; (2) parallel model implying two independent motor commands. The data clearly favor the parallel model when the temporal constraint is low. The stop paradigm appears as a promising technique to explore APAs - focal movement coordination.
Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). L... more Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l’exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d’anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l’exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s’étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilisé dans la tâche ; (3) le...
Intensity of balance exercises used to reduce fall risk is often poorly quantified. The study aim... more Intensity of balance exercises used to reduce fall risk is often poorly quantified. The study aimed to test whether balance difficulty can be rated during gait perturbations against balance difficulty during gait without perturbation, using the stabilizing/destabilizing forces. These forces represent the difficulty to maintain balance as the theoretical forces necessary to cancel body velocity and to set the body into an unstable posture, respectively. Ten healthy subjects walked on a split-belt treadmill, that also generated perturbations. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during gait at comfortable and fast speeds without perturbation, and in five trials at comfortable speed with perturbations. Perturbations consisted of increasing or decreasing the speed of one belt to three different levels in each direction in a random order during the stance phase of 12 random steps per trial. The difficulty of maintaining balance was measured during the perturbation and the three foll...
The aim of this experiment was to explore the behavioral effects of various temporal pressures on... more The aim of this experiment was to explore the behavioral effects of various temporal pressures on the anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in a complex task. Eighteen handball players performed a handball direct throw in three conditions of temporal pressure: (1) a reactive condition (RC), the throw was initiated as quickly as possible following a visual stimulus; (2) an anticipation-coincidence condition (AC), by synchronizing the impact of the ball with the passage of a visual mobile on a target; and (3) a self-initiated (SI) throw. The whole-body postural oscillation and the acceleration of the wrist were measured before and during the throwing action. Results showed that the delays between the onsets of the postural and focal activities were significantly different between RC and both the SI and the AC conditions. Movement time, time to peaks (negative and positive), are shorter in the RC, intermediate in the AC, and longer in the SI condition. Variability was significantly ...
Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). L... more Les mouvements volontaires sont accompagnés par des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs). Leur rôle consiste à prévenir et à compenser de possibles perturbations du corps provoquées par l'exécution du mouvement. Des études antérieures ont montré que la coordination posture / mouvement est modifiée selon que le mouvement est exécuté le plus rapidement possible en réponse à un signal externe (réactif :TRS), ou que le mouvement est auto-initié (prédictif :AI). L'objectif de ce travail est d'examiner le mode de coordination posture / mouvement impliqué dans une situation d'anticipation-coïncidence (AC) lors de l'exécution de mouvements simples et complexes, et ensuite, comparer ce mode aux modes TRS et AI. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées pour vérifier si : (1) les modes de coordination, obtenus sur des gestes simples, s'étendent à des mouvements complexes ; (2) le mode de coordination en AC dépend des caractéristiques temporelles du mobile utilis...
According to recent findings, intentional motor actions are controlled by resetting the referent ... more According to recent findings, intentional motor actions are controlled by resetting the referent position, R, at which neuromuscular elements, including reflexes, begin to act. It is suggested that somatosensory afferents inform the brain about the deviation (P) of body segments from the centrally set referent position. To perceive the actual position (Q) of body segments and form the position sense (PS), the central and afferent signals are combined: Q=R+P. In previous studies, the R has been shown to remain invariant during involuntary changes in the wrist position elicited by sudden unloading of muscles, suggesting that only the afferent component is responsible for the PS during this reflex. In contrast, the central PS component, R, is predominantly responsible for PS during intentional motion in isotonic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that the R and P are interchangeable PS components such that involuntary changes in wrist position elicited by the unloading reflex can easily be reproduced by making intentional changes in wrist position in isotonic conditions, in the absence of vision. The PS rule also suggests that PS is independent of sense of effort, which was tested by asking subjects to reproduce elbow joint angles under different constant loads. We also tested the hypothesis that tendon vibration may elicit motion that may not be perceived by subjects (no-motion illusion). These hypotheses were confirmed in three experiments. It is concluded that the R and P are additive components of PS and that, contrary to the conventional view, PS is independent of the sense of effort or efference copy. The PS rule also explains kinesthetic illusions and the phantom limb phenomenon. This study advances the understanding of action-perception coupling in kinesthesia.
Large disturbances arising from the moving segments (focal movement) are commonly counteracted by... more Large disturbances arising from the moving segments (focal movement) are commonly counteracted by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). The aim of this study was to investigate how APAs - focal movement coordination changes under temporal constraint. Ten subjects were instructed to perform an arm raising movement in the reactive (simple reaction time) and predictive (anticipation-coincidence) tasks. A stop paradigm was applied to reveal the coordination. On some unexpected trials, a stop signal indicated to inhibit the movement; it occurred randomly at different delays (SOA) relative to the go signal in the reactive task, and at different delays prior to the focal response initiation in the predictive task. Focal movement was measured using contact switch, accelerometer and EMG from the anterior deltoid. APAs were quantified using centre of pressure displacement and EMG from three postural muscles. The inhibition rates as a function of the SOA produce psychometric functions where the bi-serial points allow the moment of the motor "command release" to be estimated. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that APAs and focal movement were closely timed in the reactive task but distinct in a predictive task. Data were discussed according to two different models of coordination: (1) hierarchical model where APAs and focal movement are the results of a single motor command; (2) parallel model implying two independent motor commands. The data clearly favor the parallel model when the temporal constraint is low. The stop paradigm appears as a promising technique to explore APAs - focal movement coordination.
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