МУЗЕЙНІ ЧИТАННЯ Матеріали наукової конференції «Ювелірне мистецтво – погляд крізь віки» 21 листопада 2022 р., 2023
On the limestone gravestone of the 3rd century A.D. from Pannonia, which is exhibited in the loca... more On the limestone gravestone of the 3rd century A.D. from Pannonia, which is exhibited in the local history museum in Eisenstadt (Austria), pictured the pectoral decoration. It can be considered an iconographic analogy of necklaces depicted on female figures from funerary monuments of the Roman Empire’s eastern provinces. It is known that during the Severus dynasty, numerous immigrants from the eastern provinces of the empire entered Pannonia. Besides the chest chains in the ancient world, the body chains were popular also. Both types of decorations (pectoral and body chains) are known among objects of the circle of Eastern European barbarian enamels. Taking into account the connection between Pannonia and the Baltic, thanks to the existence of the Amber Road, it can be assumed that the creators of the eastern European barbaric champlevé enamels style could have been inspired by the luxurious decorations of the people from the eastern Roman provinces, which they encountered in the Danube region.
Археологія і давня історія України,вип. 3 (44), 2022
Sources for the study and reconstruction of the shoes
of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s b... more Sources for the study and reconstruction of the shoes of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s bearers are finds of shoe sets (buckles and strap-ends), as well as a half-boot-shaped clay beaker from Kaborga. Analysis of archaeological materials allows to solve the questions of the date and origin of shoes with straps, but unfortunately do not give any idea about their kind. Ceramic model compensates for it. The prototypes of barbarian shoes as well as half-boots are known by many images of the 1st—2nd cent. However, neither of them includes shoes with straps. A brief review of late antique footwear researches’ results provides almost complete information about it’s composition, distinctive features for different layers of ancient society, and the opposition of ancient and barbarian footwear in iconography. The Carrand Diptych, which depicts half-boots with straps, is of great importance for the disclosure of the topic. In addition, the expansion of the research’s source base allows us to take a new look at the spread of shoe fashion with a set, as well as to propose some hypotheses about shoes of the Chernyakhiv—Sintanade- Mureş Culture’s bearers. 1. I propose to consider the clay beaker from Kaborga as a model of roman calcei. 2. «Fashion» for shoes with straps at the end of the 4st — the first half of the 5st cent. among the population of the South-Western Crimea arose and spread, thanks to the Alans. However, another explanation is also possible. The prototype of such shoes could be depicted on the Stilicho, on the diptych from Monza. The shoes of such kind could be gifted to the Bosporian elite and it preserved in the form of gold shoe buckles and strapends in the polychrome style from the Kerch tombs. 3, 4. I propose to consider possible usage of stockings by women and possible «offering» of an additional pair of shoes in the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Сulture’s graves.
Археологія і давня історія України, 2021, вип. 3 (40), 2021
During 2018—2020 items with Champleve enamels
were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy
resi... more During 2018—2020 items with Champleve enamels were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy residents, S. I. Gutsan and R. A. Bobkov. They were shown at an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Museum in September 2020. The collection consists of more than 70 items (tabl. 1). There are brooches (horseshoe-shaped, triangular, round), pendants (cruciform, lunnula), chains, bracelets, diadems, torques, appliquй, finger-rings, trapezoidal pendants, spurs etc. Because these finds were kept in private collections and were presented to the Museum by their owners, the items could be considered accidental finds except location of them was more or less accurate. Preliminary analysis of things from the collection allowed us to determine the following. The area of finds includes different areas of Sumy region, but those found in Sumy’s suburbs significantly dominate, and by dating they mostly belong to the second stage of development of East European Champleve enamels, according to E. Gorokhovskyi — to the middle and second half of 3rd century. Metal and enamel of things were analyzed by the researchers of The Institute of Applied Physics of NASU using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Situation around archeological monuments requires a rapid reconstruction, adaptation of science to new unfavorable conditions. This publication is prompted by an attempt to obtain maximum information from sources whose reliability is questionable. Moreover, the things analyzed in this publication are of great importance for solving many important questions of archeology, in particular, for the reconstruction of the Slavonic peoples’s genesis.
In a number of the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture inhumations items or sets of garment or f... more In a number of the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture inhumations items or sets of garment or footwear were found separately from the skeleton, next to it or in the grave filling. According to the classification of grave goods by its functional purpose, a garment belongs to personal things of the deceased. The garment has never been considered as an independent sociological feature, but only together with vessels-“offerings”. In the article, it is hypothesized that placement of additional item or set of garments or footwear in a grave is an independent sociological feature — a feature of a high social ranked grave. The additional items or sets of garment or footwear were found in nine graves (their descriptions are given in the Appendix). The garment with a fibula and probably a cloak were placed in men’s graves (Nos. 3, 7), while clothes with two fibulae, like a Roman stola — in graves of women of different ages (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9). Clothes, a bag or a pair of shoes were placed next to the head of an elderly woman (No. 8). The listed burials belong to the period not earlier than the third phase of the Cherniakhiv culture relative chronology, proposed by Ye. L. Horokhovskyi, i.e. to the second third of the 4th century and later.Most of the discussed graves belong to the 3rd and 3rd«a» archaeological-sociological types after N. M. Kravchenko. The exception is a grave of Independents No. 13, which belongs to the 2nd type after N. M. Kravchenko. The placement in the grave of a garment stock or footwear was a reflection of intention to provide the deceased with necessary things — a manifestation of care for the deceased or conversely of the intention to dispose from his/her personal things. The question about the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture footwear, about ideas and beliefs connected with it, deserves special attention.
Decorations of the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mures
Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendant... more Decorations of the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mures Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendants which by some morphological features can be considered as derivatives of the roman bulla. Bulla is a small capsule pendant folded from two identical halves. It’s assumed that bulla originated with the Etruscans in the VIIth century BC. The bulla was later borrowed by romans, who originally intended it for boys — the children of aristocrats from the ninth day of birth to 14—16 years, until receiving the status of a Roman citizen. Later the golden bulla lost the meaning of a social marker and became mainly a property feature. Content of bulla were parts of plants, animal bones, pieces of textile, sand etc. Derivatives of the Roman bulla in the ChSM Culture have been found in next burial complexes (Barcea 139, Bila 3, Cherneliv-Rus’kyi 96, Dumaniv 8, Sosnova 245), leather bullas were found once (Legedzine 16). Besides, two pendants-capsules were found on late Scythians Lower Dnieper cemetery Mykolaivka (burial 64, grave 1), which contained ChSM Culture’s graves too. Following observation deserves the attention. The capacity of one pendant from Pannonia is similar by decor to clay knots, which were spread in many cultures, including ChSM Culture. They are interpreted as magic, used for fortune-telling and similar to nasturtium seeds. Contents of Chernyakhiv Culture’s «bullas» are unknown, but combination with another pendants-amulets certainly confirms the magical character of such pendants. Finally, metal bullae, cylindrical and flat cylindrical pendants-capsules continued their existence in the early Middle Ages and as metal folding icons and leather incenses survived in orthodox church to this day
The burial dress of Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture is represented by the following catego... more The burial dress of Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture is represented by the following categories of finds: fibulae, belt details, beads, pendants, rings, temple rings, bracelets, earrings, torcs. The latter five categories of finds are not numerous and do not form series. Their inclusion in Chernyakhov costume is supposed to be a manifestation of foreign cultural traditions and rules. The aim of this work is to find analogies to Chernyakhov’s finds of rare categories, to determine their origin and to interpret the reason why they are found in the Chernyakhov area. The study allowed to conclude that, in fact, it is impossible to establish the one reason why those rare categories of dress accessories could be found in the Chernyakhov culture area. Some of them are trophies of Scythian wars, some are items popular with the Late Scythian, Sarmatian population of Northern Black Sea region, and most of them are jewelry articles popular over a wide territory.
Bones of animals found on the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture’s cemeteries divided on next g... more Bones of animals found on the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture’s cemeteries divided on next groups: I.A. II.A. Bones of animals from inhumations and cremations in farewell meal’s role. I.Б. Bones of animals from inhumations, who carries souls of the newly deceased or keepers. I.В. Separate animal’s graves on cemeteries area can belonged by sacrifices. II.Б. Bones of animals from cremations, in which human bones absented can mean sacrifices to Gods or replacement grave. II.В. The uncalcined bones of animals together with calcified human bones from cremations, can be explained as residues of the funeral feast. The differences were existed between composition of herd and animals, which meat used for farewell meal. In the herd of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture a cattle prevailed, while among farewell meal small cattle, hens and eggs. The differences in farewell meal depended on the preferences of the majority of the population of certain regions of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture area. The carriers of the Velbark Culture’s traditions preferred pork, the hellenized population of the Northern Black Sea region use meat horse as food. Besides, different peoples as part of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture had different attitudes towards the same animals.
Спецномер, що було побудовано на матеріалах міжнародної конференції "Ольвійський форум: пам'яті В... more Спецномер, що було побудовано на матеріалах міжнародної конференції "Ольвійський форум: пам'яті В.В.Крапівіної". Частина 1.
This work is continuing of cycle of articles about social structure of Chernyakhov's Culture popu... more This work is continuing of cycle of articles about social structure of Chernyakhov's Culture population.
The article devoted to the social structure of Sîntana de Mureş/ Chernyakhovo Culture (SMCC) thro... more The article devoted to the social structure of Sîntana de Mureş/ Chernyakhovo Culture (SMCC) through the glass products data.
In the article the barbarian costume (dress and hairstyles) depicted on lower friese of consular ... more In the article the barbarian costume (dress and hairstyles) depicted on lower friese of consular diptych from the Halberstadt Cathedral was analysed.
The republication of materials of Cherniachov's cemetery Ruzhychanka. It published by I.Vynokur ... more The republication of materials of Cherniachov's cemetery Ruzhychanka. It published by I.Vynokur in 1979.
МУЗЕЙНІ ЧИТАННЯ Матеріали наукової конференції «Ювелірне мистецтво – погляд крізь віки» 21 листопада 2022 р., 2023
On the limestone gravestone of the 3rd century A.D. from Pannonia, which is exhibited in the loca... more On the limestone gravestone of the 3rd century A.D. from Pannonia, which is exhibited in the local history museum in Eisenstadt (Austria), pictured the pectoral decoration. It can be considered an iconographic analogy of necklaces depicted on female figures from funerary monuments of the Roman Empire’s eastern provinces. It is known that during the Severus dynasty, numerous immigrants from the eastern provinces of the empire entered Pannonia. Besides the chest chains in the ancient world, the body chains were popular also. Both types of decorations (pectoral and body chains) are known among objects of the circle of Eastern European barbarian enamels. Taking into account the connection between Pannonia and the Baltic, thanks to the existence of the Amber Road, it can be assumed that the creators of the eastern European barbaric champlevé enamels style could have been inspired by the luxurious decorations of the people from the eastern Roman provinces, which they encountered in the Danube region.
Археологія і давня історія України,вип. 3 (44), 2022
Sources for the study and reconstruction of the shoes
of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s b... more Sources for the study and reconstruction of the shoes of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s bearers are finds of shoe sets (buckles and strap-ends), as well as a half-boot-shaped clay beaker from Kaborga. Analysis of archaeological materials allows to solve the questions of the date and origin of shoes with straps, but unfortunately do not give any idea about their kind. Ceramic model compensates for it. The prototypes of barbarian shoes as well as half-boots are known by many images of the 1st—2nd cent. However, neither of them includes shoes with straps. A brief review of late antique footwear researches’ results provides almost complete information about it’s composition, distinctive features for different layers of ancient society, and the opposition of ancient and barbarian footwear in iconography. The Carrand Diptych, which depicts half-boots with straps, is of great importance for the disclosure of the topic. In addition, the expansion of the research’s source base allows us to take a new look at the spread of shoe fashion with a set, as well as to propose some hypotheses about shoes of the Chernyakhiv—Sintanade- Mureş Culture’s bearers. 1. I propose to consider the clay beaker from Kaborga as a model of roman calcei. 2. «Fashion» for shoes with straps at the end of the 4st — the first half of the 5st cent. among the population of the South-Western Crimea arose and spread, thanks to the Alans. However, another explanation is also possible. The prototype of such shoes could be depicted on the Stilicho, on the diptych from Monza. The shoes of such kind could be gifted to the Bosporian elite and it preserved in the form of gold shoe buckles and strapends in the polychrome style from the Kerch tombs. 3, 4. I propose to consider possible usage of stockings by women and possible «offering» of an additional pair of shoes in the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Сulture’s graves.
Археологія і давня історія України, 2021, вип. 3 (40), 2021
During 2018—2020 items with Champleve enamels
were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy
resi... more During 2018—2020 items with Champleve enamels were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy residents, S. I. Gutsan and R. A. Bobkov. They were shown at an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Museum in September 2020. The collection consists of more than 70 items (tabl. 1). There are brooches (horseshoe-shaped, triangular, round), pendants (cruciform, lunnula), chains, bracelets, diadems, torques, appliquй, finger-rings, trapezoidal pendants, spurs etc. Because these finds were kept in private collections and were presented to the Museum by their owners, the items could be considered accidental finds except location of them was more or less accurate. Preliminary analysis of things from the collection allowed us to determine the following. The area of finds includes different areas of Sumy region, but those found in Sumy’s suburbs significantly dominate, and by dating they mostly belong to the second stage of development of East European Champleve enamels, according to E. Gorokhovskyi — to the middle and second half of 3rd century. Metal and enamel of things were analyzed by the researchers of The Institute of Applied Physics of NASU using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Situation around archeological monuments requires a rapid reconstruction, adaptation of science to new unfavorable conditions. This publication is prompted by an attempt to obtain maximum information from sources whose reliability is questionable. Moreover, the things analyzed in this publication are of great importance for solving many important questions of archeology, in particular, for the reconstruction of the Slavonic peoples’s genesis.
In a number of the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture inhumations items or sets of garment or f... more In a number of the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture inhumations items or sets of garment or footwear were found separately from the skeleton, next to it or in the grave filling. According to the classification of grave goods by its functional purpose, a garment belongs to personal things of the deceased. The garment has never been considered as an independent sociological feature, but only together with vessels-“offerings”. In the article, it is hypothesized that placement of additional item or set of garments or footwear in a grave is an independent sociological feature — a feature of a high social ranked grave. The additional items or sets of garment or footwear were found in nine graves (their descriptions are given in the Appendix). The garment with a fibula and probably a cloak were placed in men’s graves (Nos. 3, 7), while clothes with two fibulae, like a Roman stola — in graves of women of different ages (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9). Clothes, a bag or a pair of shoes were placed next to the head of an elderly woman (No. 8). The listed burials belong to the period not earlier than the third phase of the Cherniakhiv culture relative chronology, proposed by Ye. L. Horokhovskyi, i.e. to the second third of the 4th century and later.Most of the discussed graves belong to the 3rd and 3rd«a» archaeological-sociological types after N. M. Kravchenko. The exception is a grave of Independents No. 13, which belongs to the 2nd type after N. M. Kravchenko. The placement in the grave of a garment stock or footwear was a reflection of intention to provide the deceased with necessary things — a manifestation of care for the deceased or conversely of the intention to dispose from his/her personal things. The question about the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture footwear, about ideas and beliefs connected with it, deserves special attention.
Decorations of the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mures
Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendant... more Decorations of the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mures Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendants which by some morphological features can be considered as derivatives of the roman bulla. Bulla is a small capsule pendant folded from two identical halves. It’s assumed that bulla originated with the Etruscans in the VIIth century BC. The bulla was later borrowed by romans, who originally intended it for boys — the children of aristocrats from the ninth day of birth to 14—16 years, until receiving the status of a Roman citizen. Later the golden bulla lost the meaning of a social marker and became mainly a property feature. Content of bulla were parts of plants, animal bones, pieces of textile, sand etc. Derivatives of the Roman bulla in the ChSM Culture have been found in next burial complexes (Barcea 139, Bila 3, Cherneliv-Rus’kyi 96, Dumaniv 8, Sosnova 245), leather bullas were found once (Legedzine 16). Besides, two pendants-capsules were found on late Scythians Lower Dnieper cemetery Mykolaivka (burial 64, grave 1), which contained ChSM Culture’s graves too. Following observation deserves the attention. The capacity of one pendant from Pannonia is similar by decor to clay knots, which were spread in many cultures, including ChSM Culture. They are interpreted as magic, used for fortune-telling and similar to nasturtium seeds. Contents of Chernyakhiv Culture’s «bullas» are unknown, but combination with another pendants-amulets certainly confirms the magical character of such pendants. Finally, metal bullae, cylindrical and flat cylindrical pendants-capsules continued their existence in the early Middle Ages and as metal folding icons and leather incenses survived in orthodox church to this day
The burial dress of Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture is represented by the following catego... more The burial dress of Chernyakhov — Sântana de Mureș Culture is represented by the following categories of finds: fibulae, belt details, beads, pendants, rings, temple rings, bracelets, earrings, torcs. The latter five categories of finds are not numerous and do not form series. Their inclusion in Chernyakhov costume is supposed to be a manifestation of foreign cultural traditions and rules. The aim of this work is to find analogies to Chernyakhov’s finds of rare categories, to determine their origin and to interpret the reason why they are found in the Chernyakhov area. The study allowed to conclude that, in fact, it is impossible to establish the one reason why those rare categories of dress accessories could be found in the Chernyakhov culture area. Some of them are trophies of Scythian wars, some are items popular with the Late Scythian, Sarmatian population of Northern Black Sea region, and most of them are jewelry articles popular over a wide territory.
Bones of animals found on the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture’s cemeteries divided on next g... more Bones of animals found on the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture’s cemeteries divided on next groups: I.A. II.A. Bones of animals from inhumations and cremations in farewell meal’s role. I.Б. Bones of animals from inhumations, who carries souls of the newly deceased or keepers. I.В. Separate animal’s graves on cemeteries area can belonged by sacrifices. II.Б. Bones of animals from cremations, in which human bones absented can mean sacrifices to Gods or replacement grave. II.В. The uncalcined bones of animals together with calcified human bones from cremations, can be explained as residues of the funeral feast. The differences were existed between composition of herd and animals, which meat used for farewell meal. In the herd of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture a cattle prevailed, while among farewell meal small cattle, hens and eggs. The differences in farewell meal depended on the preferences of the majority of the population of certain regions of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture area. The carriers of the Velbark Culture’s traditions preferred pork, the hellenized population of the Northern Black Sea region use meat horse as food. Besides, different peoples as part of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture had different attitudes towards the same animals.
Спецномер, що було побудовано на матеріалах міжнародної конференції "Ольвійський форум: пам'яті В... more Спецномер, що було побудовано на матеріалах міжнародної конференції "Ольвійський форум: пам'яті В.В.Крапівіної". Частина 1.
This work is continuing of cycle of articles about social structure of Chernyakhov's Culture popu... more This work is continuing of cycle of articles about social structure of Chernyakhov's Culture population.
The article devoted to the social structure of Sîntana de Mureş/ Chernyakhovo Culture (SMCC) thro... more The article devoted to the social structure of Sîntana de Mureş/ Chernyakhovo Culture (SMCC) through the glass products data.
In the article the barbarian costume (dress and hairstyles) depicted on lower friese of consular ... more In the article the barbarian costume (dress and hairstyles) depicted on lower friese of consular diptych from the Halberstadt Cathedral was analysed.
The republication of materials of Cherniachov's cemetery Ruzhychanka. It published by I.Vynokur ... more The republication of materials of Cherniachov's cemetery Ruzhychanka. It published by I.Vynokur in 1979.
Three Chernyakhiv's Culture sites (Bovshiv, Demianiv II, Kuropatniki) from West Ukraine, Ivano-Fr... more Three Chernyakhiv's Culture sites (Bovshiv, Demianiv II, Kuropatniki) from West Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk region, published in this monograph.
У збірнику надруковано статті, присвячені проблемам археологічних старожитностей доби римських вп... more У збірнику надруковано статті, присвячені проблемам археологічних старожитностей доби римських впливів на території Південної, Східної та Центральної Європи. В основу статей покладено доповіді учасників секції історії та археології римського часу Європи міжнародної конференції, що відбулася в жовтні 2015 р. в місті Меджибіж. Конференція була присвячена пам’яті І.С. Винокура і об’єднана під назвою «Етнокультурні процеси на півдні Східної Європи у І тис. н. е.». У статтях опубліковано нові матеріали, дано аналітичні дослідження окремих категорій матеріальної культури та висновки історичного характеру.
The dissertation is a fundamental comprehensive research. According to archaeological and iconogr... more The dissertation is a fundamental comprehensive research. According to archaeological and iconographic data the costume of the Chernyakhiv – Sîntana de Mureş Culture bearers that had not been systematically studied before was reconstructed. In particular the composition of burial equipment categories was determined on a basis of a representative sample of burials - the details of the outfit, their probable purpose by localization in burial complexes were defined; the difference in costume of different sex representatives was proved; changes in the costume of different chronological phases were observed; elements of the costume those were added by bearers of different ethno-cultural traditions into the general Chernyakhiv costume were found; by the results of sociological analysis of burials the potential of costume details as a social marker was determined; the preserved textile residues from the clothes were analyzed; according to analysis of iconographic data, possible prototypes and analogies of the costume of the culture bearers were found; the main scientific tendencies in the study of costume were determined by the results of paleocostumological literature review; the costume of the population of CSM culture was reconstructed and perspective directions for further researches were outlined.
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Papers by Oksana Hopkalo
Besides the chest chains in the ancient world, the body chains were popular also. Both types of decorations (pectoral and body chains) are known among objects of the circle of Eastern European barbarian enamels.
Taking into account the connection between Pannonia and the Baltic, thanks to the existence of the Amber Road, it can be assumed that the creators of the eastern European barbaric champlevé enamels style could have been inspired by the luxurious decorations of the people from the eastern Roman provinces, which they encountered in the Danube region.
of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s bearers
are finds of shoe sets (buckles and strap-ends), as well
as a half-boot-shaped clay beaker from Kaborga. Analysis
of archaeological materials allows to solve the questions
of the date and origin of shoes with straps, but
unfortunately do not give any idea about their kind.
Ceramic model compensates for it. The prototypes of
barbarian shoes as well as half-boots are known by
many images of the 1st—2nd cent. However, neither of
them includes shoes with straps. A brief review of late
antique footwear researches’ results provides almost
complete information about it’s composition, distinctive
features for different layers of ancient society, and the
opposition of ancient and barbarian footwear in iconography.
The Carrand Diptych, which depicts half-boots
with straps, is of great importance for the disclosure of
the topic. In addition, the expansion of the research’s
source base allows us to take a new look at the spread
of shoe fashion with a set, as well as to propose some
hypotheses about shoes of the Chernyakhiv—Sintanade-
Mureş Culture’s bearers. 1. I propose to consider
the clay beaker from Kaborga as a model of roman calcei.
2. «Fashion» for shoes with straps at the end of the
4st — the first half of the 5st cent. among the population
of the South-Western Crimea arose and spread, thanks
to the Alans. However, another explanation is also possible.
The prototype of such shoes could be depicted on
the Stilicho, on the diptych from Monza. The shoes of
such kind could be gifted to the Bosporian elite and it
preserved in the form of gold shoe buckles and strapends
in the polychrome style from the Kerch tombs.
3, 4. I propose to consider possible usage of stockings
by women and possible «offering» of an additional
pair of shoes in the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş
Сulture’s graves.
were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy
residents, S. I. Gutsan and R. A. Bobkov. They were
shown at an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Museum in September 2020. The collection consists of more than 70 items (tabl. 1). There are
brooches (horseshoe-shaped, triangular, round), pendants (cruciform, lunnula), chains, bracelets, diadems,
torques, appliquй, finger-rings, trapezoidal pendants,
spurs etc. Because these finds were kept in private collections and were presented to the Museum by their
owners, the items could be considered accidental finds
except location of them was more or less accurate.
Preliminary analysis of things from the collection allowed us to determine the following. The area of finds
includes different areas of Sumy region, but those found
in Sumy’s suburbs significantly dominate, and by dating they mostly belong to the second stage of development of East European Champleve enamels, according
to E. Gorokhovskyi — to the middle and second half of
3rd century. Metal and enamel of things were analyzed
by the researchers of The Institute of Applied Physics
of NASU using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
Situation around archeological monuments requires
a rapid reconstruction, adaptation of science to new
unfavorable conditions. This publication is prompted
by an attempt to obtain maximum information from
sources whose reliability is questionable. Moreover,
the things analyzed in this publication are of great
importance for solving many important questions of
archeology, in particular, for the reconstruction of the
Slavonic peoples’s genesis.
separately from the skeleton, next to it or in the grave filling. According to the classification of grave goods by its functional
purpose, a garment belongs to personal things of the deceased. The garment has never been considered as an independent
sociological feature, but only together with vessels-“offerings”.
In the article, it is hypothesized that placement of additional item or set of garments or footwear in a grave is an
independent sociological feature — a feature of a high social ranked grave.
The additional items or sets of garment or footwear were found in nine graves (their descriptions are given in the
Appendix). The garment with a fibula and probably a cloak were placed in men’s graves (Nos. 3, 7), while clothes with two
fibulae, like a Roman stola — in graves of women of different ages (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9). Clothes, a bag or a pair of shoes were
placed next to the head of an elderly woman (No. 8).
The listed burials belong to the period not earlier than the third phase of the Cherniakhiv culture relative chronology,
proposed by Ye. L. Horokhovskyi, i.e. to the second third of the 4th century and later.Most of the discussed graves belong to the 3rd and 3rd«a» archaeological-sociological types after N. M. Kravchenko. The
exception is a grave of Independents No. 13, which belongs to the 2nd type after N. M. Kravchenko.
The placement in the grave of a garment stock or footwear was a reflection of intention to provide the deceased with
necessary things — a manifestation of care for the deceased or conversely of the intention to dispose from his/her personal
things.
The question about the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture footwear, about ideas and beliefs connected with it,
deserves special attention.
Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendants
which by some morphological features can be considered as derivatives of the roman bulla. Bulla is a small
capsule pendant folded from two identical halves. It’s
assumed that bulla originated with the Etruscans in
the VIIth century BC. The bulla was later borrowed
by romans, who originally intended it for boys — the
children of aristocrats from the ninth day of birth to
14—16 years, until receiving the status of a Roman
citizen. Later the golden bulla lost the meaning of a
social marker and became mainly a property feature.
Content of bulla were parts of plants, animal bones,
pieces of textile, sand etc.
Derivatives of the Roman bulla in the ChSM Culture
have been found in next burial complexes (Barcea 139,
Bila 3, Cherneliv-Rus’kyi 96, Dumaniv 8, Sosnova 245),
leather bullas were found once (Legedzine 16). Besides,
two pendants-capsules were found on late Scythians Lower Dnieper cemetery Mykolaivka (burial 64,
grave 1), which contained ChSM Culture’s graves too.
Following observation deserves the attention. The capacity of one pendant from Pannonia is similar by decor
to clay knots, which were spread in many cultures, including ChSM Culture. They are interpreted as magic,
used for fortune-telling and similar to nasturtium seeds.
Contents of Chernyakhiv Culture’s «bullas» are unknown, but combination with another pendants-amulets certainly confirms the magical character of such
pendants.
Finally, metal bullae, cylindrical and flat cylindrical pendants-capsules continued their existence in the
early Middle Ages and as metal folding icons and leather incenses survived in orthodox church to this day
belt details, beads, pendants, rings, temple rings, bracelets, earrings, torcs. The latter five categories of finds are not numerous
and do not form series. Their inclusion in Chernyakhov costume is supposed to be a manifestation of foreign cultural
traditions and rules. The aim of this work is to find analogies to Chernyakhov’s finds of rare categories, to determine their
origin and to interpret the reason why they are found in the Chernyakhov area. The study allowed to conclude that, in fact, it
is impossible to establish the one reason why those rare categories of dress accessories could be found in the Chernyakhov
culture area. Some of them are trophies of Scythian wars, some are items popular with the Late Scythian, Sarmatian population
of Northern Black Sea region, and most of them are jewelry articles popular over a wide territory.
I.A. II.A. Bones of animals from inhumations and cremations in farewell meal’s role.
I.Б. Bones of animals from inhumations, who carries souls of the newly deceased or keepers.
I.В. Separate animal’s graves on cemeteries area can belonged by sacrifices.
II.Б. Bones of animals from cremations, in which human bones absented can mean sacrifices to Gods or replacement grave.
II.В. The uncalcined bones of animals together with calcified human bones from cremations, can be explained as residues of the funeral feast.
The differences were existed between composition of herd and animals, which meat used for farewell meal. In the herd of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture a cattle prevailed, while among farewell meal small cattle, hens and eggs. The differences in farewell meal depended on the preferences of the majority of the population of certain regions of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture area. The carriers of the Velbark Culture’s traditions preferred pork, the hellenized population of the Northern Black Sea region use meat horse as food. Besides, different peoples as part of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture had different attitudes towards the same animals.
Частина 1.
Besides the chest chains in the ancient world, the body chains were popular also. Both types of decorations (pectoral and body chains) are known among objects of the circle of Eastern European barbarian enamels.
Taking into account the connection between Pannonia and the Baltic, thanks to the existence of the Amber Road, it can be assumed that the creators of the eastern European barbaric champlevé enamels style could have been inspired by the luxurious decorations of the people from the eastern Roman provinces, which they encountered in the Danube region.
of Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş Culture’s bearers
are finds of shoe sets (buckles and strap-ends), as well
as a half-boot-shaped clay beaker from Kaborga. Analysis
of archaeological materials allows to solve the questions
of the date and origin of shoes with straps, but
unfortunately do not give any idea about their kind.
Ceramic model compensates for it. The prototypes of
barbarian shoes as well as half-boots are known by
many images of the 1st—2nd cent. However, neither of
them includes shoes with straps. A brief review of late
antique footwear researches’ results provides almost
complete information about it’s composition, distinctive
features for different layers of ancient society, and the
opposition of ancient and barbarian footwear in iconography.
The Carrand Diptych, which depicts half-boots
with straps, is of great importance for the disclosure of
the topic. In addition, the expansion of the research’s
source base allows us to take a new look at the spread
of shoe fashion with a set, as well as to propose some
hypotheses about shoes of the Chernyakhiv—Sintanade-
Mureş Culture’s bearers. 1. I propose to consider
the clay beaker from Kaborga as a model of roman calcei.
2. «Fashion» for shoes with straps at the end of the
4st — the first half of the 5st cent. among the population
of the South-Western Crimea arose and spread, thanks
to the Alans. However, another explanation is also possible.
The prototype of such shoes could be depicted on
the Stilicho, on the diptych from Monza. The shoes of
such kind could be gifted to the Bosporian elite and it
preserved in the form of gold shoe buckles and strapends
in the polychrome style from the Kerch tombs.
3, 4. I propose to consider possible usage of stockings
by women and possible «offering» of an additional
pair of shoes in the Chernyakhiv—Sintana-de-Mureş
Сulture’s graves.
were presented to Sumy Regional Museum by Sumy
residents, S. I. Gutsan and R. A. Bobkov. They were
shown at an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Museum in September 2020. The collection consists of more than 70 items (tabl. 1). There are
brooches (horseshoe-shaped, triangular, round), pendants (cruciform, lunnula), chains, bracelets, diadems,
torques, appliquй, finger-rings, trapezoidal pendants,
spurs etc. Because these finds were kept in private collections and were presented to the Museum by their
owners, the items could be considered accidental finds
except location of them was more or less accurate.
Preliminary analysis of things from the collection allowed us to determine the following. The area of finds
includes different areas of Sumy region, but those found
in Sumy’s suburbs significantly dominate, and by dating they mostly belong to the second stage of development of East European Champleve enamels, according
to E. Gorokhovskyi — to the middle and second half of
3rd century. Metal and enamel of things were analyzed
by the researchers of The Institute of Applied Physics
of NASU using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
Situation around archeological monuments requires
a rapid reconstruction, adaptation of science to new
unfavorable conditions. This publication is prompted
by an attempt to obtain maximum information from
sources whose reliability is questionable. Moreover,
the things analyzed in this publication are of great
importance for solving many important questions of
archeology, in particular, for the reconstruction of the
Slavonic peoples’s genesis.
separately from the skeleton, next to it or in the grave filling. According to the classification of grave goods by its functional
purpose, a garment belongs to personal things of the deceased. The garment has never been considered as an independent
sociological feature, but only together with vessels-“offerings”.
In the article, it is hypothesized that placement of additional item or set of garments or footwear in a grave is an
independent sociological feature — a feature of a high social ranked grave.
The additional items or sets of garment or footwear were found in nine graves (their descriptions are given in the
Appendix). The garment with a fibula and probably a cloak were placed in men’s graves (Nos. 3, 7), while clothes with two
fibulae, like a Roman stola — in graves of women of different ages (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9). Clothes, a bag or a pair of shoes were
placed next to the head of an elderly woman (No. 8).
The listed burials belong to the period not earlier than the third phase of the Cherniakhiv culture relative chronology,
proposed by Ye. L. Horokhovskyi, i.e. to the second third of the 4th century and later.Most of the discussed graves belong to the 3rd and 3rd«a» archaeological-sociological types after N. M. Kravchenko. The
exception is a grave of Independents No. 13, which belongs to the 2nd type after N. M. Kravchenko.
The placement in the grave of a garment stock or footwear was a reflection of intention to provide the deceased with
necessary things — a manifestation of care for the deceased or conversely of the intention to dispose from his/her personal
things.
The question about the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş culture footwear, about ideas and beliefs connected with it,
deserves special attention.
Culture (ChSM) includes metal and leather pendants
which by some morphological features can be considered as derivatives of the roman bulla. Bulla is a small
capsule pendant folded from two identical halves. It’s
assumed that bulla originated with the Etruscans in
the VIIth century BC. The bulla was later borrowed
by romans, who originally intended it for boys — the
children of aristocrats from the ninth day of birth to
14—16 years, until receiving the status of a Roman
citizen. Later the golden bulla lost the meaning of a
social marker and became mainly a property feature.
Content of bulla were parts of plants, animal bones,
pieces of textile, sand etc.
Derivatives of the Roman bulla in the ChSM Culture
have been found in next burial complexes (Barcea 139,
Bila 3, Cherneliv-Rus’kyi 96, Dumaniv 8, Sosnova 245),
leather bullas were found once (Legedzine 16). Besides,
two pendants-capsules were found on late Scythians Lower Dnieper cemetery Mykolaivka (burial 64,
grave 1), which contained ChSM Culture’s graves too.
Following observation deserves the attention. The capacity of one pendant from Pannonia is similar by decor
to clay knots, which were spread in many cultures, including ChSM Culture. They are interpreted as magic,
used for fortune-telling and similar to nasturtium seeds.
Contents of Chernyakhiv Culture’s «bullas» are unknown, but combination with another pendants-amulets certainly confirms the magical character of such
pendants.
Finally, metal bullae, cylindrical and flat cylindrical pendants-capsules continued their existence in the
early Middle Ages and as metal folding icons and leather incenses survived in orthodox church to this day
belt details, beads, pendants, rings, temple rings, bracelets, earrings, torcs. The latter five categories of finds are not numerous
and do not form series. Their inclusion in Chernyakhov costume is supposed to be a manifestation of foreign cultural
traditions and rules. The aim of this work is to find analogies to Chernyakhov’s finds of rare categories, to determine their
origin and to interpret the reason why they are found in the Chernyakhov area. The study allowed to conclude that, in fact, it
is impossible to establish the one reason why those rare categories of dress accessories could be found in the Chernyakhov
culture area. Some of them are trophies of Scythian wars, some are items popular with the Late Scythian, Sarmatian population
of Northern Black Sea region, and most of them are jewelry articles popular over a wide territory.
I.A. II.A. Bones of animals from inhumations and cremations in farewell meal’s role.
I.Б. Bones of animals from inhumations, who carries souls of the newly deceased or keepers.
I.В. Separate animal’s graves on cemeteries area can belonged by sacrifices.
II.Б. Bones of animals from cremations, in which human bones absented can mean sacrifices to Gods or replacement grave.
II.В. The uncalcined bones of animals together with calcified human bones from cremations, can be explained as residues of the funeral feast.
The differences were existed between composition of herd and animals, which meat used for farewell meal. In the herd of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture a cattle prevailed, while among farewell meal small cattle, hens and eggs. The differences in farewell meal depended on the preferences of the majority of the population of certain regions of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture area. The carriers of the Velbark Culture’s traditions preferred pork, the hellenized population of the Northern Black Sea region use meat horse as food. Besides, different peoples as part of the Chernykhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture had different attitudes towards the same animals.
Частина 1.