Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy s... more Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy sedentary overweight postmenopausal women is unknown. We investigated the role of leptin in cardiac health and whether aerobic fitness enhancement influences any relationships revealed between leptin and echocardiographic measurements.
Objective: Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function i... more Objective: Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy sedentary overweight postmenopausal women is unknown. We investigated the role of leptin in cardiac health and whether aerobic fitness enhancement ...
Introduction Despite a number of review article summarize the positive effect of physical exercis... more Introduction Despite a number of review article summarize the positive effect of physical exercise on the blood lipid profile, sometimes both literature and clinical practice report the inefficacy of physical exercise to improve plasma lipoprotein levels. Because of some studies indicated that the positive effect of physical exercise on blood lipid profile is related to its amount but not to its intensity, we investigated whether a right intervention should only control the physical exercise program or both physical exercise program and daily physical activity. Methods Forty-one sedentary postmenopausal women were enrolled for the study and were evaluated before and after 14 weeks of aerobic training. Blood was collected to measure out plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and both low and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL). Anthropometry and body composition analysis included the measurements of body weight and height, waist and hip circumferences and single freq...
Although many authors have been interested in the athlete's heart since the 1899, several asp... more Although many authors have been interested in the athlete's heart since the 1899, several aspects are still being debated. Among them, the issue concerning long-term morphologic and functional cardiac changes induced by vigorous physical activity can be considered of great importance. The aim of this study was to use Doppler echocardiography to evaluate the association of vigorous physical activity with morphologic and functional cardiac modification. A total of 30 healthy ex-professional athletes who had discontinued their activity at least 10 years previously, and 30 healthy subjects without a history of regular physical exercise were recruited for the study. Clinical examination, thorax radiography, routine laboratory tests and ergometric test were performed. Morphologic and functional cardiac modification were evaluated by using Doppler-echocardiography. Data were analysed by performing the Student's t-test for unpaired samples and the Kruskall-Wallis' test. Radiolog...
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology
Human aging is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, a debilitating condition which sets the ... more Human aging is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, a debilitating condition which sets the susceptibility for diseases that directly affect the quality of life and often limit life span. Sarcopenia, i.e. the reduction of muscle mass and/or function, is the consequence of a reduction of protein synthesis and an increase in muscle protein degradation. In addition, the capacity for muscle regeneration is severely impaired in aging and this can lead to disability, particularly in patients with other concomitant diseases or organ impairment. Immobility and lack of exercise, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, increased production of oxygen free radicals or impaired detoxification, low anabolic hormone output, malnutrition and reduced neurological drive have been advocated as being responsible for sarcopenia. It is intriguing to notice that multiple pathways converge on skeletal muscle dysfunction, but the factors involved sometimes diverge to different pathways, thus int...
Thirty athletes with muscular contractures were enrolled in a double-blind study of dantrolene so... more Thirty athletes with muscular contractures were enrolled in a double-blind study of dantrolene sodium and placebo to evaluate the decontracture activity and tolerance of the drug after eight days of treatment. The efficacy of the drug was assessed by studying pain at rest, during movement, and during pressure, as well as muscular tension and functional recovery. Twenty-eight patients completed the study. At the end of treatment, a decrease in pain was observed at rest (71.4% of patients treated with dantrolene and 21.4% of placebo-treated patients), during movement (78.6% and 35.7%, respectively), and during compression. The most noticeable effects were seen in the reduction of muscular tension (100% in the patients treated with dantrolene sodium and 35.7% in the placebo-treated patients) and in functional recovery (100% and 28%, respectively). In addition to the clinical study, an evaluation of the effects of dantrolene and placebo on overall performance and on the action of the re...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Jan 6, 2014
The use of high--intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely diffused as strategy to enhance aer... more The use of high--intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely diffused as strategy to enhance aerobic fitness and body composition. In order to offer a more complete training, resistance exercises have been added to HIIT (HIIRT). Aims of our study were to characterize both heart rate and hormonal responses elicited by three different protocols of HIIRT having the same exercises, the same load and number of repetitions for each exercise. Eight healthy trained men (28.61 ±3.51 yrs) performed three different workouts: exercise order, recovery and speed of execution were differently organized according to workout. Salivary samples were collected before and after each workout, at 11:00 p.m. and at 7:00 a.m. of the following day. Salive was also collected during a non--training day. Before and after the workout, plasma lactate was measured while a beat--to--beat heart rate recording was executed during each workout. Cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) were measured in salivary samples. RESU...
Executive functions are susceptible to age-related changes, and menopause has also been shown to ... more Executive functions are susceptible to age-related changes, and menopause has also been shown to be linked with their decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variables related to executive functions in postmenopausal women not involved in controlled dietary and physical exercise programs and without hormone-replacement therapy. Fifty-seven women (58.39 ±4.16 yr) were investigated for their medical history, blood lipids, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body composition, blood pressure, executive functions (Digit Span and Trail Making tests), maximal aerobic capacity, dietary habits, and spontaneous physical activity. Cluster analysis performed on the basal data of the Digit Span scores and Trail Making tests identified two subgroups: Group A (N.=24) that showed better executive functions than Group B (N.=33). Although these subgroups differed across several variables of body composition, plasma lipids, dietary habits, spontaneous physical activity, aerobic fitness,...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
The relationship between female body composition, total energy expenditure and physical exercise ... more The relationship between female body composition, total energy expenditure and physical exercise energy expenditure is not very strong because women can compensate by increasing their energy intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between total minutes of exercise per week, dietary habits and body composition in female university students using physical activity and the habit to cook as covariates. Fifty-one female university students were investigated for body composition, dietary habits, aerobic fitness, physical activity and physical exercise practice. Participants were grouped in three sub-samples (1, 2 and 3) according to the 33rd and 66th percentiles of weekly minutes (min/wk) of training. Group 1 had 0.00 min/wk, group 2 had 95±35.59 min/wk and group 3 had 231.66±85.97 min/wk of training. Sub-samples did not differ for IPAQ parameters while differed for aerobic fitness (P=0.001). Group 3 had a higher energy intake (EI) (P=0.008), a higher intake of l...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
Post-menopause is linked to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Physical exer... more Post-menopause is linked to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise and healthy dietary habits are normally suggested to enhance health. The aim of this study was to verify whether the time of day of walking had different effects on both spontaneous dietary intake and body composition modification in overweight and sedentary post-menopausal women. Forty-two sedentary post-menopausal women (53.46+/-3.32 yrs) were recruited. Thirty-three completed the study: 29 were suitable for statistical analysis. Of those, 14 walked in the morning (MG) and 15 in the early evening (EG). Body composition, dietary habits and predicted VO2max were investigated. Food intake was analysed for energy, macronutrients and daily distribution. The Mann-Whitney test showed that according to the time of day of walking there were different fat mass (FM) reductions and dietary behaviour responses. EG reduced FM greater than MG and showed a major increase in morning energy intake ...
Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunità
The present survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, ... more The present survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, their correlation and the association with gender, age and provenience, in the pediatric population of Pescara province, Italy. During the academic year 2001-2002, the body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure of 15.612 scholars aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.9), coming from all province schools, have been measured. Two scales have been used to define obesity and overweight status (one developed by the National Center for Health Statistics--NCHS--the other by Cacciari et al.); while hypertension has been attributed using National Institute of Health curves. Several multiple logistic regression models have been fitted to analyze data. According to NCHS standards, the prevalence of childhood and adolescence overweight and obesity was, respectively, 40.6% and 19.5%. Using curves by Cacciari, the prevalence were 33.3% and 7.7%. Hypertensive subjects were 11.1%. With both scales, the prevalence o...
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Waist circumference (WC) and excess body fat are important predictors of mor... more ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Waist circumference (WC) and excess body fat are important predictors of morbidity and mortality because linked with insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since heart rate recovery (HRR) is an independent risk factor for CVD and mortality, we investigated its association with Metabolic Syndrome. METHODS: We investigated WC and body fat at rest and HRR after a standardized graded cycle stress test in 10 untrained lean healthy men (mean age 42.2±5.5) and in 10 untrained men with Metabolic Syndrome: insulin resistance, essential hypertension and WC �102 cm were requested (mean age 44.8±4.8). Criterions of inclusion have also been the absence of pharmacological treatments influencing heart rate. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis showed that the HHR decreased significantly with the severity of WC (P=.000) and of FAT% (P=.000) only in men with Metabolic Syndrome. There was not significative difference between two groups in heart rate at rest. CONCLUSION: If the poor HRR strongly predict CVD and mortality, the inverse relation among waist circumference, fat and HRR suggest the necessity to weight loss for improving heart health in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.
Abstract Introduction: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become routine during cardiac ... more Abstract Introduction: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become routine during cardiac surgery for evaluation of cardiac function and valve morphology prior and after repair of cardiac disease. Major complications of TOE are reported to be rare, ...
Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society, 2012
Because physical exercise has been widely used for primary and secondary preventions of cardiomet... more Because physical exercise has been widely used for primary and secondary preventions of cardiometabolic diseases arising with menopause, the aim of our study was to determine whether participation in aerobic physical exercise is linked to the modification of spontaneous physical activity and whether this compensation affects aerobic training-related body adaptations. Both before and after a 13-week walking training program, 34 postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age, 55.89 ± 3.57 y) were analyzed for lipids, adipokines, glucose, and insulin plasma levels, as well as for body measures, heart rate and blood pressure at rest, maximal aerobic capacity, total daily energy expenditure, mean intensity of daily physical activities, and time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents. Aerobic training induced significant reductions in body mass, body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, basal cardiac double product, plasma glucose, leptin, and resistin. Aerobic fitness, the reserve of the cardiac double product, and the quantitative insulin sensitivity index were significantly improved. Cluster analysis of the variations in the total daily energy expenditure, the mean intensity of daily physical activities, and the time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents identified two subgroups: one showed reduced spontaneous physical activity (GROUP-), whereas the other did not (GROUP+). The subgroups differed significantly only for plasma lipid variation. GROUP+ showed significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, whereas GROUP- did not show significantly modified plasma lipids. In postmenopause, participation in a program of aerobic physical exercise can result in a reduction of spontaneous physical activity, which inhibits the positive effects of the aerobic exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1990
The effects of L-carnitine administration on maximal exercise capacity were studied in a double-b... more The effects of L-carnitine administration on maximal exercise capacity were studied in a double-blind, cross-over trial on ten moderately trained young men. A quantity of 2 g of L-carnitine or a placebo were administered orally in random order to these subjects 1 h before they began exercise on a cycle ergometer. Exercise intensity was increased by 50-W increments every 3 min until they became exhausted. After 72-h recovery, the same exercise regime was repeated but this time the subjects, who had previously received L-carnitine, were now given the placebo and vice versa. The results showed that at the maximal exercise intensity, treatment with L-carnitine significantly increased both maximal oxygen uptake, and power output. Moreover, at similar exercise intensities in the L-carnitine trial oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary ventilation and plasma lactate were reduced. It is concluded that under these experimental conditions pretreatment with L-carnitine favoured aerobic processes resulting in a more efficient performance. Possible mechanisms producing this effect are discussed.
Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy s... more Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy sedentary overweight postmenopausal women is unknown. We investigated the role of leptin in cardiac health and whether aerobic fitness enhancement influences any relationships revealed between leptin and echocardiographic measurements.
Objective: Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function i... more Objective: Whether leptin has positive or negative influences on cardiac structure and function in healthy sedentary overweight postmenopausal women is unknown. We investigated the role of leptin in cardiac health and whether aerobic fitness enhancement ...
Introduction Despite a number of review article summarize the positive effect of physical exercis... more Introduction Despite a number of review article summarize the positive effect of physical exercise on the blood lipid profile, sometimes both literature and clinical practice report the inefficacy of physical exercise to improve plasma lipoprotein levels. Because of some studies indicated that the positive effect of physical exercise on blood lipid profile is related to its amount but not to its intensity, we investigated whether a right intervention should only control the physical exercise program or both physical exercise program and daily physical activity. Methods Forty-one sedentary postmenopausal women were enrolled for the study and were evaluated before and after 14 weeks of aerobic training. Blood was collected to measure out plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and both low and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL). Anthropometry and body composition analysis included the measurements of body weight and height, waist and hip circumferences and single freq...
Although many authors have been interested in the athlete's heart since the 1899, several asp... more Although many authors have been interested in the athlete's heart since the 1899, several aspects are still being debated. Among them, the issue concerning long-term morphologic and functional cardiac changes induced by vigorous physical activity can be considered of great importance. The aim of this study was to use Doppler echocardiography to evaluate the association of vigorous physical activity with morphologic and functional cardiac modification. A total of 30 healthy ex-professional athletes who had discontinued their activity at least 10 years previously, and 30 healthy subjects without a history of regular physical exercise were recruited for the study. Clinical examination, thorax radiography, routine laboratory tests and ergometric test were performed. Morphologic and functional cardiac modification were evaluated by using Doppler-echocardiography. Data were analysed by performing the Student's t-test for unpaired samples and the Kruskall-Wallis' test. Radiolog...
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology
Human aging is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, a debilitating condition which sets the ... more Human aging is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, a debilitating condition which sets the susceptibility for diseases that directly affect the quality of life and often limit life span. Sarcopenia, i.e. the reduction of muscle mass and/or function, is the consequence of a reduction of protein synthesis and an increase in muscle protein degradation. In addition, the capacity for muscle regeneration is severely impaired in aging and this can lead to disability, particularly in patients with other concomitant diseases or organ impairment. Immobility and lack of exercise, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, increased production of oxygen free radicals or impaired detoxification, low anabolic hormone output, malnutrition and reduced neurological drive have been advocated as being responsible for sarcopenia. It is intriguing to notice that multiple pathways converge on skeletal muscle dysfunction, but the factors involved sometimes diverge to different pathways, thus int...
Thirty athletes with muscular contractures were enrolled in a double-blind study of dantrolene so... more Thirty athletes with muscular contractures were enrolled in a double-blind study of dantrolene sodium and placebo to evaluate the decontracture activity and tolerance of the drug after eight days of treatment. The efficacy of the drug was assessed by studying pain at rest, during movement, and during pressure, as well as muscular tension and functional recovery. Twenty-eight patients completed the study. At the end of treatment, a decrease in pain was observed at rest (71.4% of patients treated with dantrolene and 21.4% of placebo-treated patients), during movement (78.6% and 35.7%, respectively), and during compression. The most noticeable effects were seen in the reduction of muscular tension (100% in the patients treated with dantrolene sodium and 35.7% in the placebo-treated patients) and in functional recovery (100% and 28%, respectively). In addition to the clinical study, an evaluation of the effects of dantrolene and placebo on overall performance and on the action of the re...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Jan 6, 2014
The use of high--intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely diffused as strategy to enhance aer... more The use of high--intensity interval training (HIIT) is widely diffused as strategy to enhance aerobic fitness and body composition. In order to offer a more complete training, resistance exercises have been added to HIIT (HIIRT). Aims of our study were to characterize both heart rate and hormonal responses elicited by three different protocols of HIIRT having the same exercises, the same load and number of repetitions for each exercise. Eight healthy trained men (28.61 ±3.51 yrs) performed three different workouts: exercise order, recovery and speed of execution were differently organized according to workout. Salivary samples were collected before and after each workout, at 11:00 p.m. and at 7:00 a.m. of the following day. Salive was also collected during a non--training day. Before and after the workout, plasma lactate was measured while a beat--to--beat heart rate recording was executed during each workout. Cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) were measured in salivary samples. RESU...
Executive functions are susceptible to age-related changes, and menopause has also been shown to ... more Executive functions are susceptible to age-related changes, and menopause has also been shown to be linked with their decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variables related to executive functions in postmenopausal women not involved in controlled dietary and physical exercise programs and without hormone-replacement therapy. Fifty-seven women (58.39 ±4.16 yr) were investigated for their medical history, blood lipids, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body composition, blood pressure, executive functions (Digit Span and Trail Making tests), maximal aerobic capacity, dietary habits, and spontaneous physical activity. Cluster analysis performed on the basal data of the Digit Span scores and Trail Making tests identified two subgroups: Group A (N.=24) that showed better executive functions than Group B (N.=33). Although these subgroups differed across several variables of body composition, plasma lipids, dietary habits, spontaneous physical activity, aerobic fitness,...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
The relationship between female body composition, total energy expenditure and physical exercise ... more The relationship between female body composition, total energy expenditure and physical exercise energy expenditure is not very strong because women can compensate by increasing their energy intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between total minutes of exercise per week, dietary habits and body composition in female university students using physical activity and the habit to cook as covariates. Fifty-one female university students were investigated for body composition, dietary habits, aerobic fitness, physical activity and physical exercise practice. Participants were grouped in three sub-samples (1, 2 and 3) according to the 33rd and 66th percentiles of weekly minutes (min/wk) of training. Group 1 had 0.00 min/wk, group 2 had 95±35.59 min/wk and group 3 had 231.66±85.97 min/wk of training. Sub-samples did not differ for IPAQ parameters while differed for aerobic fitness (P=0.001). Group 3 had a higher energy intake (EI) (P=0.008), a higher intake of l...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2010
Post-menopause is linked to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Physical exer... more Post-menopause is linked to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise and healthy dietary habits are normally suggested to enhance health. The aim of this study was to verify whether the time of day of walking had different effects on both spontaneous dietary intake and body composition modification in overweight and sedentary post-menopausal women. Forty-two sedentary post-menopausal women (53.46+/-3.32 yrs) were recruited. Thirty-three completed the study: 29 were suitable for statistical analysis. Of those, 14 walked in the morning (MG) and 15 in the early evening (EG). Body composition, dietary habits and predicted VO2max were investigated. Food intake was analysed for energy, macronutrients and daily distribution. The Mann-Whitney test showed that according to the time of day of walking there were different fat mass (FM) reductions and dietary behaviour responses. EG reduced FM greater than MG and showed a major increase in morning energy intake ...
Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunità
The present survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, ... more The present survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, their correlation and the association with gender, age and provenience, in the pediatric population of Pescara province, Italy. During the academic year 2001-2002, the body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure of 15.612 scholars aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.9), coming from all province schools, have been measured. Two scales have been used to define obesity and overweight status (one developed by the National Center for Health Statistics--NCHS--the other by Cacciari et al.); while hypertension has been attributed using National Institute of Health curves. Several multiple logistic regression models have been fitted to analyze data. According to NCHS standards, the prevalence of childhood and adolescence overweight and obesity was, respectively, 40.6% and 19.5%. Using curves by Cacciari, the prevalence were 33.3% and 7.7%. Hypertensive subjects were 11.1%. With both scales, the prevalence o...
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Waist circumference (WC) and excess body fat are important predictors of mor... more ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Waist circumference (WC) and excess body fat are important predictors of morbidity and mortality because linked with insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since heart rate recovery (HRR) is an independent risk factor for CVD and mortality, we investigated its association with Metabolic Syndrome. METHODS: We investigated WC and body fat at rest and HRR after a standardized graded cycle stress test in 10 untrained lean healthy men (mean age 42.2±5.5) and in 10 untrained men with Metabolic Syndrome: insulin resistance, essential hypertension and WC �102 cm were requested (mean age 44.8±4.8). Criterions of inclusion have also been the absence of pharmacological treatments influencing heart rate. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis showed that the HHR decreased significantly with the severity of WC (P=.000) and of FAT% (P=.000) only in men with Metabolic Syndrome. There was not significative difference between two groups in heart rate at rest. CONCLUSION: If the poor HRR strongly predict CVD and mortality, the inverse relation among waist circumference, fat and HRR suggest the necessity to weight loss for improving heart health in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome.
Abstract Introduction: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become routine during cardiac ... more Abstract Introduction: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) has become routine during cardiac surgery for evaluation of cardiac function and valve morphology prior and after repair of cardiac disease. Major complications of TOE are reported to be rare, ...
Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society, 2012
Because physical exercise has been widely used for primary and secondary preventions of cardiomet... more Because physical exercise has been widely used for primary and secondary preventions of cardiometabolic diseases arising with menopause, the aim of our study was to determine whether participation in aerobic physical exercise is linked to the modification of spontaneous physical activity and whether this compensation affects aerobic training-related body adaptations. Both before and after a 13-week walking training program, 34 postmenopausal women (mean ± SD age, 55.89 ± 3.57 y) were analyzed for lipids, adipokines, glucose, and insulin plasma levels, as well as for body measures, heart rate and blood pressure at rest, maximal aerobic capacity, total daily energy expenditure, mean intensity of daily physical activities, and time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents. Aerobic training induced significant reductions in body mass, body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, basal cardiac double product, plasma glucose, leptin, and resistin. Aerobic fitness, the reserve of the cardiac double product, and the quantitative insulin sensitivity index were significantly improved. Cluster analysis of the variations in the total daily energy expenditure, the mean intensity of daily physical activities, and the time and energy spent on physical activities with an intensity of more than three metabolic equivalents identified two subgroups: one showed reduced spontaneous physical activity (GROUP-), whereas the other did not (GROUP+). The subgroups differed significantly only for plasma lipid variation. GROUP+ showed significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, whereas GROUP- did not show significantly modified plasma lipids. In postmenopause, participation in a program of aerobic physical exercise can result in a reduction of spontaneous physical activity, which inhibits the positive effects of the aerobic exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1990
The effects of L-carnitine administration on maximal exercise capacity were studied in a double-b... more The effects of L-carnitine administration on maximal exercise capacity were studied in a double-blind, cross-over trial on ten moderately trained young men. A quantity of 2 g of L-carnitine or a placebo were administered orally in random order to these subjects 1 h before they began exercise on a cycle ergometer. Exercise intensity was increased by 50-W increments every 3 min until they became exhausted. After 72-h recovery, the same exercise regime was repeated but this time the subjects, who had previously received L-carnitine, were now given the placebo and vice versa. The results showed that at the maximal exercise intensity, treatment with L-carnitine significantly increased both maximal oxygen uptake, and power output. Moreover, at similar exercise intensities in the L-carnitine trial oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary ventilation and plasma lactate were reduced. It is concluded that under these experimental conditions pretreatment with L-carnitine favoured aerobic processes resulting in a more efficient performance. Possible mechanisms producing this effect are discussed.
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