International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019
Smart Home (SH) is one of the Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem that is experiencing rapid growth... more Smart Home (SH) is one of the Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem that is experiencing rapid growth, especially in communication and application technologies. However, most applications of SH are embedded devices that are categorized as low power, less memory usage, and limited cost. Therefore, the IPv6 Low Power Area Network (6LoWPAN) is introduced by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in order to fulfill the connectivity requirement of embedded devices. However, the 6LoWPAN standard is restricted to 250 kbps and the frame length is limited to 127 bytes, whereas the packet size over IPv6 is 1280 bytes. Because of this glaring discrepancy, routing becomes the main issues in 6LoWPAN network capability. There is a number of existing routing protocols for 6LoWPAN, and among them RPL is effective in terms of latency and throughput, but the overhead is considerably high when implemented in a large-scale network. Therefore, this study focusses on analysing the causes of RPL overhead in ...
The fast growth in complexity coupled with requests for shorter development periods for embedded ... more The fast growth in complexity coupled with requests for shorter development periods for embedded systems are bringing demands towards a more effective, i.e. higher-abstract, design process for hardaware/software integrated design. In Software Engineering area, Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and Executable UML (xUML) has been accepted to bring further improvement in software design. This paper constructs MDA and xUML stepwise transformations from an abstract specification model to a more concrete implementation model using the refactoring technique for hardaware/software integrated design. This approach provides clear and structured models which enables quick exploration and synthesis, and early stage verification.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
In a traditional cellular-network based system, the devices are not allowed to be interconnected ... more In a traditional cellular-network based system, the devices are not allowed to be interconnected directly in the certified mobile bandwidth, and all communications are carried out via the base station (BS). At present, device terminal broadcasting allows devices in the distributed network to act as transmitting relays to each other and reach a massive ad hoc network of networks that is different from the previous cellular architecture that faces technical challenges. Therefore, this article explores the application of a cellular-based two-layer network system that includes a base station (BS) cellular layer, such as cellular-to-device communication and communication between devices. In the proposed two-tier cellular-based network system, user data is transmitted through other users' devices to implement the privacy protection that is lacking in prior communication between devices in cellular systems. To ensure a negligible impact on the performance of current communication betwe...
Article history: Received 25 June 2014 Received in revised form 8 July 2014 Accepted 10 August Ma... more Article history: Received 25 June 2014 Received in revised form 8 July 2014 Accepted 10 August May 2014 Available online 30 August 2014
To maintain the attendance records, several government organisations and educational institutions... more To maintain the attendance records, several government organisations and educational institutions in many countries still depend on the paper-based attendance approach. This approach has presented several disadvantages such as time-consuming and wastage of environmental resources. There is a necessity to change these traditional methods of attendance recording with more efficient ones. Thus, many works have been done in this direction. Moreover, this study aims to analyse the most recent studies on automated attendance systems regarding the timeline. Our critical review has highlighted studies in the existing literature concerning technology, application domain, and main findings. Moreover, shed light on most numerous studies on any of three previous aspects.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Iris segmentation is a crucial process in the iris recognition that it locates and captures the u... more Iris segmentation is a crucial process in the iris recognition that it locates and captures the unique features inside the human iris image. However, iris image contains high noise rate and sometimes a genuine user is recognized as non-genuine by computer system. An algorithm from swarm-based intelligence is demanded for natural search images. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for iris segmentation. The ABC algorithm measures the performance of convergence in learning the authentic iris features. Based on the findings, the average fitness is always less than or equal to the best fitness, and the differences between the two goes on decreasing over time, which is until the algorithm completely converges. The parameters of ABC Algorithm are programmed with at best 100 times of calculation to collect the best iteration and best fitness. In fact, results showed that ABC uses the population for every iteration instead o...
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019
Smart Home (SH) is one of the Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem that is experiencing rapid growth... more Smart Home (SH) is one of the Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem that is experiencing rapid growth, especially in communication and application technologies. However, most applications of SH are embedded devices that are categorized as low power, less memory usage, and limited cost. Therefore, the IPv6 Low Power Area Network (6LoWPAN) is introduced by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in order to fulfill the connectivity requirement of embedded devices. However, the 6LoWPAN standard is restricted to 250 kbps and the frame length is limited to 127 bytes, whereas the packet size over IPv6 is 1280 bytes. Because of this glaring discrepancy, routing becomes the main issues in 6LoWPAN network capability. There is a number of existing routing protocols for 6LoWPAN, and among them RPL is effective in terms of latency and throughput, but the overhead is considerably high when implemented in a large-scale network. Therefore, this study focusses on analysing the causes of RPL overhead in ...
The fast growth in complexity coupled with requests for shorter development periods for embedded ... more The fast growth in complexity coupled with requests for shorter development periods for embedded systems are bringing demands towards a more effective, i.e. higher-abstract, design process for hardaware/software integrated design. In Software Engineering area, Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and Executable UML (xUML) has been accepted to bring further improvement in software design. This paper constructs MDA and xUML stepwise transformations from an abstract specification model to a more concrete implementation model using the refactoring technique for hardaware/software integrated design. This approach provides clear and structured models which enables quick exploration and synthesis, and early stage verification.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
In a traditional cellular-network based system, the devices are not allowed to be interconnected ... more In a traditional cellular-network based system, the devices are not allowed to be interconnected directly in the certified mobile bandwidth, and all communications are carried out via the base station (BS). At present, device terminal broadcasting allows devices in the distributed network to act as transmitting relays to each other and reach a massive ad hoc network of networks that is different from the previous cellular architecture that faces technical challenges. Therefore, this article explores the application of a cellular-based two-layer network system that includes a base station (BS) cellular layer, such as cellular-to-device communication and communication between devices. In the proposed two-tier cellular-based network system, user data is transmitted through other users' devices to implement the privacy protection that is lacking in prior communication between devices in cellular systems. To ensure a negligible impact on the performance of current communication betwe...
Article history: Received 25 June 2014 Received in revised form 8 July 2014 Accepted 10 August Ma... more Article history: Received 25 June 2014 Received in revised form 8 July 2014 Accepted 10 August May 2014 Available online 30 August 2014
To maintain the attendance records, several government organisations and educational institutions... more To maintain the attendance records, several government organisations and educational institutions in many countries still depend on the paper-based attendance approach. This approach has presented several disadvantages such as time-consuming and wastage of environmental resources. There is a necessity to change these traditional methods of attendance recording with more efficient ones. Thus, many works have been done in this direction. Moreover, this study aims to analyse the most recent studies on automated attendance systems regarding the timeline. Our critical review has highlighted studies in the existing literature concerning technology, application domain, and main findings. Moreover, shed light on most numerous studies on any of three previous aspects.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Iris segmentation is a crucial process in the iris recognition that it locates and captures the u... more Iris segmentation is a crucial process in the iris recognition that it locates and captures the unique features inside the human iris image. However, iris image contains high noise rate and sometimes a genuine user is recognized as non-genuine by computer system. An algorithm from swarm-based intelligence is demanded for natural search images. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for iris segmentation. The ABC algorithm measures the performance of convergence in learning the authentic iris features. Based on the findings, the average fitness is always less than or equal to the best fitness, and the differences between the two goes on decreasing over time, which is until the algorithm completely converges. The parameters of ABC Algorithm are programmed with at best 100 times of calculation to collect the best iteration and best fitness. In fact, results showed that ABC uses the population for every iteration instead o...
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Papers by Nurul Zakaria