Karyn S Krawford

This study offers an overview of Inner West Council (IWC) and role as a local democratic entity in NSW including its function and broad values it adds to the community.  It is one of twenty councils that was created by NSW State government in 2017 as part of a state-wide amalgamation programme (Uddin, 2017, Drew & Dollery, 2016).
The study critiques the NSW State government’s amalgamation programme and identifies potential reasons behind explanations provided by State Government as to why the number of councils in Australia have reduced over time.  Research from broad perspectives critiquing the procedures and process is reported from both private and public institutes, including government agencies, councils themselves and communities impacted.  Synthesis of the research demonstrates that the amalgamation programme failed to achieve its goals, with high costs to taxpayers and potential consequences for the NSW Government. 
Furthermore, the study found government commercial interests can surpass benefits to the community and the occurrence in Council reduction coincides with current Australian Government political ideology.  Strategies to create more cities, the increasing use of private “for profit” organisations to replace local governments community services and the centralisation of decision making and power to larger geographical centres, all of which may move ground level democracy to a more consumer and commercial driven society are found to be on the NSW State government agenda to reform local government.

In 2011-2012, 95% of Australian homes used video game devices (SMH, 2012), with Australian consumer spending $1.1 billion in 2012 on gaming devices alone (IGEA ,2013). This growing popularity of video games in Australia has meant a growth in the debate concerning the negative effects that video games can have on consumer’s mental health.
Gratification has been shown to affect the choice of video game play (Chory &Goodboy, 2011) and 43% of all video sales are violent video games (Entertainment Software Association website, 2013), so whether this is good for humanity or not.....

Weiten et al (2009) propose that stress is an epidemic in the 21st century that commonly affects all of us on a daily basis, when considering minor stress from environmental conditions such as noise and pollution.  Even though time saving gadgets and self help tools have increased substantially in the 20th century and people have more control over their lives, there is an increase of anxiety and people have less free time.  “We will define stress as any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities”. (Pg 71).  For example a person can no longer meet external demands such as work or relationships because they feel they do not have the resources to cope.  Chronic stress is in the eye of the beholder. 
Stress is of such concern that the UK now recognises ‘National Stress Awareness Day’ (http://www.nationalstressawarenessday.co.uk).

Introduction
The psychodynamic group consists of four main therapies;  Freud's psychoanalytic approach, Jungian, Adlerian and Object Relations. The therapist is focused on personality reconstruction, gaining insight to unconscious motivations and suppressed materials predominately relating to early childhood. "The basic psychodynamics of the person are established early in life during the stages of psychosexual development. The role of subsequent experiences is determined by the motivational patterns established in early childhood (Mischel, 1971, pg.51).
The cognitive-behavioural group consists of four behavioural treatment therapies;  Behavioural Modification, Cognitive-Behavioural, Rational Emotive Behavioural and Reality Therapy. Behavioural therapists are concerned with the belief systems and thinking process causing the dysfunctional behaviour, which is treated through client's action. "Cognitive therapies assume that distortions in a person's thoughts and beliefs (cognition's) can lead to a number of mental health problems including depression and anxiety" (Robinson, 2000, pg.19).
I have examined perspectives of Richard who has been referred to a psychotherapist after being convicted of drunk driving.  He is 25 yrs old, experiences high anxiety, depression and has had suicidal thoughts.  Additionally he cannot establish close relationships to others and is fearful of certain types of women.  He remembers a rough family life and suffers from low self-esteem, thinking he is better off dead which is what his mother used to say to him.
By assuming the role of the therapist I apply techniques from each therapy most helpful to individual issues mentioned in the case study. I have included points on the therapist's character, as I believe this would determine the effectiveness of the outcome, timeframe and application strength of each technique used. In the conclusion I have put together main points to explain my reasoning.

Introduction
Psychoanalytic therapy is based on insight, unconscious motivation and
personality reconstruction.  Isbister (1985) quotes "Man can stretch
himself as he may with his knowledge and appear to himself as objective
as he may; in the last analysis he gives nothing but his own biography
(F.Nietzsche)" (pg. 43).
The influential Sigmund Freud continues to impact psychoanalysis with his
theories on human nature that is determined from the first 6 years of life
by biological and instinctual drivers which are considered to be our unconscious motivations.
Freud believes we can transcend the unconscious through to the conscious
in order to make choices from heightened awareness rather than responding from blind habit.
According to Freud, our personalities are basically made up of three structures that he calls ID, Ego and Superego. Corey (2001) explains Freud's theory "The id is the biological component, the ego is the psychological component and the superego is the social component" (pg. 69). Of these structures, the ID is the part of our mind that governs our primal instinctual drives of which makes up the unconscious. The unconscious consists of experiences and memories, which have been suppressed, as they were too painful to be consciously bought into awareness. Corey (2001) explains how our ego defence mechanisms operate; "Freud explained repression as an involuntary removal of
something from consciousness. It is assumed that the most painful events of the first 5 years of life are so excluded, yet these events do influence later behaviour"(pg. 71). The repressed material can be difficult to accept in the conscious mind for what it represents which is commonly manifested in the form of symbols in a dream. Corey (2001) explains, "the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up 'latent content' are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content' which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer" (Pg. 71,72).  Freud's psychoanalytic method of analysing dreams is called 'free association'.

Introduction

People are motivated to work by an internal force that drives a person’s persistence, direction and effort to work (Wood et al, 2010), satisfying the intrinsic and extrinsic needs people have such as money and security.  Needs are desired to be met when either a bodily or psychological tension is needed to be satisfied (Thrash & Elliot, 2001).

In organizations, motivating people is a highly researched subject as it contributes to both the quality of working life and the productivity of the organization (Wood et al, pg 78).  Consequently, managers must perform a vital role of identifying what motivates an individual, create an environment to positively support and meet the needs of employees.

Of the many motivational theories, this essay examines the use of two of them and how they can be used in organizations.  McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory can be used to profile people into suitable jobs and Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory can help motivate people by reward success opportunities.  While these theories do not explain motivation as a biological or psychological phenomenon, they were chosen for their proven value to motivate people in the workplace.  Together they provide valuable insight into human behaviour and can help managers understand and motivate individuals thereby increasing job performance.

Introduction
This case study focuses on a fast growing online business services startup platform in Australia.  It operates as its own functioning business unit under the umbrella of News Ltd, who own a cluster of individual digital companies also known as Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, one of the world’s largest global media companies.  This case study examines a change that occurred when almost the entire senior management staff level was replaced including the CEO two years ago. 

Organisational change is something that occurs throughout an organisation’s life cycle and effects the entire organisation rather than one part of it.  Employing a new person is one example.  Change is increasing due to a number of forces including globalisation led by rapidly advancing technologies, cultural diversity, environmental resources and the economy; therefore the ability to recognise the need for change as well as implement change strategies effectively, in a proactive response to internal and external pressures is essential to organisational performance.  Internal changes can include organisational structure, process and HR requirements and external changes involve government legislation, competitor movements and customer demand (Wood et al, 2010).

Change does not need to be a painful process, as it may seem when observing the amount of failed change management initiatives with reports as low as 10% of researched success rates (Oakland & Tanner, 2007), when successful change management strategies are utilised and planned, including effective communication strategies, operational alignment, readiness to change and implementation, which all lower and overcome resistance (Wood et al, 2010). 

There is a great amount of literature on the negative aspects and difficult management with employees resisting change, however Wood et al (2010) challenge this notion by questioning the change management process as people do not resist change itself but aspects of the change that affects them personally such as fear of the unknown, status, remuneration and comfort.  Resistance to these changes is a healthy reaction and can be managed effectively in the beginning by ensuring communication and using one of the change initiatives described here .

One of the most important developmental stages children progress through and one of which we sometimes take for granted, is learning to speak language.  Children begin to speak not long after they are born and continue to develop this highly complex skill to communicate. Children are very intelligent; in fact most children can speak before walking and master many language elements in infancy (Sigelman & Rider, 2009)

In this essay I describe my own developmental experience of learning to speak a language and provide an overview of two well-known developmental theories, J.Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, approaches to human development.  These two approaches I have analysed in relation to my developmental milestone.

Both theorists explain human development occurs through an interaction of ‘Nature/Nurture’, a well debated concept after overwhelming research showed people are not born a ‘blank slate’ as once believed, shaped entirely by the environment, but genes are inherited through parents which then interact with the environment, making humanity a product of both biological and environmental factors (Bandura, 1989, Huitt & Hummel, 2003).

I explain differences between the two theorists, both of which contribute well-researched experimental and scientific work in lifespan development and my essay concludes that when learning language the environment influenced me more than a biological predisposition.  Ultimately my research shows environment has the largest impact on how well and how soon people learn to communicate through language.

Childhood relationships and behavioural theories based on undesirable inherited characteristics has in the past sent confusing messages to both the general public and government agencies until a breakthrough in reliable, statistical and verifiable empirical based research became available called attachment theories.  Since then parenting styles and childhood continue to receive a high priority of investigation to help understand a person’s behaviour (Karen, 1994).

Two theories in developmental psychology that are both predictors of how and why people form close relationships with others over their lifespan are Attachment theory and Psychoanalytic theory of which both show that family life and childhood relationships are strong predictors of the types of relationships people form in life and their relating styles.

This case study was conducted to replicate these findings by interviewing a person currently experiencing a relationship problem, on the dynamics of the relationship, past relationships, childhood and family.

This case study shows that while temperament may be a genetic predisposition, emotional and relating styles a person uses correlate with strongly supported, empirical based research on the formation of early relationships that began with caregivers and is passed down through the generations (Karen, 1994; Sigelman & Rider, 2009).

The term ‘culture’ is considered notoriously ambiguous, complex whole, encompassing almost everything (Sardar & Van Loon, 2004), of which has no operational definition, however most common meaning is the pattern of beliefs, values, habits, ideals, and preferences shared by both small and large groups of people.  These cultural characteristics learned in early childhood are mostly unconscious and vital as they have more effect than later influences (Jones, 2006). 

Despite the challenge in defining the word, Sardar & Van Loon (2004) note cultural studies use a variety of disciplines such as Anthropology, Psychology, Linguistics, and Literary criticism, Art Theory, Musicology, Philosophy and Political Science.

Power is present in each individual and in every relationship.  It is defined as the ability of a group to get another group to take some form of desired action, usually by consensual power and sometimes by force (Holmes, Hughes & Julian, 2007).

In society governments, organisations and an elite class of people make decisions that affect the lives of a large mass of other people.  A significant amount of research shows these decisions are often made to serve their own economic interests and values of which includes the means of production and property ownership (Holmes et al, 2007; Walters & Crook, 1995; Haralambos & Holborn, 1990; McGregor, 2000).

These decisions cause inequality in society and resentment from people who are excluded from the decision making process.  The unequalness of this decision-making and power allocation enables the fortunate to enforce their will on the less fortunate (Graetz, 2001, Walters & Crook, 1995).

This essay discusses power from two sociological views; the Conflict perspective, predominately from Karl Marx and the Elite theory perspective.  These theories show that power is distributed unequally in society where governments, a ruling class, media and business elites hold the majority of power over others.

This report is based on what I have observed of the function, dynamics, components and development of a group within a large organisation.  I have observed the group by attending meetings, observing communication and behaviours of members and group interaction with the organisation. 
Bundey et al (undated) define the term ‘dynamics’ from a physics definition is forces that act and resulting change “when we talk about ‘group dynamics’ we are concerned with what it is that causes, or helps to cause, what we observe happening in our groups.” (Pg B59).

I have applied two counseling methods; Transactional Analysis and Family Systems Therapy, to address a smoking addiction. 
The main points I have covered in this assignment is the nature of the syndrome, treatment of the syndrome and concluding with a comparison of the two methods treating the syndrome.

Syndrome:
John has been thinking about seeing a therapist to give up smoking over a period of time and now reached a point where John feels he has to get help.  John’s doctor has recommended that he try therapy to stop smoking after a recent health scare where John had a serious case of asthma.  Previous attempts to cut down and quit smoking have been unsuccessful.

Gestalt Therapy is phenomenological by focusing on the client's perception of reality, is existential through the process of becoming and discovering the self and is experimental by the what, how and why of thoughts and feelings. Corey (2001) discusses the Gestalt approach; "Perls asserts that how individuals behave in the present moment is far more crucial to self- understanding than 'why' they behave as they do" (pg 195).
Fritz Perls, the influential originator of Gestalt Therapy believed that by contact with a therapist, focusing on the here and now while incorporating Gestalt 'experiments' would raise the client's awareness of their behaviours, thoughts and environment.
Pearls believes that through contact, change naturally occurs, " ... it is up to the patient to discover the reality of the situation through his own action rather than through the therapist's oracular interpretations about how he is really responding ... " (Polster & Polster, 1973, pg.1 04).

In this assignment I chose Gestalt Therapy for counselling a fellow student because I am more inclined to support the basic philosophy and beliefs of this application than other methods. "We are holistic beings, in which mind, body and soul are united - so any holistic approach to counseling needs to address and involve body, mind and soul in their fullest range". (Mackewn, 1997, pg.159).

There are many types of relationships we form during life, one of the most important being intimate romantic relationships that can result in marriage or cohabitation.  Research shows strong correlations between people’s overall happiness and being married as it does with the similarities between a person’s parents relationship, how it was perceived in childhood and future adult relationships.

To evaluate evidence on these topics, 1 man and 2 women who were all in long term relationships, were interviewed about their current relationships and views on marriage as well as filling in questionnaires about relationships in general.  Significant positive correlations were found between how their parent’s relationship was perceived and how their current relationship works.  More similarities were found than variances in the value of love, how a long-term partner was chosen, sources of conflict, why a relationship would end and relationship maintenance strategies.

The concept of managing a wide range of cultural diversity in the workplace is challenging but not impossible and one of increasing importance.  According to Johnson & Johnson (2006), there is an increasing interdependence on each other thus diversity in any setting is increasingly inevitable, the globalisation of business resulting in a more diverse workforce.

Triandis & Wasti (2008) explains organisational culture as shared behaviour and human made aspects of society including practices (how things are done here) and values (how things should be done).  Moreover, both Barak (2000) and Leonard & Straus (1997), summarise what is sometimes called the ‘platinum rule’, meaning that valuing diversity involves treating others as they wish to be treated.

Diversity in organizations is managed by the inclusion and awareness of minority groups such as ethnic, gender, aged and disabled workers.  These minority groups and women are often excluded in organizations despite projections showing they will make up the majority of workplace entrants in the next decade causing ongoing concern expressed by governments and business officials (Rubaii-Barrett & Beck, 1993).

Much empirical research has gone into the benefits of effectively managing this workplace diversity providing a wide range of strategies and actions.

This paper addresses the diversity of organisational culture on a macro level and what constitutes effective management of diversity on a micro level.

This case study examines a counsellor and client’s first session.  In the beginning the counsellor positively uses counselling skills to both enhance the counsellor-client relationship and to prompt the client to tell her story.  In proceeding transactions the counsellor fails to use skills that are identified as essential to use in this context and instead makes inaccurate judgements on the client with a false diagnosis bringing the relationship to a negative end.

Egan (2010), provides a well referenced framework of using counselling skills from a micro perspective that focuses on the importance of communication skills, while Carl Rodgers (1985) uses a person centred approach to counselling that is widely accepted and used in the counselling field, that makes clear the importance of putting the client first and a focus on the growing relationship essential for a client to grow and heal.

Together with the insight provided by these theories and the results of the examination of the counselling session called ‘Helping Rose’, this case study brings to light strengths and weaknesses within the counselling session and possible suggestions for how this might be improved.

Many counselling techniques exist to help people gain awareness, insight and explore ways of solving their problems.  These communication skills, also known as counselling tools, can be very effective if a skilled counsellor knows how and when to apply them. 

Timing when using counselling tools is important as is the counsellor’s self-awareness as they must be able to know how their client affects them and vice versa. McLeod (2007) explains apart from counselling techniques, to be effective a counsellor must use their own self-awareness of feelings and thoughts that arise in a session of which can be used to make an informed response.

In this essay I play the role of counsellor for a client who presents a problem at work  allowing me to apply a number of these counselling tools to effectively help her gain awareness, clarify the problem, gain insight and consider future steps to resolve the issue.  These skills were observed by me watching a video playback of the session.

Positive Psychology is a rapidly emerging field in both popular culture and academic groups providing a positive contribution for increasing wellbeing of which is well endorsed by empirical research Hart & Sasso (2011), Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi (2000).  In order to provide some definition of the field, Hart & Sasso (2011) used six different methodologies contributing the highest percentage of focus to ‘the study of positive subjective experience’ and ‘positive personal traits’. 

While past psychological approaches have focused on pathology and curing what is wrong, this field provides theoretical constructs and applications for enhancing what is right in terms of strengths and enhancing good health (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).  In fact the rise of Positive Psychology has risen in parallel with the application of resilience, positive coping and states of happiness and wellbeing (Hart & Sasso, 2011).

The coaching industry is rising upwards and now being recognised as a powerful force for transformation and personal development, while the methodologies provided by the Positive Psychology field fit well with the coach by providing answers to the question ‘what is going right with people’ (Biswas-Diener & Dean, 2010) and an assumption of human nature that people want to grow and develop when given a supportive environment (Linley, Woolston & Biswas-Diener, 2009).

This approach of building on strengths, optimism and pleasant emotions like happiness provides much empirical research for people increasing individual performance and health (Biswas-Diener & Dean, 2010).

In this essay I reflect on two contexts in which positive psychology applications I used by reflecting on them first as a coach helping a fellow student apply a coaching plan, and second as a recipient of a fellow student helping me implement my own coaching plan.
I further reflect on the coaching skills and experience used by me in this role play as well as my own experience of receiving the coaching.  I discuss my views of the benefits and challenges and the opportunities where I applied theories and techniques.

Social policy is not just about “fixing things” but serves to create conditions under which people can flourish, to improve welfare of people and society.  Policies are driven by a mixture of political and ethical ideas on how people should relate to each other, and for creating good things and removing bad things (Bessant, Watts, Dalton & Smyth, 2006).  The extent to how effective a policy is relies on continual attention from a number of government and non-government networks and their ability to develop good policy.
Employment policies are continually high on the agenda for policy makers, with many controversial ideas and debates for what is best for employees and employers, while trying to reach a balance.  Current action by Australian Council of Trade Unions [ACTU] is taking place in the form of a four million dollar per year fund grassroots campaign to address the issues of insecure employment what has been labelled as casualisation of the Australian workforce (Sydney Morning Herald, 2012).
This paper discusses the employment policy, in particular the issues around casual employment.  There is an overview of the casual work policy and a critical analysis and evaluation of its effectiveness and the government’s responses to it.

As a counsellor it is important to understand and apply a code of ethics that recognises social, legal and ethical issues in the counsellor and client relationship which furnishes professionalism and underwrites effectiveness in the counselling process.

In my case study I reflect on the first episode of a TV series called In Treatment about a Psychologist treating several clients who is observed to be devoid of social and legal and ethical issues that arise.  I address each issue that arises from an ethical and legal perspective.

All things considered, my case study shows this therapist is observed to be less helpful to his clients and instead could be causing them more harm than good as he does not stand by client autonomy which is one of the highest priorities of counselling.  I conclude he is in need of guidance from an ethically professional supervisor to help him implement ethical standards in his practice.

The most important function of counselling is to provide a service to the client that promotes the client’s autonomy and development which must take priority in the relationship within an ethical framework.  Having good intentions is not good enough as the counsellor’s awareness of the relationship into which the client and counsellor enter together and awareness of the impacts between the two people on each other is what facilitates the effectiveness and outcome (Bond, 2010).  The counsellor themselves is an instrument and their willingness to be a real person in the relationship (Corey, 2001).

This article is the result of an interview with a journalist and writer of a quarterly peer-reviewed international journal called Youth Studies Australia.  The academic journal is funded by Australian Dept of Education, Employment & Workplace Relations.

Article is about problems with Cyber Bullying and communication issues youth face online.

This is a serious problem as reported by associate professors Patchin & Hindya (2010) who conducted a large survey of 1,963 middle school students from thirty schools on their social online experience and found those who experienced some form of victimisation also known as ‘cyber bullying’ had considerably lower self-esteem and according to the mental health council of Australia (2010) in their report, is increasing with a prevalence rate of 52 percent globally of which three suicides are connected of which one suicide was reported to be a consequence of cyber bullying  reported as a three person conspired, bullying related suicide (Monks, 2011) where the perpetrator was in fact convicted.  This experience for the victim can be worse than real life bullying because there is no social support or help in cyberspace as there is in reality (Kean, 2010), while victims usually suffer from low self-esteem (Menesini et al, 2011).

A meta-analysis research report published by a periodical journal called Cyber Psychology & Behaviour (2008) explored what empirical research was available on internet addiction over ten years and estimates approximately nine million Americans could be labelled as addicted to the internet to the detriment of their jobs, social and academic lives.  They found that primary reasons for excessive use is socialisation using email, discussion forums, chat rooms and online games (Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, 2008). Classification would be a compulsive-impulsive disorder however there is a lack of evidence for both treatment and diagnosis as symptoms are thought to possibly be caused by another underlying factor such as ADHD causing Internet addiction rather than the other way around (Weinstein, 2010).  Even though a number of definitions exist such as Internet dependency, online addiction and several others, nothing has been finalised (Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, 2008).

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
4 stages of cognitive development
Problems with Piaget’s theory
Beyond Piaget
Post formal thought
Vygotsky’s sociocultural model
The effect of aging on cognitive abilities
Language development – key theories
Sociocultural studies
Learning – classical & operant conditioning + observational learning

How can we define a functional & dysfunctional relationship?
My position on the subject and how this affects the content.
Presentation includes;
Bowlby – Attachment Theory
Styles & characteristics of Attachment Theory
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
Close Romantic Relationships Research Report
Ending Relationships
References

GLOSSARY OF CYBERNETIC TERMINOLOGY
HYPOTHESIS
HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL WAVES
4TH WAVE PREDICTION
THE CURRENT PICTURE NOW
3 PROCESS GOING ON NOW
2 PATHS TO TAKE
A STORY
VIRTUAL REALITY
FUTURE PREDICTIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
CYBERNETICS
PAR (PASSIVE/ACTIVE RATIO)
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
INFO AGE & MENTAL HEALTH
ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
INFORMATION
NATURE/NUTRURE
WHAT IS INFORMATION – A SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION
QUALITY OF INFORMATION
TELEVISION
VIDEO GAMES
AREAS NOT COVERED IN THIS PRESENTATION

“Human behaviour and lifestyle continue to change at a rapid pace, increasing over the past few years fuelled by the introduction of digital media and new technologies which have become embedded in the western culture to the degree that the average person now has a need to be able to understand and relate to them in order to function effectively at work, in the community and within intimate relationships”. Krawford, 2012

CYBER PSYCHOLOGY
Historical technology effects and consequences
Claude Steiner’s view of Psychological effects
Television
Effects on Mental Health
Memory & Brain
Cyber Bullying
Empathy
Internet Addiction
Passive/Active Ratio

CYBER SOCIOLOGY
Historical
Social Movements
Twitter
Walling off the Internet
Organisations
Apple
Power
Facebook
Net Neutrality
Politial control
Free speech
Website attacks
China
Web Filtering
Future of the Internet
Security
Transperancy
Virtual Reality
Nanotechnology
Nano ethics
Debates
Future Plans
Gamification

Drivers is a fundamental part of the Process Communication Model (PCM) by Dr Tali Khaber -  discovered how to identify and respond appropriately second by second' to patterns of productive behaviour (successful communication) and non-productive behaviour (miscommunication).  Since 1969.
In 1978 NASA took advantage of this discovery by using Process Communication in the selection, placement, and training of astronauts. Today, tens of thousands of people, from astronauts to entrepreneurs, have put these distinctions to work for themselves.

What are Drivers?
They are programmed responses to messages we carry from important people in our past
Unconscious attempts by us to behave in ways that gain us recognition
Drivers are myths, we believe they will result in feeling better ourselves
Never enough, leads to stress and a never ending cycle

Where are Drivers Used?
Workplace – managers, workers productivity, communications, careers
Teaching – learning styles, behaviours, communication
Coaching, Counselling, Psychotherapy – part of unconscious script, behavioural, neurological, physiological, communications, relationships