The efficiency of esterification from vegetable oils and glycerol were evaluated for the byproduc... more The efficiency of esterification from vegetable oils and glycerol were evaluated for the byproducts that are generally used as emulsifier, antistaling agent, and food flavours. In the present study, esterification of Candida rugosa lipase of vegetable oils was performed. The effect of incubation time
and ratio of vegetable oils/ glycerol was investigated. The esterification was evaluated based on the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and acid value (AV). Results showed that palm oil with the addition of 11 wt. % glycerol has higher amount of esterification (1.7% FFA) as compared to that of its waste (1.3% FFA) with the condition of mixed ratio between glycerol and vegetable oil. The AV and FFA increased to the highest of 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, when the mixture of WCO/ glycerol (ratio 8:1) was incubated for 24 hours respectively. Other than that, the ratio of 1:1 WCO to glycerol gave a better percentage of FFA compared to other ratios. As the conclusion, by esterifying WCO, it provides an economical solution to create value- added products and at the same time preserves the good environmental practice. Other than that, the type of vegetable oils and parameters applied influenced the esterification process.
Eggshells capacity as supporting material for immobilisation of Candida rugosa Type VII lipase (C... more Eggshells capacity as supporting material for immobilisation of Candida rugosa Type VII lipase (CRL) was tested. Different parameters for the immobilisation of eggshells were studied including the temperature (30-50°C), pH of buffer the solution (pH 5-8), particle size of the eggshells (≤1mm, 1-2mm and 2-4mm), immobilisation time (1-4 hr) and glutaraldehyde concentration (0.30-3.00%, v/v). The best immobilisation conditions obtained were ≤1mm size of the eggshells added with 0.75% of glutaraldehyde at pH buffer 6. The immobilisation time taken was 3 hr at 50°C. Then optimal conditions for the ester synthesis of butyl butyrate were achieved using 2.0g of the immobilised lipase loading that reacted at 30°C using a 0.2 molar ratio of the substrate for 3 hr. Under optimal conditions (immobilization and esterification), 93.3% of conversion yield of butyl butyrate was obtained. Furthermore, the synthesized immobilized CRL lipase demonstrate that it was highly reusable as it retained 50% o...
Control and Treatment of Landfill Leachate for Sanitary Waste Disposal, 2016
Biological process for environmental preservation and treatment is not a new technology. It was u... more Biological process for environmental preservation and treatment is not a new technology. It was used a decade ago until now. The most important tools in biological processes are the microorganism and upstream instruments (bioreactor, pond and others) to run the process. Furthermore, the efficiency of the process depends on many factors such as temperature, pH, type of microorganism, conditions, and other nutrients. To understand the factors that will affect the process, mechanisms of microorganisms to treat or protect the environment must be considered. For leachate treatment, biological process is one of the most widely used techniques for low cost and environmentally friendly.
The efficiency of esterification from vegetable oils and glycerol were evaluated for the byproduc... more The efficiency of esterification from vegetable oils and glycerol were evaluated for the byproducts that are generally used as emulsifier, antistaling agent, and food flavours. In the present study, esterification of Candida rugosa lipase of vegetable oils was performed. The effect of incubation time
and ratio of vegetable oils/ glycerol was investigated. The esterification was evaluated based on the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and acid value (AV). Results showed that palm oil with the addition of 11 wt. % glycerol has higher amount of esterification (1.7% FFA) as compared to that of its waste (1.3% FFA) with the condition of mixed ratio between glycerol and vegetable oil. The AV and FFA increased to the highest of 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, when the mixture of WCO/ glycerol (ratio 8:1) was incubated for 24 hours respectively. Other than that, the ratio of 1:1 WCO to glycerol gave a better percentage of FFA compared to other ratios. As the conclusion, by esterifying WCO, it provides an economical solution to create value- added products and at the same time preserves the good environmental practice. Other than that, the type of vegetable oils and parameters applied influenced the esterification process.
Eggshells capacity as supporting material for immobilisation of Candida rugosa Type VII lipase (C... more Eggshells capacity as supporting material for immobilisation of Candida rugosa Type VII lipase (CRL) was tested. Different parameters for the immobilisation of eggshells were studied including the temperature (30-50°C), pH of buffer the solution (pH 5-8), particle size of the eggshells (≤1mm, 1-2mm and 2-4mm), immobilisation time (1-4 hr) and glutaraldehyde concentration (0.30-3.00%, v/v). The best immobilisation conditions obtained were ≤1mm size of the eggshells added with 0.75% of glutaraldehyde at pH buffer 6. The immobilisation time taken was 3 hr at 50°C. Then optimal conditions for the ester synthesis of butyl butyrate were achieved using 2.0g of the immobilised lipase loading that reacted at 30°C using a 0.2 molar ratio of the substrate for 3 hr. Under optimal conditions (immobilization and esterification), 93.3% of conversion yield of butyl butyrate was obtained. Furthermore, the synthesized immobilized CRL lipase demonstrate that it was highly reusable as it retained 50% o...
Control and Treatment of Landfill Leachate for Sanitary Waste Disposal, 2016
Biological process for environmental preservation and treatment is not a new technology. It was u... more Biological process for environmental preservation and treatment is not a new technology. It was used a decade ago until now. The most important tools in biological processes are the microorganism and upstream instruments (bioreactor, pond and others) to run the process. Furthermore, the efficiency of the process depends on many factors such as temperature, pH, type of microorganism, conditions, and other nutrients. To understand the factors that will affect the process, mechanisms of microorganisms to treat or protect the environment must be considered. For leachate treatment, biological process is one of the most widely used techniques for low cost and environmentally friendly.
Uploads
Poster by Noor Serri
and ratio of vegetable oils/ glycerol was investigated. The esterification was evaluated based on the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and acid value (AV). Results showed that palm oil with the addition of 11 wt. % glycerol has higher amount of esterification (1.7% FFA) as compared to that of its waste (1.3% FFA) with the condition of mixed ratio between glycerol and vegetable oil. The AV and FFA increased to the highest of 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, when the mixture of WCO/ glycerol (ratio 8:1) was incubated for 24 hours respectively. Other than that, the ratio of 1:1 WCO to glycerol gave a better percentage of FFA compared to other ratios. As the conclusion, by esterifying WCO, it provides an economical solution to create value- added products and at the same time preserves the good environmental practice. Other than that, the type of vegetable oils and parameters applied influenced the esterification process.
Papers by Noor Serri
and ratio of vegetable oils/ glycerol was investigated. The esterification was evaluated based on the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and acid value (AV). Results showed that palm oil with the addition of 11 wt. % glycerol has higher amount of esterification (1.7% FFA) as compared to that of its waste (1.3% FFA) with the condition of mixed ratio between glycerol and vegetable oil. The AV and FFA increased to the highest of 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, when the mixture of WCO/ glycerol (ratio 8:1) was incubated for 24 hours respectively. Other than that, the ratio of 1:1 WCO to glycerol gave a better percentage of FFA compared to other ratios. As the conclusion, by esterifying WCO, it provides an economical solution to create value- added products and at the same time preserves the good environmental practice. Other than that, the type of vegetable oils and parameters applied influenced the esterification process.