Cyber Physical Systems

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In our daily life, economic activities, and national security highly depend on stability, safely, and resilient cyberspace. A network brings communications and transports, power to our homes, run our economy, and provide government with various services.
However it is through the same cyber networks which intrude and attack our privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful. Some scholars have interestingly argued that, “in the Internet nobody knows you are a dog”.  This raises some legal issues and concerns.
This paper presents important issues on the Security, Prevention, and Detection of Cyber Crime. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
In Part I, the attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the Cyber Crimes. The author will trace back the meaning, history, and types of Cyber Crimes
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Cyber Security; this will include meaning, background, types if any and important of Cyber Security.
Part III will explain on Cyber Prevention and Detection the same will include meaning and history, Cyber Prevention and Detection Methodologies and Legal Instruments.
And Part IV, Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws.
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The 21st century has witnessed precipitous changes spanning from the way of life to the technologies that emerged. We have entered anascent paradigmshift(industry 4.0) where sciencefictions have becomescience facts, and technologyfusion is the main driver.us, ensuring that any advancement intechnologyreach andbenefitall istheideal opportunity foreveryone.In thisstudy, disruptive technologies of industry 4.0 were explored and quantified in terms of the number of their appearances in published literature.e study aimed at identifying industry 4.0 key technologies which have been ill-defined by previous researchers and to enumerate the required skills of industry 4.0. Comprehensive literature survey covering the field of engineering, production, and management was done in multidisciplinary databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Sage, Taylor & Francis, and Emerald Insight. From the electronic survey, 35 disruptive technologies were quantified and 13 key technologies: Internet ofings, Big Data, 3D printing, Cloud computing, Autonomous robots, Virtual and Augmented reality, Cyber-physical system, Artificial intelligence, Smart sensors, Simulation, Nanotechnology, Drones, and Biotechnology were identified. Both technical and personal skills to be imparted into the human workforce for industry 4.0 were reported. e review identified the need to investigate the capability and the readiness of developing countries in adapting industry 4.0 in terms of the changes in the education systems and industrial manufacturing settings. is study proposes the need to address the integration of industry 4.0 concepts into the current education system.

Over the last years, Industrial Control Systems (ICS) have become increasingly exposed to a wide range of cyber-physical threats. Efficient models and techniques able to capture their complex structure and identify critical cyber-physical components are therefore essential. AND/OR graphs have proven very useful in this context as they are able to semantically grasp intricate logical interdependencies among ICS components. However, identifying critical nodes in AND/OR graphs is an NP-complete problem. In addition, ICS settings normally involve various cyber and physical security measures that simultaneously protect multiple ICS components in overlapping manners, which makes this problem even harder. In this paper, we present an extended security metric based on AND/OR hypergraphs which efficiently identifies the set of critical ICS components and security measures that should be compromised, with minimum cost (effort) for an attacker, in order to disrupt the operation of vital ICS assets. Our approach relies on MAX-SAT techniques, which we have incorporated in META4ICS, a Java-based security metric analyser for ICS. We also provide a thorough performance evaluation that shows the feasibility of our method. Finally, we illustrate our methodology through a case study in which we analyse the security posture of a realistic Water Transport Network (WTN).

With the significant development of mobile commerce, the integration of physical, social, and cyber worlds is increasingly common. The term Cyber Physical Social Systems is used to capture technology’s human-centric role. With the revolutionization of CPSS, privacy protections become a major concern for both customers and enterprises. Although data generalization by obfuscation and anonymity can provide protection for an individual’s privacy, overgeneralization may lead to less-valuable data. In this paper, we contrive generalization boundary techniques (k-anonymity) to maximize data usability while minimizing disclosure with a privacy access control mechanism. This paper proposes a combination of purpose-based access control models with an anonymity technique in distributed computing environments for privacy preserving policies and mechanisms that demonstrate policy conflicting problems. This combined approach will provide protections for individual personal information and make da...

Building on some of the growing literature exploring design and AI, our team proposes the concept of Progressive Cyber Human Intelligence (PCHI). We define PCHI as a design approach for interactive, cyber human systems. The approach aims to continuously evolve the intelligence, abilities, and experience of the key classes of human actors (e.g. system designer, content expert, end user etc.) in addition to enhancing the abilities of the AI components. PCHI design aims to build on related theories including phenomenology, constructivism, situated action, and distributed cognition, while also differentiating from the types of human-in-the loop AI approaches that focus primarily on the use of human intelligence for the improvement of ML algorithms (e.g. image labeling by crowdworkers). By continuously expanding the ability of humans, together with the abilities of the cyber components, PCHI design keeps the focus on the evolution of the human experience, avoids zero sum situations (e.g. where AI replaces people) and promotes continuously advancing horizons for the development of technology.  PCHI design is aimed at contexts where the ultimate goal is human development through training and/or learning, and where both the human and the machine are learning together.  It is specifically aimed at complex learning and training contexts in which the AI needs continuous assistance from human expertise because of ongoing evolution of the environment (i.e. the person is learning and evolving), high dimensionality of the decision space (i.e. multitudes of cognitive, sensorimotor and affect parameters need to be addressed), latent variables (i.e. the parameters that affect the learning are not all observable), or sparse and costly data (i.e. capturing and tagging data relating to people learning complex tasks in the wild).

This report is furnished to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research as the final deliverable for AFOSR Grant FA9550-­‐12-­‐1-­‐0097, “The Role of Benevolence in Trust of Autonomous Systems.” This report provides a summary of the research and related activities performed with the support of this grant and key results, including pre-­‐print copies of the peer-­‐reviewed publications and related material. Without reliable and robust methods for assessing the trustworthiness of intelligent, autonomous systems, the issue of trust has become one of the most significant obstacles to broad use of autonomy technology by DoD and other agencies. However, the impact of the research described in this report supports creation of computational methods that create a bridge to future engineering of trustworthy autonomous systems. The core objectives of this research were (1) to operationalize the quality of “benevolence” and understand how it contributes to well-­‐calibrated trust of, and reliance upon, autonomous systems, and (2) to investigate portrayal of trust-­‐related attributes in the human-­‐machine interface. Significant headway was achieved on key topics, including some notable results. Key accomplishments discussed in this report include: (1) the formulation of benevolence as a complex “belief structure” with antecedent beliefs having important semantic, temporal, causal and other interrelationships; (2) the mapping of a portion of this belief structure to measurable internal states of autonomous systems, thereby potentially creating new opportunities for assessment of trustworthiness of such systems; (3) the obtaining of empirical evidence in support of the proposition that previous psychological concepts of interpersonal human trust are applicable to trust in autonomous systems, including the role of personality and situation in modulating the role and importance of certain beliefs; (4) the creation of a theory of a “Human Social Interface” which, when expressed in systems engineering terms, provides guidance for machine portrayal of trust-­‐related qualities in human-­‐machine social interaction; (5) the design and implementation of a software prototype based on the Human Social Interface theory that provides a basis for future experimentation and evaluation. This project resulted in eight peer-­‐reviewed publications and sixteen presentations in scientific venues, meetings with distinguished visitors, and other in support of technology transition opportunities within DoD and to industry. Many new research questions were generated and there remains considerable work to do to fully understand the role of benevolence with respect to intelligent autonomous systems. Overall, the theoretical foundation for trustworthiness of autonomous systems is immature and remains an important area of focus for multiple disciplines.

Artificial intelligence can be used to efficiently automate diagnostics, analytics, logging, administering and decision making in the healthcare industry which is facing a human resource crunch in the present times. Artificial intelligence though offers very attractive solution for automation and cyber physical systems; but comes with technical, legal and most importantly ethical concerns. In this work, we discuss the challenges associated with incorporation of artificial intelligence in human resources management. We suggest a layered framework to adopt AI based tools and techniques for improving healthcare services. We also discuss the roadmap to evolve into a smart healthcare industry with clear separation of tasks between cyber physical systems and the human resource. We conclude this work by discussing the possible future directions in the area.

Blockchain has emerged as one of the finest and promising technologies in the last decade. Bitcoin started the journey in 2008 and soon blockchain technology paved the way much beyond cryptocurrencies in form of smart contracts deployment, permissioned blockchains, hyperledger, ethereum and the list is endless, so to say with a multitude of variants evolving across. This expansion of the implementations has been across domains, hitherto unthought-of. One such domain with definite connects in future are the evolving smart cities across the countries. Smart city concept pullulates to step-up functional efficiency, share information with the users and better the citizen welfare enabled by information and communication technologies (ICT). The rapidly evolving growth of the smart cities thus has thrown multiple challenges to the widely used traditional way of ensuring seamless, secure, robust exchange of information between devices and entities in the smart city ecosystem. This paper builds upon the concepts of blockchain, smart cities, and InterPlanetary File System and further explores possibilities of realizing blockchain enabled smart cities on InterPlanetary File System architecture concluded by challenges ahead. The proposed architecture is simulated with results in a limited environment.

The manner in which cyber-physical systems are being developed, and will be developed, is coupled strongly with the nature of the ambient economy. Currently, there is a mismatch between enthusiasm for technological change and caution about economic change. Orthodox economists and leaders in business and government generally give inadequate attention to the profound changes already underway in the earth’s climate and ecology. In this paper it is argued that change in the domain of economics is needed which is of the same order as the changes in technology, climate and ecology.

RFID technology is one of the forerunners of pervasive computing, and as such is expected to play an important role in many applications of daily life in the near future, especially in the form of Smart Labels. Based on market investigations and a material analysis of a Smart Label we showed that the use of Smart Labels does not considerably affect the recycling or disposal of packaging materials, if precautionary measures are taken, such as eco-design and, where necessary, process modifications.

With cybercrime’s yearly revenues estimated at $1 trillion and national security networks probed daily and often breached, cyber security is a vital concern for public and private organizations globally. This research ponders the problem of improving information security by looking at organizations under the lens of Socio-technical systems. The main objective of this study is to ascertain if Net Assessment, one of the principal frameworks for analyzing the United States’ national security strategy, can be used to improve an organization’s capabilities in the field of information and cyber security through its multidisciplinary and holistic approach. To reach this goal, the study identifies and analyzes the aspects Net Assessment offers which are not
included in current information security risk management and assessment methodologies.
The research follows an inductive process, designed using a qualitative approach which makes use of content analysis, comparative analysis and purposive sampling. The first step drafts
a list of current information security risk assessment and risk management methodologies, and then isolates a representative sample. The second step identifies and analyzes existing metaanalytical methods and models devoted to the appraisal, selection, and indexing of risk management and assessment methods. It then defines a categorization framework capable of
accurately capturing the different risk management and assessment method’s functionalities. A third step maps the coverage of the two selected methodologies (NIST and ISO) against the identified functionality categories. After a critical analysis of Net Assessment, and a reasoned estimate of its main differences and capabilities in the context of information security, Net Assessment’s features are mapped in the category list.
The comparison of the features of the three methodologies identifies Net Assessment as a very credible avenue for improving multiple aspects currently neglected by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) frameworks. The study results maintain that, if implemented as a companion to these standards, Net Assessment may improve an organization’s security strategy, its allocation of funding for security, provide more accurate estimates of risks and threats, better alignment between potential risks and countermeasures, and improve the inputs for real time and automatic tools.

Model-based design methodologies are commonly used in industry for the development of complex cyber-physical systems (CPSs). There are many different languages, tools, and formalisms for model-based design, each with its strengths and weaknesses. Instead of accepting some weaknesses of a particular tool, an alternative Communicated by Prof. J. Sztipanovits, M. Broy, and H. Daembkes. This work is partially based on previous work published by the authors [7,8,15], but the contributions presented in this article stand on their own. is to embrace heterogeneity, and to develop tool integration platforms and protocols to leverage the strengths from different environments. A fairly recent attempt in this direction is the functional mock-up interface (FMI) standard that includes support for co-simulation. Although this standard has reached acceptance in industry, it provides only limited support for simulating systems that mix continuous and discrete behavior, which are typical of CPS. This paper identifies the representation of time as a key problem, because the FMI representation does not support well the discrete events that typically occur at the cyber-physical boundary. We analyze alternatives for representing time in hybrid co-simulation and conclude that a superdense model of time using integers only solves many of these problems. We show how an execution engine can pick an adequate time resolution, and how disparities between time representations internal to co-simulated components and the resulting effects of time quantization can be managed. We propose a concrete extension to the FMI standard for supporting hybrid co-simulation that includes integer time, automatic choice of time resolution, and the use of absent signals. We explain how these extensions can be implemented modularly within the frameworks of existing simulation environments.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

In this paper we address the problem of generating a candidate role set for an RBAC configuration that enjoys the following two key features: it minimizes the admin-istration cost; and, it is a stable candidate role-set. To achieve these goals, we implement a three steps methodology: first, we associate a weight to roles; second, we identify and remove the user-permission assignments that can not belong to a role having a weight ex-ceeding a given threshold; third, we restrict the problem of finding a candidate role-set for the given system configuration using only the user-permission assignments that have not been removed in step two (that is, user-permission assignments that belong to roles having a weight exceeding the given threshold). We formally show —proof of our results are rooted in graph theory — that this methodol-ogy achieves the intended goals. Finally, we discuss practical applications of our approach to the role mining problem. 1

IEC61850 is the mainstream of the development for substation automation. This paper presents a practical consideration and analysis for implementing a secure sampled measured value (SeSV) message in substation automation system. Due to the lack of security features in the standard, IEC Working Group 15 of Technical Committee 57 published IEC62351 on security for IEC61850 profiles. However, the use of authentication methods for SV based on IEC62351 standards are still not integrated, and computational capabilities and performance are not validated and tested with commercial grade equipment. Hence, this paper shows the performance of security feature enabled SeSV packets transmitted between protection and control devices by appending a message authentication code (MAC) to the extended IEC61850 packets. A prototype implementation on a low cost commodity embedded system has proved that the MAC-enabled SV message can fully secure the process bus communication in the digital substation with negligible time delay.

The Fifth Dimension of Conflictuality: The Rise of Cyberspace and Its Effects on In- ternational Politics
Cyberspace has become a crucial element for political, social, financial and individual activities. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced the human interactions and have contributed to “reinvent” classical concepts such as political participation, political debate, decision-making. However, their all-encom- passing, ubiquitous nature and their growing use for political and military purposes poses significant risks to international peace, stability and security. The low barrier of access to ICT capabilities, the speed of technological advances and the complexity of the cyberspace environment with regard to traditional legal definitions of borders have presented new challenges to States (the main actors of international relations) such as the inherent complexity of accurately attributing cyber-attacks. It is both this complexity and the frequent insistence of parties to attribute cyber-attacks and incidents “beyond a reasonable doubt” that gives one the ability to deny responsibility and frustrate attempts to build trust and political rapport in cyberspace. The purpose of this research is to analyze how cyberspace affects the international politics. The nature of the topic dictates the use of qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources such as official reports, declarations and policy documents, and academic analysis, in order to understand effects and dynamics carried out by the cyber domain on classical concepts such as war, peace and international relations. The main idea of this research is that the development of Information and Communication Technolo- gies (ICTs) and the related (r)evolution of warfare have produced relevant effects on the dynamics of the contemporary international system highlighting, at the same time, how the militarization of the cyber domain has posed consequences on interna- tional security, peace and stability. However, the lack of specific research related to “cyberspace’s effects on international politics” highlights the need to devote more attention on this topic bearing in mind that, more extensive and enduring analysis on cyberspace’s dynamics might allowed policy makers the opportunity to improve
awareness related to cyber threats in order to governing challenges emerging from the digital sphere.

The article describes the incentives that would motivate an opponent to
incorporate a surprise cyber attack into a conventional operation to defeat
US deterrent strategies by presenting the United States with a fait accompli.In describing this ‘Cyber Pearl Harbor’, the article explores the organizational and intelligence constraints that make it difficult to respond to the prospect of a combined cyber surprise attack and conventional operation. The articles suggests that a cyber surprise attack will not occur in a political or strategic vacuum. Instead, weak opponents will use it to achieve objectives that could not be attained if US and allied forces were fully alerted.

A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) refers to the interconnection of control (actuation), computational nodes and sensors, in order to manage physical processes. In recent years, the CPS design methodology has been adopted in several large-scale infrastructures such as smart power grids. Given the application criticality, sustaining the security of these systems is of utmost importance. One of the major security goals is to protect CPS against impersonation, where an adversary intends to manipulate the system state by sending erroneous data that appears to be reported by one of the system nodes, e.g. PMUs of a power grid. This paper proposes a novel hardware-assisted authentication scheme to counter such a threat, by exploiting imperfections that occur in the manufacturing process of integrated circuits. In essence, the proposed scheme associates a fingerprint for each system node so that the authenticity of the data source could be verified. In addition, the paper tackles the threat of m...

An Emergency Response (ER) Cyber-Physical System (CPS) to avoid landslides and survey areas located on or near slopes is introduced that handles two problems: electronic waste disposal, and environmental disasters. Uncomplicated detection circuits using salvaged components can pinpoint floods in impoverished regions. CPSs simplify hazard prediction and mitigation in disaster supervision. Nonetheless, few green practices and efforts have been accomplished in this regard. Recent technical advances help landslides studies and the evaluation of suitable risk alleviation measures. This work addresses in situ meters, and cameras to observe ground movements more accurately. The ER-CPS identifies and can help mitigate landslides using techniques based on motion detection that can productively predict and monitor the zone conditions to classify it, and the landslide-related data can be transmitted to inspecting stations to lessen the erosion/sedimentation likelihood while increasing security.

The damage and the impact of natural disasters are becoming more destructive with the increase of urbanization. Today's metropolitan cities are not sufficiently prepared for the pre and post-disaster situations. Digital Twin technology can provide a solution. A virtual copy of the physical city could be created by collecting data from sensors of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and stored on the cloud infrastructure. This virtual copy is kept current and up to date with the continuous flow of the data coming from the sensors. We propose a disaster management system utilizing machine learning called DT-DMS is used to support decision-making mechanisms. This study aims to show how to educate and prepare emergency center staff by simulating potential disaster situations on the virtual copy. The event of a disaster will be simulated allowing emergency center staff to make decisions and depicting the potential outcomes of these decisions. A rescue operation after an earthquake is...

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Over the last decade, there has been a trend where water utility companies aim to make water distribution networks more intelligent in order to improve their quality of service, reduce water waste, minimize maintenance costs etc., by incorporating IoT technologies. Current state of the art solutions use expensive power hungry deployments to monitor and transmit water network states periodically in order to detect anomalous behaviors such as water leakage and bursts. However, more than 97% of water network assets are remote away from power and are often in geographically remote underpopulated areas; facts that make current approaches unsuitable for next generation more dynamic adaptive water networks.
Battery-driven wireless sensor/actuator based solutions are theoretically the perfect choice to support next generation water distribution. In this paper, we present an end-to-end water leak localization system, which exploits edge processing and enables the use of battery-driven sensor nodes. Our system combines a lightweight edge anomaly detection algorithm based on compression rates and an efficient localization algorithm based on graph theory. The edge anomaly detection and localization elements of the systems produce a timely and accurate localization result and reduce the communication by 99% compared to the traditional periodic communication. We evaluated our schemes by deploying non-intrusive sensors measuring vibrational data on a real-world water test rig that have had controlled leakage and burst scenarios implemented.

With the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) along with the increase in the use of the internet among the people in our country, there has seen an increase in cybercrime. No one can claim safe from this problem in this digital age. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data about cyber crime in the country gives a clear picture of our society. It emerges as an important challenge for all the stakeholders especially the Government, in order to achieve the goal of ‘Digital India’. In this context, the present paper will try to analyse the cyber crime against women in India in the 21st Century.

Key Words: Information and Communication Technology; Cyber Crime; Women.

Динамиката на новото дигитално общество създава редица нови предизвикателства пред съвременната сигурност. Днес те се развиват в сложната кибер-физическа смесена реалност, включваща информационното пространство и обективната реалност. В статията е представен методологичен подход за моделно изследване на тези нови заплахи. Използвано е системно моделиране, и анализ, базирано на анкети, интервюта и експертни знания. Последващата вероятностна валидация, се използва за симулационна оценка в динамика на идентифицираните заплахи. Резултатите са допълнително верифицирани с активното участие на човешкия фактор. Предложеният подход създава добра основа за анализ на бъдещите предизвикателства пред сигурността в дигиталното общество.

“Human behaviour and lifestyle continue to change at a rapid pace, increasing over the past few years fuelled by the introduction of digital media and new technologies which have become embedded in the western culture to the degree that the average person now has a need to be able to understand and relate to them in order to function effectively at work, in the community and within intimate relationships”. Krawford, 2012

CYBER PSYCHOLOGY
Historical technology effects and consequences
Claude Steiner’s view of Psychological effects
Television
Effects on Mental Health
Memory & Brain
Cyber Bullying
Empathy
Internet Addiction
Passive/Active Ratio

CYBER SOCIOLOGY
Historical
Social Movements
Twitter
Walling off the Internet
Organisations
Apple
Power
Facebook
Net Neutrality
Politial control
Free speech
Website attacks
China
Web Filtering
Future of the Internet
Security
Transperancy
Virtual Reality
Nanotechnology
Nano ethics
Debates
Future Plans
Gamification