Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal
Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world as well as is t... more Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world as well as is the most common cause of severe physical disability. A good number of studies have shown elevated serum D-Dimer level in acute ischemic stroke. Approximately one quarter of ischemic strokes are caused by lacunar infarct. This study demonstrated serum D-Dimer in Lacunar Stroke. The purpose of the study to find out serum D-Dimer in Lacunar Stroke. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Medicine Department, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka on the patients with diagnosis of first ever acute lacunar Ischemic (LACI) stroke presented within 2 days of onset of symptoms. In this study, total 45 acute LACI cases irrespective of their gender were included and examined in presence of consultant physician, who were admitted from March 2014 to September 2014. Results: An overall male predominance with a male to female ratio was 2:1 with the mean (SD) age of the study population ...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Objectives: A crossover-randomized bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of acyclovir 200... more Objectives: A crossover-randomized bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of acyclovir 200 mg tablet was accomplished with 16 adults and physically fit male volunteers from Bangladesh. NOVIRAX™ (Drug International Ltd, Bangladesh) was the test variant whereas ZOVIRAX™ (GlaxoWellcome) was the reference one. Methods: After a night fasting each volunteer was subjected to take a single dosage of tablet with 150 mL of water. After a week for complete washing out, a second dosage was applied. After that, blood samples were collected at a serial interval for a 24 hours period to observe the plasma concentration by HPLC technique. Several pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, AUC0→24h, t1/2, and Kel were estimated. Results: The mean (± SD) AUC0→24h for acyclovir of test variant NOVIRAXTM for 16 participants was 1057.5 ± 358.9 ng/hr/mL whereas it was 1134.9 ± 467.2 ng/hr/mL for acyclovir of ZOVIRAXTM. The relative bioavailability (NOVIRAXTM/ZOVIRAXTM ratio) was 93.2%. The Cmax, ...
Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world after cancer an... more Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world after cancer and ischaemic heart disease, and is the most common cause of severe physical disability. Although, there are many patients in Bangladesh suffering from these disorders, systematic research on them, especially serum biological markers of ischaemic stroke are yet to be evaluated. So the objectives of the present study are to see the serum d-dimer among acute ischaemic stroke patient. Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in neurology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Total 162 cases of acute ischaemic stroke irrespective of their gender were included who were admitted in BSMMU during the period from October, 2012 to October, 2013. Blood sample was taken for d-dimer measurement from each patient and d-dimer was estimated in department of haematology, BSMMU. Results: Among 162 patients with acute ischaemic stroke, it showed th...
Background: We report a rare case of movement disorder Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia who was mi... more Background: We report a rare case of movement disorder Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia who was misdiagnosed as Epilepsy and Conversion disorder. Case report: A 35 -year female presented with episodic painful twisting of her Right hand and arm only when she is awake. These events were triggered by sudden movements and would last several seconds to minutes. Her symptoms were unilateral and her physical and neurological examinations were normal. Treatment with anticonvulsants Oxcarbazepine improved her symptoms. Conclusion: Although an uncommon movement disorder, it is important to recognize the clinical presentation of Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia as most patients respond very well to medical treatment. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2017; Vol. 33 (1): 44-46
The study aimed for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the cytotoxic, thrombolytic and anthe... more The study aimed for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the cytotoxic, thrombolytic and anthelmintic activities of methanol extract of the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.). The cytotoxic activity of crude extract was determined using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and LC50 values of the sample was 11.246 ± 0.65 μg/ml whereas for standard vincristine sulphate it was 8.50 ± 0.16μg/ml, act as a positive control. The extract showed 17.17 ±3.42% clot lytic activity as compared to standard streptokinase’s (30.45% ± 2.67%). The anthelmintic activity was done by using Tubifex tubifex with three concentrations viz.,2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml of the extract was studied which was mainly thoughtful about the finding of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. The gradual increase in a dose exhibited a gradual increase in the activity. The extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 10 mg/ml as compared with levamisole (1 mg/ml) was performed as ...
: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sa... more : Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sativa L. seeds. TQ exhibited various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tumoral in several pre-clinical studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease with movement difficulties, and the common feature of neurodegeneration in PD patients is caused by dopaminergic neural damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuroprotective activity of TQ has been studied in various neurological disorders. TQ-mediated neuroprotection against PD is yet to be reported in a single frame; therefore, this review is intended to narrate the potentiality of TQ in the therapy of PD. TQ has been shown to protect against neurotoxins via amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, thereby protecting neurodegeneration in PD models. TQ could be an emerging therapeutic intervention in PD management, but mechanistic studies remain to be investigated to clarify its neuroprotective role.
Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees (Family: Lauraceae) is commonly used in folk medicine against urin... more Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees (Family: Lauraceae) is commonly used in folk medicine against urinary disorder and diabetes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and antidiarrheal activities of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) fraction of leaves of A. angustifolia (CTFAA) in different experimental models. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative assays, while antidiarrheal effects assessed with castor oil-induced diarrheal models in mice. The clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassay were used to investigate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities, respectively. CTFAA showed antioxidant effects in all qualitative and quantitative procedures. The fraction produced dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01) activities in castor oil-induced diarrheal models. Moreover, CTFAA significantly (P<0.05) demonstrated a 15.29% clot lysis effect in the thrombolytic test, and the brine shrimp...
Waste cooking oil can be a potential source of biodiesel that has least effect on the edible oil ... more Waste cooking oil can be a potential source of biodiesel that has least effect on the edible oil consumption. Increasing number of hotel-restaurants and more active monitoring by health authorities have increased the generation of waste cooking oil significantly in densely populated cities like Dhaka. If not used or disposed properly, waste cooking oil itself may generate lot of environmental issues. In this work, waste cooking oils from different restaurants within Dhaka City were collected and some relevant properties of these waste oils were measured. Based on the samples studied one with the highest potential as biodiesel feed was identified and processed for engine performance. Standard trans-esterification process was used to produce biodiesel from the selected waste cooking oil. Biodiesel blends of B20 and B40 category were made and tested on a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance parameters included - bhp, bsfc and exhaust emission for rated and part load conditions. ...
Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 2016
ABSTRACT Aims:To study morpho-chemical, yield and yield contributing characteristics of five loca... more ABSTRACT Aims:To study morpho-chemical, yield and yield contributing characteristics of five local rice cultivars viz. Red Swarna, Jota pari, Pariza, Sugandhi and ShaitaBoro. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted at the farm laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during the period from February to May, 2014. Methodology: The total experimental area was divided into 3 blocks. Each block was then subdivided into 5 plots. The plot unit area was 2 m x 2 m. The replications were separated from one another by one meter border. The border betweenthe individual plot was 0.5 m. All the intercultural operations were done as when necessary. Data on different characteristics were collected at different growth stages. Results:Results revealed that morphological, physiological; yield and yield attributes were significantly different among the cultivars studied. The Sugandhi produced higher number of grains per panicle and bolder grains which resulted higher grain yield. Further, Sugandhi showed superiority in yield contributing characteristics: total tillers number, filled grain per panicle over other local cultivars and it also produced higher grain yield (4.86 t per ha). Conclusion: It is revealed that Sugandhi had the higher yielding ability than those of other local cultivars.
A 40 years old man presented with progressive weakness and distal paraesthesia of limbs with diff... more A 40 years old man presented with progressive weakness and distal paraesthesia of limbs with difficulty in walking for last seven years. As the patient was not investigated thoroughly, a diagnostic dilemma was persisted. This patient went abroad & investigated thoroughly and yet not reached to a confirm diagnosis. Subsequently this patient reported to us and diagnosed it to be a case of Idiopathic Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) responded to oral steroid therapy. After follow-up, this patient showed marked improvement. So diagnostic dilemma that persisted with such a patient that showed improvement with treatment and a challenge to a treatable condition had encouraged us to report the case. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v28i2.17185 Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2012; Vol. 28 (2): 132-140
Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in Westernised countries and Accounts for 12% ... more Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in Westernised countries and Accounts for 12% of all deaths in the UK. The economic cost of stroke is enormous. Twelve per cent of first strokes occur in patients under 45 years of age, of which approximately 50% are ischaemic in nature. Stroke in young adult poses a major health problem. The causes of ischaemic stroke in young adults are many and diverse.Such patients usually require more extensive investigations in order to find an underlying cause than more elderly patients. Principal causes are cardioembolism, premature atherosclerosis, haematological and immunological disorders and migraine. Thrombophilic factors have been implicated in 4-8% of the young adult strokes worldwide. Protein S deficiency is a rare cause of ischemic stroke in young population. Only a few sporadic cases have been described in the literature. We are reporting a case of protein S deficiencyrelated ischemic stroke in a 40-year-old man. Early diagnosis an...
Aneurysm surgery is increasing day by day in our country but the exact timing of surgery is still... more Aneurysm surgery is increasing day by day in our country but the exact timing of surgery is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the results of early and late surgery for aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage.The aim of micro neurosurgical management of an aneurysm is the total occlusion of the aneurysm sac by clipping at the neck of aneurysm with preservation of flow in the parent artery and preservation of all its perforating arteries with minimal or no brain retraction. There were 52 patients included in this study among them 3 patients expired soon after the admission before surgery could take place. Hence 49 patients underwent clip surgery from July 2005 to May 2012 for 52 aneurysms because 3 patients harbored multiple aneurysms. Patients history, clinical findings, Hunt &Hess grading, Fisher grading of CT scan, preoperative & postoperative CT angiography, postoperative outcome were collected and analyzed. Most of the clipping (57.14%) were done in interme...
Madelung deformity (MD) is a rare autosomaldominant disordercharacterized by epiphyseal growth pl... more Madelung deformity (MD) is a rare autosomaldominant disordercharacterized by epiphyseal growth plate disturbance in distal ulnar sidewhereina progressive ulnar and volar tilt of itsarticular surface occurs in associationwith a dorsal subluxation of the distalulna.Diagnosis of the diseaseis by correlation of clinical data with radiological findings and genetic transmission.In this study, radiographic findings ofa 16 years old female patient progressive bilateral wrist joint deformity and bowing of distal end of forearm without significant functional impairment and systemic complaints and diagnosed as Primary Madelung deformity, is reported. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 101-104 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17577
Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal
Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world as well as is t... more Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world as well as is the most common cause of severe physical disability. A good number of studies have shown elevated serum D-Dimer level in acute ischemic stroke. Approximately one quarter of ischemic strokes are caused by lacunar infarct. This study demonstrated serum D-Dimer in Lacunar Stroke. The purpose of the study to find out serum D-Dimer in Lacunar Stroke. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Medicine Department, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka on the patients with diagnosis of first ever acute lacunar Ischemic (LACI) stroke presented within 2 days of onset of symptoms. In this study, total 45 acute LACI cases irrespective of their gender were included and examined in presence of consultant physician, who were admitted from March 2014 to September 2014. Results: An overall male predominance with a male to female ratio was 2:1 with the mean (SD) age of the study population ...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Objectives: A crossover-randomized bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of acyclovir 200... more Objectives: A crossover-randomized bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of acyclovir 200 mg tablet was accomplished with 16 adults and physically fit male volunteers from Bangladesh. NOVIRAX™ (Drug International Ltd, Bangladesh) was the test variant whereas ZOVIRAX™ (GlaxoWellcome) was the reference one. Methods: After a night fasting each volunteer was subjected to take a single dosage of tablet with 150 mL of water. After a week for complete washing out, a second dosage was applied. After that, blood samples were collected at a serial interval for a 24 hours period to observe the plasma concentration by HPLC technique. Several pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, AUC0→24h, t1/2, and Kel were estimated. Results: The mean (± SD) AUC0→24h for acyclovir of test variant NOVIRAXTM for 16 participants was 1057.5 ± 358.9 ng/hr/mL whereas it was 1134.9 ± 467.2 ng/hr/mL for acyclovir of ZOVIRAXTM. The relative bioavailability (NOVIRAXTM/ZOVIRAXTM ratio) was 93.2%. The Cmax, ...
Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world after cancer an... more Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the developed world after cancer and ischaemic heart disease, and is the most common cause of severe physical disability. Although, there are many patients in Bangladesh suffering from these disorders, systematic research on them, especially serum biological markers of ischaemic stroke are yet to be evaluated. So the objectives of the present study are to see the serum d-dimer among acute ischaemic stroke patient. Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in neurology department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Total 162 cases of acute ischaemic stroke irrespective of their gender were included who were admitted in BSMMU during the period from October, 2012 to October, 2013. Blood sample was taken for d-dimer measurement from each patient and d-dimer was estimated in department of haematology, BSMMU. Results: Among 162 patients with acute ischaemic stroke, it showed th...
Background: We report a rare case of movement disorder Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia who was mi... more Background: We report a rare case of movement disorder Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia who was misdiagnosed as Epilepsy and Conversion disorder. Case report: A 35 -year female presented with episodic painful twisting of her Right hand and arm only when she is awake. These events were triggered by sudden movements and would last several seconds to minutes. Her symptoms were unilateral and her physical and neurological examinations were normal. Treatment with anticonvulsants Oxcarbazepine improved her symptoms. Conclusion: Although an uncommon movement disorder, it is important to recognize the clinical presentation of Paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia as most patients respond very well to medical treatment. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2017; Vol. 33 (1): 44-46
The study aimed for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the cytotoxic, thrombolytic and anthe... more The study aimed for phytochemical screening and to evaluate the cytotoxic, thrombolytic and anthelmintic activities of methanol extract of the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.). The cytotoxic activity of crude extract was determined using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and LC50 values of the sample was 11.246 ± 0.65 μg/ml whereas for standard vincristine sulphate it was 8.50 ± 0.16μg/ml, act as a positive control. The extract showed 17.17 ±3.42% clot lytic activity as compared to standard streptokinase’s (30.45% ± 2.67%). The anthelmintic activity was done by using Tubifex tubifex with three concentrations viz.,2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml of the extract was studied which was mainly thoughtful about the finding of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. The gradual increase in a dose exhibited a gradual increase in the activity. The extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 10 mg/ml as compared with levamisole (1 mg/ml) was performed as ...
: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sa... more : Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sativa L. seeds. TQ exhibited various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tumoral in several pre-clinical studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease with movement difficulties, and the common feature of neurodegeneration in PD patients is caused by dopaminergic neural damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuroprotective activity of TQ has been studied in various neurological disorders. TQ-mediated neuroprotection against PD is yet to be reported in a single frame; therefore, this review is intended to narrate the potentiality of TQ in the therapy of PD. TQ has been shown to protect against neurotoxins via amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, thereby protecting neurodegeneration in PD models. TQ could be an emerging therapeutic intervention in PD management, but mechanistic studies remain to be investigated to clarify its neuroprotective role.
Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees (Family: Lauraceae) is commonly used in folk medicine against urin... more Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees (Family: Lauraceae) is commonly used in folk medicine against urinary disorder and diabetes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and antidiarrheal activities of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) fraction of leaves of A. angustifolia (CTFAA) in different experimental models. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative assays, while antidiarrheal effects assessed with castor oil-induced diarrheal models in mice. The clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassay were used to investigate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities, respectively. CTFAA showed antioxidant effects in all qualitative and quantitative procedures. The fraction produced dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01) activities in castor oil-induced diarrheal models. Moreover, CTFAA significantly (P<0.05) demonstrated a 15.29% clot lysis effect in the thrombolytic test, and the brine shrimp...
Waste cooking oil can be a potential source of biodiesel that has least effect on the edible oil ... more Waste cooking oil can be a potential source of biodiesel that has least effect on the edible oil consumption. Increasing number of hotel-restaurants and more active monitoring by health authorities have increased the generation of waste cooking oil significantly in densely populated cities like Dhaka. If not used or disposed properly, waste cooking oil itself may generate lot of environmental issues. In this work, waste cooking oils from different restaurants within Dhaka City were collected and some relevant properties of these waste oils were measured. Based on the samples studied one with the highest potential as biodiesel feed was identified and processed for engine performance. Standard trans-esterification process was used to produce biodiesel from the selected waste cooking oil. Biodiesel blends of B20 and B40 category were made and tested on a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine performance parameters included - bhp, bsfc and exhaust emission for rated and part load conditions. ...
Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 2016
ABSTRACT Aims:To study morpho-chemical, yield and yield contributing characteristics of five loca... more ABSTRACT Aims:To study morpho-chemical, yield and yield contributing characteristics of five local rice cultivars viz. Red Swarna, Jota pari, Pariza, Sugandhi and ShaitaBoro. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted at the farm laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during the period from February to May, 2014. Methodology: The total experimental area was divided into 3 blocks. Each block was then subdivided into 5 plots. The plot unit area was 2 m x 2 m. The replications were separated from one another by one meter border. The border betweenthe individual plot was 0.5 m. All the intercultural operations were done as when necessary. Data on different characteristics were collected at different growth stages. Results:Results revealed that morphological, physiological; yield and yield attributes were significantly different among the cultivars studied. The Sugandhi produced higher number of grains per panicle and bolder grains which resulted higher grain yield. Further, Sugandhi showed superiority in yield contributing characteristics: total tillers number, filled grain per panicle over other local cultivars and it also produced higher grain yield (4.86 t per ha). Conclusion: It is revealed that Sugandhi had the higher yielding ability than those of other local cultivars.
A 40 years old man presented with progressive weakness and distal paraesthesia of limbs with diff... more A 40 years old man presented with progressive weakness and distal paraesthesia of limbs with difficulty in walking for last seven years. As the patient was not investigated thoroughly, a diagnostic dilemma was persisted. This patient went abroad & investigated thoroughly and yet not reached to a confirm diagnosis. Subsequently this patient reported to us and diagnosed it to be a case of Idiopathic Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) responded to oral steroid therapy. After follow-up, this patient showed marked improvement. So diagnostic dilemma that persisted with such a patient that showed improvement with treatment and a challenge to a treatable condition had encouraged us to report the case. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v28i2.17185 Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2012; Vol. 28 (2): 132-140
Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in Westernised countries and Accounts for 12% ... more Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in Westernised countries and Accounts for 12% of all deaths in the UK. The economic cost of stroke is enormous. Twelve per cent of first strokes occur in patients under 45 years of age, of which approximately 50% are ischaemic in nature. Stroke in young adult poses a major health problem. The causes of ischaemic stroke in young adults are many and diverse.Such patients usually require more extensive investigations in order to find an underlying cause than more elderly patients. Principal causes are cardioembolism, premature atherosclerosis, haematological and immunological disorders and migraine. Thrombophilic factors have been implicated in 4-8% of the young adult strokes worldwide. Protein S deficiency is a rare cause of ischemic stroke in young population. Only a few sporadic cases have been described in the literature. We are reporting a case of protein S deficiencyrelated ischemic stroke in a 40-year-old man. Early diagnosis an...
Aneurysm surgery is increasing day by day in our country but the exact timing of surgery is still... more Aneurysm surgery is increasing day by day in our country but the exact timing of surgery is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the results of early and late surgery for aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage.The aim of micro neurosurgical management of an aneurysm is the total occlusion of the aneurysm sac by clipping at the neck of aneurysm with preservation of flow in the parent artery and preservation of all its perforating arteries with minimal or no brain retraction. There were 52 patients included in this study among them 3 patients expired soon after the admission before surgery could take place. Hence 49 patients underwent clip surgery from July 2005 to May 2012 for 52 aneurysms because 3 patients harbored multiple aneurysms. Patients history, clinical findings, Hunt &Hess grading, Fisher grading of CT scan, preoperative & postoperative CT angiography, postoperative outcome were collected and analyzed. Most of the clipping (57.14%) were done in interme...
Madelung deformity (MD) is a rare autosomaldominant disordercharacterized by epiphyseal growth pl... more Madelung deformity (MD) is a rare autosomaldominant disordercharacterized by epiphyseal growth plate disturbance in distal ulnar sidewhereina progressive ulnar and volar tilt of itsarticular surface occurs in associationwith a dorsal subluxation of the distalulna.Diagnosis of the diseaseis by correlation of clinical data with radiological findings and genetic transmission.In this study, radiographic findings ofa 16 years old female patient progressive bilateral wrist joint deformity and bowing of distal end of forearm without significant functional impairment and systemic complaints and diagnosed as Primary Madelung deformity, is reported. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2011; Vol. 27 (2) : 101-104 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v27i2.17577
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