Local Goverment and Local Development

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme was thought to be both contemporary and relevant in view of the adoption of the SDGs a couple of months before this final conference. In addition to the support it received from DFID (UK), BMZ (Germany) and GIZ (Germany), the conference also received support from the World Bank, G-77 Secretariat and the OECD. CUTS is grateful to all the above organisations for supporting the conference, and indeed also the production of this volume. We acknowledge the support from the members of the Project Advisory Committee of the CREW project, who contributed to make this conference a grand success. Special thanks to Clement Onyango and colleagues at CUTS Nairobi for their support and tireless efforts in the run-up and during the conference. We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and patience of all the paper authors for contributing extremely interesting individual chapters to this volume. We are also thankful to those friends of CUTS who reviewed the draft papers – Eleanor Fox, Tania Begazo/Martha Licetti (World Bank), Rafaelita Aldaba, R S Khemani, Frederic Jenny, Payal Malik, Allan Fels, David Ong’olo, Ashwini Swain, Peter Holmes and John Davies/Lynn Robertson (OECD). We are indebted to Mukhisa Kituyi, Secretary General, UNCTAD for writing an encouraging Foreword – and we hope to continue to receive his and UNCTAD’s support. We greatly appreciate the diligence of Madhuri Vasnani and Garima Shrivastava for editing and Mukesh Tyagi for preparing the layout of this report. Special thanks are due to Ashutosh Soni for his excellent coordination of communication with authors and reviewers of papers of this volume. We acknowledge the efforts of all the members of the CREW team, especially Cornelius Dube, Shreya Kaushik and Neha Tomar. Last but not the least, this report would not have seen the light of the day without the skillful direction, and overall guidance of Pradeep S Mehta, Secretary General, CUTS. He took special interest in this volume and went through each and every paper carefully himself. Words alone cannot convey our sincere gratitude to each and every individual who have contributed in every small way towards bringing out this volume. But it is only words that this world thrives on. We express our sincere gratefulness to all such individuals, without whom the publication of this volume would not have been possible.

This Statistical Brief is an ongoing effort of NALAS’ Fiscal Decentralisation Task Force to provide policy–makers and analysts with timely, accurate, relevant, reliable and comparable data on local government finance in South–East Europe (SEE).

The report is structured in three main sections. The first part provides an overview of the size and structure of local governments in SEE. The second part provides regional comparisons on the status and development of national and local government finance in SEE in 2019. The data are provided in different formats, allowing much more comparisons and further utilization by users. The 2019 local government finance data bear a significant importance as serve as the baseline against which the impact of the COVID-19 pandemics will be measured in the coming years.
The third section shows the patters and evolution of national and local government revenues and expenditures for the period 2006-2019 in each of the SEE economies through selected indicators of macro–economic performance and fiscal decentralisation.
For additional information contact us at info@nalas.eu and stafa@nalas.eu.

The article introduces Urban Food Policies (UFP) in the field of decentralized
cooperation as a relatively new field of work, exchange and action-oriented
research within and between cities, and local authorities in the global North
and South. Indeed, a plethora of cities have been implementing actions with
different implementation mechanisms indicating that UFP can generate
positive stimuli, new perspectives, and reciprocal benefits. The article
examines a number of ongoing international projects to then focus on the
relevant programs developed in Italy and on the African continent, looking
into aspects of governance, outlining essential features of decentralized
cooperation and of these ongoing development projects, and concluding
with potential prospects in this area.

“เมือง” ได้ถูกนำมาใช้เป็นอีกหนึ่งเครื่องมือในการพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจ สังคม และยกระดับคุณภาพชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ รวมถึงเสริมสร้างขีดความสามารถในการแข่งขันทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคมให้กับประเทศด้วย เช่นเดียวกับแนวคิด “เมืองอัจฉริยะ (smart city)” ที่รัฐบาลในหลายประเทศทั่วโลกตระหนักต่ออิทธิพลและความสำคัญของการพัฒนาเมืองอย่างบูรณาการระหว่างคน เมือง และเทคโนโลยี ให้มีความอัจฉริยะและสมดุลใน 7 ด้าน อันประกอบด้วยด้านเศรษฐกิจ (economy) สิ่งแวดล้อม (environment) การศึกษา (education) การดำรงชีพ (living) การจัดการภาครัฐ (governance) การจัดการพลังงาน (energy) และการคมนาคมขนส่ง (mobility) การพัฒนาเมืองในด้านต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้ให้มีความอัจฉริยะอย่างสมบูรณ์แบบจนกลายเป็น “เมืองอัจฉริยะ” จะนำไปสู่
การพัฒนาเมืองให้ทันยุค ทันสมัยและพร้อมรับต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางเศรษฐกิจ สังคม และเทคโนโลยีของโลกได้เป็นอย่างดี
หนังสือ “การพัฒนาเมืองอัจฉริยะขอนแก่น” เล่มนี้ เป็นผลการศึกษาส่วนหนึ่งที่ได้จากโครงการวิจัย “การวางแผนกลยุทธ์ในการนำนโยบายการพัฒนาตามแนวทางเมืองอัจฉริยะไปสู่การปฏิบัติ: การถอดบทเรียน การประเมินการตรวจสอบความตรง และการพัฒนาข้อเสนอแนะ” นี้ คณะผู้วิจัย ซึ่งนำโดยรองศาสตราจารย์ ดร.ศุภวัฒนากร วงศ์ธนวสุ และคณะ ได้มุ่งมั่นจัดทำงานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ขึ้นมาภายใต้ความคาดหวังเพื่อถอดบทเรียนและสังเคราะห์แนวทางการพัฒนาเมืองอัจฉริยะให้สอดรับบริบทของประเทศไทย เพื่อให้ “เมืองอัจฉริยะ” ได้กลายเป็นอีกหนึ่งฟันเฟืองหรือเครื่องมือชิ้นใหม่ในการพัฒนาและแก้ไขปัญหาทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคมด้านต่าง ๆ ให้กับประเทศ ซึ่งโครงการวิจัยดังกล่าวนี้ ได้รับการสนับสนุนทุนวิจัยจากสำนักงานคณะกรรมการส่งเสริมวิทยาศาสตร์ วิจัยและนวัตกรรม (สกสว.) ประจำปีงบประมาณ 2562

The concept of rural vitality often used to describe the rural areas as specific areas that are of particular significance not only for the region but also the country as a whole. Depending on the objectives investigated there are different indicators used to evaluate the vitality – one of them – rural residents social portrait. Purpose of the research is to identify the impact of changes of social portrait of rural residents on rural vitality. In this study, the indicators of general censuses of 2001 and 2011 were used to assess the social portrait of rural residents. The results showed that changes of social portrait of rural residents had both positive and negative trends on rural vitality. As positive trends should be mentioned rising higher grade educated, multilingual population, a rapidly improving life and living conditions in the rural areas compared with the townspeople. The trends adversely affected the vitality of rural areas are: depopulation, the growing share of elder...

Metro mayors heading a combined authority represent the most recent innovation in English devolution. City-region devolution has been a key way in which successive Conservatives governments have sought to boost local economic growth against a background of local authority austerity, and they have been co-opted into the Johnson government's 'levelling up' agenda. However, the perspective of voters is often overlooked in these debates. City-region devolution was a top-down innovation, with a focus on cityregion economics rather than democratic renewal or engagement and there is so far very little academic literature on identifying the drivers of public support for mayoral combined authorites. This study draws on survey responses of voters in the Liverpool City Region and explores a number of potential drivers of support for the Liverpool City Region combined authority, including party support, English, British and European identity, left-right and other value positions, as well as the role of place in driving support. It finds that support for devolution to the Liverpool City Region is driven by whether one lives in the centre or periphery of the city region, support for the Labour Party, left-wing, socially liberal and European identities, as well as being female and older. This paper also lays the groundwork for further research into drivers of public support for city-region devolution in England.

There are different measures to assess economic development and welfare of a state or a nation. In this study, we attempt to assess the household economic status by assessing the ownership of assets in the households. There are thirty (30) assets that have been used in the study and they have been categorised into Durables and Housing characteristics: a) durable assets include agricultural land, television, mobile phones, bicycle, motor cars, etc. and b) housing characteristics are iron sheet roof, concrete floor/mud floor, own toilet, use gas/firewood for cooking, etc. How these variables of indices determine the position of households into different economic status groups is the focus of our study. It also attempts to investigate the disparity in the household's economic status and understands which types of assets are responsible for it. We used the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine weights for the different items. The result shows that there exists a huge disparity between each quintile. The mean economic status score by quintile ranges from-1.24 units (Q1) through to 10.14 units (Q5).Through the survey of 400 households in both rural and urban areas of two Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) districts of Assam, namely Kokrajhar and Udalguri, we profile the households into different categories of economic status. The study gives us an understanding of the development in the study area and shows the disparity that exists in the level of development.

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme w...

The removal of mayors by the Minister of Interior in line with administrative tutelage is a practice that started with the 1982 Constitution and was not included in the previous Constitutions. According to Turkish law, the municipal councils elect one of their members as the acting mayor to replace the suspended mayors. The administrative tutelage over municipalities was largely alleviated by the Municipal Law No. 5393 and the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216, adopted in 2005. However, the Decree Law No. 674, which entered into force in 2016, stipulates that the replacement of suspended mayors are to be made by the Minister of Interior or Governors, instead of the municipal council. In this way, administrative tutelage is aggravated in terms of municipalities governed by the mayors who are linked to terrorism. It has been accepted by the public as a common mistake to describe the assigned officials as “trustees”. Although the new method of replacement of the mayors who are suspended due to terrorism creates a debate on local democracy, similar practices are encountered in different countries of the world, especially in Europe.

Belediye Başkanlarının idari vesayet doğrultusunda İçişleri Bakanı tarafından görevden uzaklaştırılması 1982 Anayasası ile başlayan bir uygulama olup, daha önceki Anayasalarda yer almamıştır. Mevzuata göre görevden uzaklaştırılan belediye başkanlarının yerine belediye meclisleri kendi üyeleri arasında birisini belediye başkan vekili olarak seçmektedir. Belediyeler üzerindeki idari vesayet yetkisi genel olarak 2005 yılında kabul edilen 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu ve 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunuyla hafifletilmiştir. Ancak 2016 yılında yürürlüğe giren 674 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname sonrasında teröre destek verdikleri gerekçesiyle belediye başkanlığından uzaklaştırılan belediye başkanlarının yerine yapılan görevlendirmenin belediye meclisince seçim yoluyla değil, İçişleri Bakanı veya Valilerce atama yoluyla gerçekleşmesi hükmü getirilmiştir. Bu şekilde idari vesayet denetiminin terörle bağlantılı belediye başkanlarınca yönetilen belediyeler bakımından ağırlaştırılması söz konusu olmuştur. Yapılan görevlendirmelerin “kayyum” olarak nitelendirilmesi genelleşen bir yanlışlık olarak kamuoyunda kabul görmüştür. Terör bağlantısı nedeniyle görevden uzaklaştırılan belediye başkanlarının yerine İçişleri Bakanı veya Valiler tarafından vali, vali yardımcısı ve kaymakamlar arasından görevlendirme yapılması yerel demokrasi konusunda tartışma yaratsa da Avrupa başta olmak üzere dünyanın farklı ülkelerinde benzer uygulamalara rastlanılmaktadır

This study explored the experiences of Barangay Health Workers (BHW) in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas (GIDA) amidst this new normal. This study used the Qualitative phenomenological method of research. This study was conducted in the selected GIDA barangays in Panabo City, Davao Del Norte, Philippines. It has seven (7) participants through purposive sampling, who are the BHWs among the selected barangays with one (1) year and above work experience. The researchers used a validated interview guide questionnaire. The results have revealed that barangay health workers in the new normal experience huge adjustments in rendering healthcare services during the pandemic. Also, the results exposed that barangay health workers experience deficiency of transportation and primary health care medicines and equipment. Moreover, the results disclosed that barangay health workers aspire to gain more importance, such as additional compensation and having complete medical healthcare...

Ted Howard is Co-Founder and President of the Democracy Collaborative, a Washington, D.C.-based ‘think-do tank’ that develops and promotes ideas for a more democratic economy. He has been one of the main architects of the ‘Cleveland Model’ of inclusive local development in Ohio, which has served as an important inspiration for the development of the ‘Preston Model’ in the UK. Howard is now an adviser to the Labour Party’s new Community Wealth Building Unit, which is
looking to extend the lessons of Cleveland and Preston throughout the country. Martin O’Neill of Renewal caught up with Ted Howard in Preston, where he was participating in the conference that launched Labour’s national Community Wealth Building initiative.

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w połowie 2014 r., mających na celu identyfikację oczekiwań władz małych miast wobec polskiej państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego. Jako źródło informacji o tych oczekiwaniach wybrano grupę 46 burmistrzów małych miast, natomiast jako metodę badawczą zastosowano sondaż diagnostyczny oparty na długim wywiadzie osobistym. Zidentyfikowane oczekiwania dotyczyły reformy systemu stałego finansowania gmin, zmian systemów dystrybucji środków unijnych, wyposażenia samorządów lokalnych w nowe instrumenty oddziaływania na ponadlokalne relacje ich gmin, redukcji antywzorców prowadzenia polityki, usuwania sprzeczności i niejasności prawa, a także zmian zasad funkcjonowania organu stanowiącego i wykonawczego władz lokalnych. Oczekiwania te można i należy traktować jako współczesne wyzwania państwowej polityki rozwoju lokalnego, ponieważ dotyczą one jej gruntownych, wielowymiarowych zmian. Ponadto rozpatrywane łącznie tworzą dla tej polityki wyzwanie, które można określić jako jej współczesne wyzwanie generalne. Jest nim oczekiwanie władz lokalnych, że władze państwowe zwiększą ich podmiotowość w definiowaniu i kreowaniu rozwoju kraju, pogłębiając swoją aprobatę dla paradygmatu rozwoju lokalnego.

[The article presents the results of research carried out in mid-2014 to identify the expectations presented by the authorities of small cities in the light of Polish state local development policy. 46 mayors were selected as the source of information about these expectations and a diagnostic survey based on long personal interviews was chosen as the research method. The expectations concerned the reform of the municipalities’ permanent funding system, changes in the systems governing EU funds distribution, providing local authorities with new instruments for shaping their municipalities’ supra-local relationships, reducing anti-patterns in policy and politics, eliminating contradictions and ambiguities in law, and changes in the rules governing both decisive and executive bodies of local authorities. The expectations discussed should be approached as contemporary challenges for state policy on local development, since the mayors refer to thorough and multidimensional alterations to that policy. Furthermore, if analysed jointly, the expectations constitute a challenge for this policy, which can be referred to as its general contemporary challenge. Local authorities expect that the state government will increase its subjectivity in defining and creating local development by extending its approval for the local development paradigm.]

Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne prace poświęcone mu koncentrują się na jego celach, czynnikach, stymulowaniu go i na jego pomiarze. Mimo to, jak dotąd niewiele uwagi poświęcono pojęciu polityki rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonej przez władze lokalne. Kategorii polityk rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonych przez władze ponadlokalne w ogóle nie formułowano i nie omawiano. Polityki takie są jednak prowadzone w Polsce i za granicą, a ich znaczenie rośnie. Istnieje zatem potrzeba ich definiowania i charakteryzowania dla budowy aparatu pojęciowego wykorzystywanego w dyskursie naukowym, w praktyce projektowania i aplikacji tych polityk oraz w dydaktyce.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.

[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]

Este livro visa a analisar as mediações que não possibilitaram no governo Lula a efetiva implementação de uma educação integral e emancipadora aos jovens de baixa renda e escolaridade, na perspectiva da “escola unitária” de Gramsci. Constitui como campo de investigação o Projovem Urbano - um dos formatos que a Educação de Jovens e Adultos adquiriu no referido governo e que tinha entre seus objetivos o fortalecimento da participação social e política dos jovens.

Từ quy định của Khoản 2 Điều 111 Hiến pháp năm 2013 “Cấp chính quyền địa phương gồm có Hội đồng nhân dân (HĐND) và Ủy ban nhân dân (UBND) được tổ chức phù hợp với đặc điểm nông thôn, đô thị, hải đảo, đơn vị hành chính - kinh tế đặc biệt do luật định”, bài viết trình bày, phân tích khái niệm và thực tế tổ chức chính quyền địa phương tại Việt Nam, Hoa Kỳ, Thụy Điển và Trung Quốc, đưa ra một số kiến nghị xây dựng chính quyền địa phương ở nước ta.

Se presenta el plan de manejo ambientalmente amigable, de la Unidad de Manejo Ambiental El Tepez.  Es un programa integral, para las 42 hectáreas (420,000 metros cuadrados) de gran diversidad biótica, cuyo centro es un zoocriadero de tepezcuintle (agouti paca).  El Ejido Ursulo Galvan es la sede de la UMA, ubicado en el Municipio de Othón P. Blanco, Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo, Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

Nowadays revitalization is often defined as a comprehensive effort including revalorization, restoration, reconstruction, modernization and actions aimed at the revival of a building, a district or a town devastated in different aspects, also the economic and social ones. The social aspect is among the most significant ones. In other words, there is no complete revitalization without solving social problems. The presented study discusses problems related to the broadly approached revitalization projects and their main directions of development, based on the example of Polish revitalization programmes of territorial self-governmental units. The first part of the paper presents the definitional aspects of revitalization taking into account social, economic, environmental, spatial, functional, cultural and technical dimensions. Moreover, the definition, structure and purpose of a revitalization programme was characterized. Next the primary objectives and current developmental directions of revitalization in Poland were discussed based on the selected applicable revitalization programmes. Today the main directions of revitalization processes in Poland cover: the reduction of poverty and social exclusion, supporting local business, cleaner environment activities, sustainable spatial and functional development, supporting technical infrastructures, promoting culture-based socioeconomic development.

This study explored the experiences of Barangay Health Workers (BHW) in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas (GIDA) amidst this new normal. This study used the Qualitative phenomenological method of research. This study was conducted in the selected GIDA barangays in Panabo City, Davao Del Norte, Philippines. It has seven (7) participants through purposive sampling, who are the BHWs among the selected barangays with one (1) year and above work experience. The researchers used a validated interview guide questionnaire. The results have revealed that barangay health workers in the new normal experience huge adjustments in rendering healthcare services during the pandemic. Also, the results exposed that barangay health workers experience deficiency of transportation and primary health care medicines and equipment. Moreover, the results disclosed that barangay health workers aspire to gain more importance, such as additional compensation and having complete medical healthcare equipment on their respective barangays.

El siguiente trabajo analiza exhaustivamente la forma cómo son gestionados los distintos elementos y variables que componen e inciden en la estrategia de innovación de los Municipios de Puente Alto, Peñalolén y Renca. Se propone un análisis detallado de la estructura operacional y funcional que sustenta la gestión de la innovación en cada uno de los tres casos, para, a partir de ahí, establecer elementos comunes y diferenciadores que sustentan la comparación entre cada uno de los tres modelos propuestos de innovación a nivel local. Finalmente, y producto del análisis mencionado, se desarrollan propuestas de buenas prácticas para instalar un modelo de gestión de la innovación municipal, dando cuenta de las condiciones que deben existir para su implementación.

The presented book is devoted to local development and its governance by forming, on the strategic level, the relationships connecting municipalities with supralocal, i.e. regional, national and global milieu. It is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

This article employs a methodological framework based on SWOT analysis to identify the most important factors and
concerns in order for public policy organisations to encourage local entrepreneurs to invest in sustainable development. A
survey was conducted to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the Greek Development Agencies
(DAs) consider important for encouraging local entrepreneurs to exploit new opportunities using local natural resources.
The results indicate that institutional, structural, social and economic factors can play a critical role in whether entrepreneurs
invest in new business ventures associated with natural resources

"
El Instituto del Conurbano inauguró una nueva serie de Documentos de Trabajo cuyo propósito es difundir resultados de las investigaciones para aportar a la comprensión de los problemas que desafían y atraviesan a la política sanitaria en la región.
El primer número presenta resultados de una investigación relativa a la política sanitaria de Malvinas Argentinas, caso paradojal de la descentralización en salud en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Creado en 1995, en menos de quince años la gestión municipal amplió exponencialmente su estructura sanitaria, consolidando su autonomía y trascendiendo los límites del municipio en base a un esquema de financiamiento que saca provecho del vínculo con la seguridad social y de la coparticipación provincial. A contramano de las recomendaciones dominantes para la organización de los sistemas de salud, este caso muestra la construcción de un sistema desde el nivel local asentado en la oferta hospitalaria y la alta complejidad. El trabajo reconstruye las condiciones de su surgimiento y las orientaciones de la política sanitaria en el nivel macro institucional, así como analiza las continuidades y rupturas de esta política en las prácticas de la atención en los centros de salud.
Los documentos podrán descargarse de: www.ungs.edu.ar/gestionsalud.
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The purpose of this research is to know the role of local government in developing the tourism potential of nature and cultural tours in North Tapanuli Regency. In this study the method used is descriptive qualitative approach is exemplary. The source of the data in this study there are two primary data and secondary data. The technique of data collection is done Field Research (Fieldwork) such as observation, interviews and Library research (Research Libraries). The analysis will be used by the author is descriptive qualitative. The results of research on the role the role of tourism in the development of the potential of tourism in North Tapanuli Regency is dominant as a facilitator as compared with other roles as motivators and dinamisator. The role of the facilitator is seen primarily in terms of the provision of the infrastructure objects are still largely borne by the Fund's channelling aid, a stimulant for people who want to develop a tourism objects, tourism promotion efforts, as well as facilities provided on such third-party investors and entrepreneurs to develop business tourism sights in North Tapanuli Regency.

There is a huge difference in the compulsory and optional tasks settlements fulfill. In one settlement, the population and the enterprises can get comprehensive services, while the other settlement supplies just compulsory functions on a modest level. I present this issue in my current work from legal, economic and social aspects.
The rest of my research is an investigation of the relationship between settlements and enterprises. The intention of businesses to settle, their conservation and future depend on services. I present in my approach the elements, which can support these enterprises.
The residential and employee side is also very important. The firms are unable to reach positive results without a qualified workforce. The living conditions, available services influence their mood, achievement, results. I present those employee needs, which are necessary in the 21th century to keep the workforce in the settlement.

Pemerintah Desa yang diatur dalam UU No. 5/ 1979 Juncto UU No. 22/ 1999 Juncto UU No. 32/ 2014 Juncto UU No. 2014 adalah unit pemerintahan semu. Ia bukan pemerintahan resmi tapi pemerintahan komunitas bekas pemerintahan komunitas pribumi (inlandsche gemeente) zaman Belanda di bawah IGO 1906 Juncto pemerintahn Ku zaman Jepang di bawah Osamu Seirei No. 27/ 1942.

　　　　Poverty has been a perennial problem in the Philippines. The government adapted the Conditional Cash Transfer program of Latin America with the main objective of resolving and eradicating poverty in the country. The local version was named PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps. The present study aimed to know if thePantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program has increased the life aspiration and life satisfaction of the recipients as compared to those of non-recipients. A total of 200 participants, 100 who were recipients of the 4Ps and 100 non-recipients of the program, served as participants of the study. The participants were residents of the cities of Manila, Caloocan and Pasay. The study was conducted with the coordination of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. Two scales were used to generate data that would answer the research questions: Life Aspiration Scale (PanukatsaNilalayonsaBuhay) and Life Satisfaction Scale (PanukatsaKasiyahansaBuhay). Both were translated into Filipino for convenience in their administration. The t-test for the independent sample was used as the statistical treatment to measure the impact of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference between the life aspiration of the recipients and non-recipients except in the category of wealth. Meanwhile, the recipients also reported a higher level of satisfaction in life compared to non-recipients. It is recommended to further study the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program using a psychological lens and explore the underlying motivations that make a person satisfied in life or aspire for more.

Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfer, PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program, Life Aspiration, Life Satisfaction, Recipients, Non-Recipients

The attempt of this research is to introduce a world new concept of socio-economic development by setting fundraising entrepreneurship at local government tiers of Bangladesh. The research contains four empirical studies and a large number of secondary data analyses. They are; (1) Focus Group Discussion with 8 upazila elected leaders and officers apart from rural local government level. (2) Focus Group Discussion with 10 Mayors apart from urban local government. (3) 10 expert opinions from the 10 renowned Professors in Politics and Government, Public Administration, and Economists of Bangladesh. (4) 300 elected political leaders and government officers at Upazila level. Both exploratory and descriptive research has been conducted. A linear statistical regression analysis has been conducted to fit a conceptual model of setting LGEs for fundraising in building national socio-economic development. This regression analysis found that there is a strong relation between fundraising enterprises (LGEs) setting at local government tiers for a balanced socio-economic development. The focus group discussions (FGDs) with two samples of urban and rural local government found that they are suffering from sufficient revenue and development funds especially for local demand based socio-economic and infrastructural development. In this context, majority want to set the proposed model based fundraising enterprises at local government establishing a separate department named LGEs under the supervision of local government or ministry of industry for earning additional revenue for dual benefits; (1) local economic development, and (2) social and infrastructural development. Another study on the sample of 300 hundred respondents is observed that they have similar interest for setting LGEs at all local government tiers in the locally appropriate field of investment especially in the agriculture supportive rural small industries and low risky service-oriented enterprises. Most of the selected experts have agreed the conceptual model for setting LGEs. But they have mixed opinions on its settings and effective operation in terms of ownership. In analyzing a large number of secondary data, it is observed the conceptual research model is strongly connected in achieving SDGs’ 17 points goals by 2030. As per the CPD study, it is found that additional financing, institutional structural changes, and integrating of the national plan are very imperative in achieving SDGs with some unfinished agenda of MDGs for Bangladesh. On the other hand, to strengthen the capacity of decentralized local government requires additional financial support. They are constitutionally assigned to mobilize local resources for increasing their fund for continuing the socio-economic development activities. It is observed that mobilizing locally produced raw materials, local labor, and local land by setting LGEs would be a new model of national economic development of Bangladesh as well as the world. The main challenges are (1) a constitutional change for a new law (2) effective marketing management following the successful private organization (3) corruption free working environment. Government can create a fund for LGEs by pursuing the foreign donors to execute the new model by setting some locally attractive and potential enterprises on pilot basis for achieving SDGs and building an emerging socio-economic developed Bangladesh in the world. If it is succeed, the other countries can follow it.  - Dr. Uttam Kumar Datta, Faculty, BIM, Dhaka

El presente trabajo ofrece una revisión general de la producción sobre la descentralización en los últimos años. Partiendo de una mirada rápida de algunas categorías conceptuales básicas utilizadas para identificar y analizar la práctica descentralizadora, pasa a desarrollar una síntesis descriptiva de la descentralización desde su plano de ejecución política, económico-financiera y administrativa. Seguidamente, el escrito se refiere a las premisas centrales de los abordajes teóricos recientes que han propuesto análisis sobre la descentralización en la región latinoamericana. Todo esto como antecedente general, para luego emprender una descripción y evaluación de la experiencia paraguaya, con sus avances, limitaciones, principales logros y agendas pendientes.

The participation of women in the nation’s politics in general, and
the Panchayati Raj in particular, was very low until the enactment of the 73rd
Constitutional Amendment Act. The Act is a landmark in the history of
Panchayati Raj and is a boon for women. After the enactment of the Act, a
number of rural women, willingly or unwillingly, entered local politics mainly
due to the reservation of seats for women. In the initial years, women’s
active participation was very minimal, due to the limitations of being a
woman in a patriarchal society. The women who did not have the freedom
to raise their voice in the family and community could not very well have
the courage to speak in front of their male colleagues.

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme w...

La maggiore espressione associativa nel sistema delle autonomie locali, risiede nell'istituto dell'Unione di Comuni, finalizzata ad una maggiore efficienza ed efficacia dell'azione di governo locale. Un'esigenza individuata dal legislatore per raggiungere il fine primario di razionalizzazione della spesa degli enti locali di base. Questa tesi si prefigge di analizzare il profilo giuridico, descrittivo ed operativo, con l'intento di offrire al lettore le diverse chiavi di letture scaturibili dall'attivazione delle Unioni di Comuni.