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Based on national level data from secondary sources, changes in production variability and their sources of changes for Bangladesh as a whole were measured for major foodgrains- Aus, Aman and Boro rice as well as wheat during 1979/80 to... more
Based on national level data from secondary sources, changes in production variability and their sources of changes for Bangladesh as a whole were measured for major foodgrains- Aus, Aman and Boro rice as well as wheat during 1979/80 to 1998/99 which were again sub-divided between two time periods before full-implementation of privatization policies (1979/80-1988/89) and after fullimplementation of privatization policies (1989/90-1998/99). The results showed that during the period after full-implementation of privatization policies (AFIPP) both the absolute variability (Standard Deviation, SD) and relative variability (coefficient of variation, CV) ipcreased in the cases of Aus rice, Arran rice and wheat production. Absolute variability increased but relative variability decreased in the cases of Boro rice and total foodgrains production. The increase in CV of Aman rice and wheat production is due to increase in both SD and average production of Aman rice and wheat. The increase in ...
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The historical background of the discovery of the electron spin is provided. The Stern-Gerlach and Einstein-de Haas experiments are discussed. The operators for a single electron spin are defined, along with the formulation in terms of... more
The historical background of the discovery of the electron spin is provided. The Stern-Gerlach and Einstein-de Haas experiments are discussed. The operators for a single electron spin are defined, along with the formulation in terms of the 2x2 Pauli matrices. The discussion then moves on to the definition of the spin for many-electron systems and explains how the famous Hund rule (or Hund’s first rule) arises from considering the energy of an open-shell spin singlet vs. triplet state. Next, the generalized angular momentum, ladder operators, and spherical vector operators are defined, and the rules for the addition of angular momenta are derived. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the total spin, orbital, and total angular momentum for open-shell atoms, term symbols, and Hund’s second and third rule.
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Background: The main determinants of diabetes management, therapeutic habits and glycaemic control are likely to differ between populations. The pharmacological armamentarium to treat hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has... more
Background: The main determinants of diabetes management, therapeutic habits and glycaemic control are likely to differ between populations. The pharmacological armamentarium to treat hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has changed substantially over the past few years with the development of new therapeutic agents. This study evaluated relationships between pattern of pharmacological treatment and glycaemic control in patients with T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 486 T2DM patients attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic of MARKS Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period between July 2018 and June 2019. After obtaining written informed consent, both the treatment pattern and the degree of glycaemic control were estimated from T2DM patients. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) was determined by liquid chromatography. Glycaermic control categorized as fair control (HbA1c <7.0%), poor control (HbA1c ³7.0%- <...
Objective: The role of Vitamin D as an immune modulator has been recently emphasized. However, at this time, the research on its role in autoimmune thyroid disease is not conclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine the... more
Objective: The role of Vitamin D as an immune modulator has been recently emphasized. However, at this time, the research on its role in autoimmune thyroid disease is not conclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Vitamin D deficiency and to clarify the correlation between Vitamin D levels with thyroid hormone in patients with HT. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, hypothyroid HT patients were selected among referents to the endocrinology outpatient clinic of MARKS Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for thyroid evaluation from January 2019 to March 2020. A total of 150 patients were enrolled and placed in the newly diagnosed hypothyroid HT “case group,” and a “control group” included 145 apparently healthy individuals (matched for age and gender). All the patients underwent thyroid function tests and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. The antibodies of interest were thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody, suggesting HT cases. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 statistical software. Results: In this study, Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 32.2% of the “HT group” and 1.0% of the “control group” (P < 0.001). The Vitamin D-deficient participants had a significantly higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower free thyroxine (FT4) level than the Vitamin D insufficient participants (TSH: 18.58 ± 8.73 vs. 8.52 ± 9.61 [μIU/mL], t = −7.816, P < 0.001; FT4: 0.81 ± 0.15 vs. 1.12 ± 0.17 [ng/dL], t = 13.36, P < 0.001, respectively). Concerning the HT case group, there was a significant negative correlation between serum 25(OH) Vitamin D and TSH (r = −0.178, P < 0.05). On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was recorded between serum 25(OH)D and serum FT4 levels (r = 0.610, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with HT present with a reduced serum 25(OH)D level, and low serum Vitamin D levels were independently associated with high serum TSH levels and low serum FT4 levels in those with subnormal levels of Vitamin D. TSH is negatively correlated with 25(OH)D level. On the other hand, FT4 levels are positively correlated with 25(OH)D levels.
Gerbera has gained popularity and great demand in the floral industry as cut flower due to its beauty, color, long vase life. Its propagation can be increased by applying the modern biotechnological methods such as tissue culture for... more
Gerbera has gained popularity and great demand in the floral industry as cut flower due to its beauty, color, long vase life. Its propagation can be increased by applying the modern biotechnological methods such as tissue culture for rapid and large scale propagation. For a modern and industrialized horticulture there is always a demand and necessity for new varieties. Induced mutations have proven to be the most rapid, direct and cheapest approach to develop new and attractive flower or ornamental plant varieties. In total 552 mutant varieties of 40 ornamental plant species were released using various induced mutation techniques and propagation systems. This book reports about a regeneration protocol for rapid propagation of three gerbera varieties and induced mutagenesis through gamma ray in these in vitro regenerated plants. Variation has been identified in mutated plants by molecular characterization such as Isozyme analysis. This book will be very helpful for the researchers wh...
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Hirsutism is a distressing clinical condition seen in adult female patients. The cause is mainly hyperandrogenism, which may be ovarian or adrenal. The most common pathological cause is usually polycystic ovary syndrome. It may be part of... more
Hirsutism is a distressing clinical condition seen in adult female patients. The cause is mainly hyperandrogenism, which may be ovarian or adrenal. The most common pathological cause is usually polycystic ovary syndrome. It may be part of a rare metabolic syndrome, drug induced, or just idiopathic. It requires in depth clinical evaluation and investigation for treatment. Serum testosterone measurements are not needed in many cases. Hirsutism has a huge psychosocial impact, especially in the young females. This article reviews the current evaluation guidelines and management
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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, hyperglycemia plus insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia plus low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and... more
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, hyperglycemia plus insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia plus low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hypertension. This cluster of metabolic syndrome is associated with some of the endocrine disorders prominently thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid dysfunction and metabolic syndrome are both associated with cardiovascular disease risk conversely increasing both morbidity and mortality. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate thyroid function in patients with metabolic syndrome and to assess its relationship with the components of metabolic syndrome in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among metabolic syndrome patients attending Hormone and Diabetes clinic in a tertiary care hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during June 2019 to March 2020. We included 346 patients who fulfilled National Cholesterol Education Program-Adu...
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The purpose of this article is to ensure free, fair and credible election by adopting electoral reformation, switch from `Winner Take All” (WTA) to Proportional Representation (PR) system. In Bangladesh the election process and election... more
The purpose of this article is to ensure free, fair and credible election by adopting electoral reformation, switch from `Winner Take All” (WTA) to Proportional Representation (PR) system. In Bangladesh the election process and election result both have been questioned. Nevertheless, election is one of the key components in ensuring democracy. Particularly the free, fair and credible election is one of the basic and crucial prerequisites and elements of democratic government and governance. Bangladesh, we found an under developed political culture, lack of democratic political organizations, institutions and practices in true sense. All these indicators have been almost failed to institutionalize democracy in Bangladesh. In this backdrop, this paper attempts to explain that, a switch from the current Winner Takes All (WTA) system to Proportional Representation (PR) system can reshape the election system by keeping consistency, because of the fact that the democracy means the rule of...
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This study aims to identify the factors influencing the purchase behavior of organic foods among young generation customers in Bangladesh. The study adopted the theory of planned behavior as a base and developed 11 hypotheses based on the... more
This study aims to identify the factors influencing the purchase behavior of organic foods among young generation customers in Bangladesh. The study adopted the theory of planned behavior as a base and developed 11 hypotheses based on the extant empirical literature. Adopting the purposive sampling method, the primary data were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 464 young Bangladeshi consumers using a survey method. In order to identify the key relationship among the study variables, the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed using AMOS software, version 25. The study employed a purposive sampling method to pick young respondents through online media. The study revealed that health consciousness, environmental consciousness, food safety consciousness, price consciousness, novelty consciousness, and trust are factors that significantly affect purchase intention and subsequently, the actual purchase of organic foods. The novelty consciousness factor got the hi...
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Background: There are variable effects of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical variables of diabetic people. Anti-diabetic agents are often adjusted during this time to reflect changes in lifestyle. The study was conducted to... more
Background: There are variable effects of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical variables of diabetic people. Anti-diabetic agents are often adjusted during this time to reflect changes in lifestyle. The study was conducted to understand the diversity of follow-up, treatment pattern, clinical, and biochemical outcome of Ramadan fasting among type 2 diabetic patients who observed Ramadan fast. Methods: This real-world, multi-center, prospective, observational study was conducted at the diabetes outpatient department of National Healthcare Network (NHN) Uttara Center of Bangladesh Diabetic Somity (BADAS), Dhaka, Bangladesh and outpatient department of MARKS Hormone and Diabetes clinic, MARKS Medical College &Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh upon randomly selected type 2 diabetic patients, recruited 1 to 12 weeks prior to the Ramadan and followed up till 12 weeks post-Ramadan period. Finally, a total of 271 participants completed satisfactory follow up. Data was collected before, du...
Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease and spreading all over the world. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to this infectious disease. There are not many reports on missed-abortion or... more
Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease and spreading all over the world. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to this infectious disease. There are not many reports on missed-abortion or stillbirths in COVID-19 that affected pregnant women. Twelve cases are presented here among a few cases of spontaneous abortion or fetal demise without having remarkable cause other than laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 (RT-PCR) from March 2020 to July 2020 in a single medical university hospital in Bangladesh. Cases: Enrolled 12 pregnant subjects of fetal demise ≥11 weeks of gestation had COVID-19 infection (RT-PCR) and the specimen was nasal swab. 10 patients were admitted to the hospital and 2 patients were managed in their home under the supervision of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). We excluded all the possible causes of clinical and obstetric causes of abortion other than COVID-19 infection. However, most of them were asymptomatic COVID-19 infection carriers, and only had a history of low-grade fever. 5 cases had a history of medical disorder which were controlled before pregnancy. Conclusion: All the 12 cases did not have any clinical and obstetric disorder during pregnancy, but they all had COVID-19 infection. This clearly suggests COVID-19 infection might induce fetal death through possible inflammation in the placenta.
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Background To identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), use of a validated risk-assessment tool is currently recommended. A simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM will be... more
Background To identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), use of a validated risk-assessment tool is currently recommended. A simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM. It is under-reported, whether a different risk tool alters the predicted risk of an individual. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the results of three commonly used validated risk-assessment tools when applied to the same population. Method This cross-sectional analytical study was carried upon randomly sampled 602 non-diabetic adults visiting the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to December 2019. Subjects having previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination were also included. With written informed consent, the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), American Diabetes (ADA) Risk Score and Finish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaires were used to calculate predicted risk score for developing T2DM within 10 years. Results Among 602 subjects, 55.0 % were female. The mean (±SD) age of the study subjects was 38.56 ±1.13 years. IDRS categorized the highest proportion (38.2 %) of individuals at ‘high risk’ followed by ADA (22.4 %) and finally, the FINDRISC (8.6 %); [p<0.05]. Conclusions The adoption of a different valid risk assessment tool can alter the predicted risk of an individual. To adequately prevent type2 diabetes, risk scoring systems must be validated for each population considered.
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Background: Use of a validated risk-assessment tool to identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes is currently recommended. It is under-reported, however, whether a different risk tool alters the predicted risk of an... more
Background: Use of a validated risk-assessment tool to identify individuals at high risk of developing type2 diabetes is currently recommended. It is under-reported, however, whether a different risk tool alters the predicted risk of an individual. This study explored any differences between two commonly used validated risk-assessment tools for type2 diabetes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between July 2018 and June 2019 in the medicine outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Total 518 subjects, aged ranging from 22 to 68 years was included in the study. Randomly sampled non- diabetic subjects, and those who had previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination (i.e. impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus) were included for the study. With written informed consent, both the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRIS...
Research Interests: Psychology and Polymer
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is primarily attributed to rapid urbanization and associated changes in... more
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is primarily attributed to rapid urbanization and associated changes in lifestyle, such as sedentary lifestyle, higher calorie food intake and stressful life. Studies support the utilization of riskassessment scoring systems in quantifying individual’s risk for developing T2DM. Thus, a simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM among Bangladeshi adults will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM.The purpose of the study was to calculate the risk assessment score of developing T2DM within 10 years among Bangladeshi adults. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the outpatient department (OPD) of Medicine, MARKS Medical College & Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from February 201...
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Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It affects over 90% of the diabetic patients. It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the... more
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It affects over 90% of the diabetic patients. It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of this complication, but several other hypotheses have been postulated. It is typically characterized by significant deficits in tactile sensitivity, vibration sense, lower-limb proprioception, and kinesthesia. Painful DPN has been shown to be associated with significant reductions in overall quality of life, increased levels of anxiety and depression, sleep impairment, and greater gait variability. DPN is often misdiagnosed and inadequately treated. Clinical recognition of DPN is imperative for allowing timely symptom management to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition. The management of diabetic neuropathic pain consists basically in excluding other causes of painful peripheral neuropathy, improving glycemic control as a p...
Background: This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of use of the fracture risk assessment system (FRAX) as risk assessment tool for osteoporosis risk score scale in Bangladeshi subjects and to assess how the results of the... more
Background: This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of use of the fracture risk assessment system (FRAX) as risk assessment tool for osteoporosis risk score scale in Bangladeshi subjects and to assess how the results of the tools correlate with each other.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2016 to August 2016. The study population was randomly collected 600 Bangladeshi subjects; who attended outpatient department (OPD) of MARKS Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The age range of the subjects was between 40 to 75 years. The subjects had not done a bone mineral density (BMD) score. None of them were previously diagnosed or got treatment for osteoporosis. A questionnaire was designed to complete the osteoporosis specific risk score sheet. Major osteoporotic and hip fracture incidence to 10-years as a function of the FRAX probability was calculated by using fracture risk assessment system.Results: A total of 600 subjects were includ...
Abstract Hydrogen has been using as one of the green fuel along with conventional fossil fuels which has enormous prospect. A new dimension of hydrogen energy technology can reduce the dependency on non-renewable energy sources due to the... more
Abstract Hydrogen has been using as one of the green fuel along with conventional fossil fuels which has enormous prospect. A new dimension of hydrogen energy technology can reduce the dependency on non-renewable energy sources due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. Hydrogen production via Biomass (Municipal solid waste, Agricultural waste and forest residue) gasification is one of the promising and economic technologies. The study highlights the hydrogen production potential from biomass through gasification technology and review the parameters effect of hydrogen production such as temperature, pressure, biomass and agent ratio, equivalence ratios, bed material, gasifying agents and catalysts effect. The study also covers the all associated steps of hydrogen separation and purification, WGS reaction, cleaning and drying, membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption (PSA). To meet the huge and rising energy demand, many countries made a multidimensional power development plan by adding different renewable, nuclear and fossil fuel sources. A large amount of biomass (total biomass production in Bangladesh is 47.71 million ton coal equivalent where 37.16, 3.49 and 7.04 MTCE are agricultural, MSW and forest residue based biomass respectively by 2016) is produced from daily uses by a big number of populations in a country. It also includes total feature of biomass gasification plant in Bangladesh.
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There are several methods of assessing overweight and obesity. Several studies conducted in different populations indicate that neck circumference (NC) can be used as a simple measure of overweight and obesity. This study was conducted to... more
There are several methods of assessing overweight and obesity. Several studies conducted in different populations indicate that neck circumference (NC) can be used as a simple measure of overweight and obesity. This study was conducted to evaluate NC as a marker of overweight and obesity and to determine respective cutoff values for Bangladeshi male and female participants. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with during July 2013-June 2014 among randomly selected 871 Bangladeshi participants (male = 496 [56.9%], female = 375 [43.1%], aged >18 years) who visited Outpatient Department of United Hospital, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic disorders, primary health-care centers located in Dhaka, Savar, Gazipur. NC of participants was taken in centimeter to the nearest 1 mm, using plastic tape measure. Main outcome included NC, waist circumferences (WC), body mass index (BMI), and waist: hip ratio (WHR). Pearso...
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This study attempts to investigate influence of price and non-price factors on supply response of pulses in Bangladesh by using modern econometric technique of cointegration. The previous studies based on Nerlovian model have been... more
This study attempts to investigate influence of price and non-price factors on supply response of pulses in Bangladesh by using modern econometric technique of cointegration. The previous studies based on Nerlovian model have been criticised since time series data are often non-stationary and its analysis through OLS leads to spurious results. Therefore, combination of cointegration analysis and vector error correction model was used in present study to overcome the problems of Nerlovian model. This study found that long-run price elasticity of pulses is significant. Cross price elasticities of pulses are highly significant in the long-run due to their competitive nature. Moreover, long-run irrigation coefficient and market based policy reforms in the short-run also have significant positive impact on supply response of pulses. The error correction coefficient indicates that about 33 percent disequilibrium in supply can be adjusted within a year. The empirical evidence of this study suggests that comprehensive policy should be formulated by considering price and non-price factors of pulses to increase domestic production. In addition, government should develop technological facilities to more potential areas for commercial production of pulses.
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Page 1. An Economic Study on Small Scale Marine Fishing in Teknaf of Coxs Bazar District of Bangladesh 1) Nazma Akter , Kabir Ahmed , M. Serajul Islam and Seungmo Koo Contents .Ⅰ Introduction .Ⅱ Marine Fishery Industry ...
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Adrenal insufficiency is caused by either primary adrenal failure or by hypothalamic-pituitary impairment of the corticotropic axis. Adrenal insufficiency, first codified in 1855 by Thomas Addison, remains relevant in 2014 because of its... more
Adrenal insufficiency is caused by either primary adrenal failure or by hypothalamic-pituitary impairment of the corticotropic axis. Adrenal insufficiency, first codified in 1855 by Thomas Addison, remains relevant in 2014 because of its lethal nature. Though, it is a rare disease but is life threatening when overlooked. Main presenting symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia and weight loss are nonspecific, thus diagnosis is often delayed. The diagnostic work-up is well established but some pitfalls remain. The diagnosis is adequately established by the 250 ?g ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulation test in most cases. Glucocorticoids provide life saving treatment but long-term quality of life is impaired, perhaps because therapy is not given in a physiologic way. Dehydroepiandrosterone-replacement therapy has been introduced that could help to restore quality of life. It may be useful in pubertal girls, but not in adults. Monitoring of glucocorticoid-replacement is difficult due...
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Research Interests: Engineering and CRC
Three types of tender leaves derived explants such as leaf tip, leaf with mid-rib and leaf blade segments as well as flower buds and flower stalks obtained from three selected varieties of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus.) cultivated in... more
Three types of tender leaves derived explants such as leaf tip, leaf with mid-rib and leaf blade segments as well as flower buds and flower stalks obtained from three selected varieties of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus.) cultivated in Bangladesh were exploited for callus induction and in vitro regeneration of plantlets. Among the explants flower bud and flower stalk were suitable and superior for callus induction and subsequent regeneration of in vitro shoots when cultured on MS supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l NAA. However, highest number of multiple shoots were obtained when the flower bud derived callus was subcultured on MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP. Variety with red petal showed the best response in producing multiple shoots among the three varieties. Root induction at the base of the in vitro regenerated shoots was tried using full and half the strengths of MS containing different concentrations of IBA. Best root induction was observed on half the strength o...
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Hirsutism is a common clinical condition seen in female patients of all ages. It affects around 5-10% of the women and is a common presenting complaint in the dermatological out patient department for cosmetic reasons. The cause is mainly... more
Hirsutism is a common clinical condition seen in female patients of all ages. It affects around 5-10% of the women and is a common presenting complaint in the dermatological out patient department for cosmetic reasons. The cause is mainly hyperandrogeneism, which may be ovarian or adrenal. It may be part of a rare metabolic syndrome, drug induced, or just idiopathic. Hirsutism has a huge psychosocial impact, especially in the young females. This article reviews the current evaluation guidelines and management of hirsutism.
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Abstract: Over the past couple decades there have been significant developments in availability of new materials and technologies suitable for civil infrastructure such as highway bridges. High performance steel (HPS) is one such a... more
Abstract: Over the past couple decades there have been significant developments in availability of new materials and technologies suitable for civil infrastructure such as highway bridges. High performance steel (HPS) is one such a material that offers higher ...