... European Journal of Applied Physiology 102:325-333 5. Madeleine P, Mathiassen SE, Arendt-Niel... more ... European Journal of Applied Physiology 102:325-333 5. Madeleine P, Mathiassen SE, Arendt-Nielsen L (2008) Change in ... Author: Charles Pontonnier Institute: Center of Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology Street: Frederiks Bajers ...
2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom), 2012
ABSTRACT This article deals with the proper design of a digital mock-up (DMU) to be used in an ex... more ABSTRACT This article deals with the proper design of a digital mock-up (DMU) to be used in an experimentation comparing simulated assembly tasks in real and virtual environment. Motivations and specifications relative to the experimentation are described, and the design processing of the DMU is explained and illustrated. Particularly focusing on specificities relative to the use of a DMU as a support for both manufacturing and virtual reality - 3D visualisation and interaction, recommendations are proposed. A subjective evaluation of the Real (RE), Virtual (VE), and Virtual with Force Feedback (VEF) environments is provided. Results indicate a real sensory and difficulty gap between RE and VEF, whereas a smaller difference was observed between VE and RE. Further improvements of scale-1 (the objects in VE have the same size as in the real environment), co-localized simulation using haptic devices are warranted to fill in this gap. Results also highlight the impact of cognition and sensory feedback on user's feeling and presence sensation. VE evaluation of newly designed workstation will be a way in the future to improve design and users learning processes.
Introduction: Evaluation of structural variability in biological time series through measures suc... more Introduction: Evaluation of structural variability in biological time series through measures such as sample entropy (SaEn) has provided important information in neurology and cardiology. This has contributed to the development of the "loss of complexity hypothesis" where high variability has been described as healthy flexibility and low variability associated with pathology. The purpose of this study was to calculate sample entropy (SaEn) to establish normal values of non-linear variability and to examine which factors are associated with SaEn in midfoot kinematics. METHOD: Static foot posture was measured using Foot Posture Index. A video sequence analysis system was used to quantify midfoot kinematics during walking in the sagittal plane. SaEn was calculated for navicular drop during stand phase as an expression of the dynamic complexity. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between the three major foot types and between genders (p<0.001). Mean SaEn in wome...
Despite biomechanical differences between walking, running, and cycling, these types of movement ... more Despite biomechanical differences between walking, running, and cycling, these types of movement are supposedly generated by shared neural networks. According to this hypothesis, we investigated relationships between movement frequencies in these tasks as well as effects of strength training on locomotion behaviour. The movement frequencies during walking, running, and cycling were 58.1±2.6stridesmin(-1), 81.3±4.4stridesmin(-1), and 77.2±11.5revolutionsmin(-1), respectively (n=27). Stride frequencies in walking and running correlated positively (r=0.72, p<0.001) while no significant correlations were found between stride frequencies during walking and running, respectively, and pedalling frequency (r=0.16, p=0.219 and r=0.04, p=0.424). Potential changes in the freely chosen stride frequencies and stride phase characteristics were also investigated during walking and running through 4 weeks of (i) hip extension strength training (n=9), (ii) hip flexion strength training (n=9), and...
2008 First International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies, 2008
ABSTRACT Estimating MI information between trapezius muscle parts in four regions during standard... more ABSTRACT Estimating MI information between trapezius muscle parts in four regions during standardized computer work for 12 male subjects revealed clavicular part can be investigated beside descending part because they were even less associated with each other than other neighboring parts in trapezius. More profound investigation of muscular activity focusing on upper trapezius during computer work is recommended.
The effect of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on arm motor control is poorly understood... more The effect of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on arm motor control is poorly understood. This exploratory study compared movement kinematics in a repetitive high-precision pipetting task with and without additional concurrent cognitive demands in the form of instructions necessary to locate the correct target tube. Thirty-five healthy female subjects performed a standardized pipetting task, transferring liquid repeatedly from one pick-up tube to different target tubes. In the reference condition, lights indicated the target tube in each movement cycle, while the target tube had to be deciphered from a row and column number on a computer screen in the condition with additional cognitive demands. Kinematics of the dominant arm was assessed using the central tendency and variability of the pipette-tip end-point trajectory and joint kinematics properties of the shoulder and elbow. Movements slowed down (lower velocities and higher area under the movement curves) and trajectory...
The design of an industrial workstation tends to include ergonomic assessment steps based on a di... more The design of an industrial workstation tends to include ergonomic assessment steps based on a digital mock-up and a virtual reality setup. Lack of interaction and system fidelity is often reported as a main issue in such virtual reality applications. This limitation is a crucial issue as thorough ergonomic analysis is required for an investigation of the biomechanics. In the current study, we investigated the biomechanical responses of the shoulder joint in a simulated assembly task for comparison with the biomechanical responses in virtual environments. Sixteen male healthy novice subjects performed the task on three different platforms: real (RE), virtual (VE), and virtual environment with force feedback (VEF) with low and high precision demands. The subjects repeated the task 12 times (i.e., 12 cycles). High density electromyography from the upper trapezius and rotation angles of the shoulder joint were recorded and split into the cycles. The angular trajectories and velocity pr...
The aim of this study was to investigate the between-day reliability of the trapezius muscle H-re... more The aim of this study was to investigate the between-day reliability of the trapezius muscle H-reflex and M-wave. Sixteen healthy subjects were studied on 2 consecutive days. Trapezius muscle H-reflexes were evoked by electrical stimulation of the C3/4 cervical nerves; M-waves were evoked by electrical stimulation of the accessory nerve. Relative reliability was estimated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC2,1 ). Absolute reliability was estimated by computing the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the smallest real difference (SRD). Bland-Altman plots were constructed to detect any systematic bias. Variables showed substantial to excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.70-0.99). The relative SEM ranged from 1.4% to 34.8%; relative SRD ranged from 3.8% to 96.5%. No systematic bias was present in the data. The amplitude and latency of the trapezius muscle H-reflex and M-wave in healthy young subjects can be measured reliably across days. This article is protected by cop...
Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 2014
Functional shoulder assessments require the use of objective and reliable standardized outcome me... more Functional shoulder assessments require the use of objective and reliable standardized outcome measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the between-day reliability of a hand-held dynamometer when measuring muscle strength during flexion, abduction, and internal and external rotation as well as surface electromyography (EMG) when measuring muscle activity from m. trapezius superior and deltoideus anterior. Twenty-four healthy subjects participated and performed four isometric contractions measured with a hand-held dynamometer and EMG. Both relative and absolute reliability were calculated based on the mean of the last three of the four repetitions. EMG amplitude was assessed calculating both absolute and normalized root-mean-square (RMS) values. The reliability of the hand-held dynamometer was high (LOA=3.2-7.6% and ICC=0.89-0.98). The absolute reliability for EMG showed similar results for absolute RMS values (LOA=20.0-68.4%) and normalized RMS values (LOA=42.4-66.5...
Changes in voluntary rhythmic leg movement characteristics of freely chosen cadence (reflecting m... more Changes in voluntary rhythmic leg movement characteristics of freely chosen cadence (reflecting movement frequency) and tangential pedal force profile (reflecting movement pattern) were investigated during 4weeks of (i) heavy hip extension strength training (HET, n=9), (ii) heavy hip flexion strength training (HFT, n=9), and (iii) no intervention (CON, n=9). Training consisted of three 5RM-10RM sets per session, with two sessions/week. Submaximal ergometer cycling was performed before the training period (pretest) and after every week of training (test A1, A2, A3, and posttest). Strength increased by on average 25% in HET and 33% in HFT. Freely chosen cadence was only changed in HET, occurring already after 1week of training. Thus, percentage reductions of cadence in HET at test A1, A2, A3, and posttest, with respect to the pretest value, amounted for maximally on average 17%, or 14rpm, and were larger than the corresponding changes in CON (p=.037). Percentage increases in minimum t...
Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 mi... more Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce muscle soreness. The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. Exposure variation analysis (EVA) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing more than 80% of variance, first eight components for EVA marginal distributions and first four ones for EVA centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole EVA amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in EVA marginal distribution. However, a signif...
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2011
We hypothesized changes in the spatial organization of the trapezius muscle electromyographic (EM... more We hypothesized changes in the spatial organization of the trapezius muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity after a shoulder eccentric exercise. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), the size of the soreness area, maximum force and, EMG from the upper, middle and lower trapezius were recorded. Root mean square (RMS), mean frequency (MNF) and normalized mutual information (a measure of functional connectivity between muscle sub-divisions) were computed during submaximal dynamic and static contractions performed before, immediately after and 24 h after exercise. Immediately after exercise, RPE, soreness area, RMS from the upper and middle trapezius and normalized mutual information among upper-middle sub-divisions increased while MNF decreased for the middle trapezius (P<0.05). After 24 h, the maximum force decreased. RMS from the upper trapezius and normalized mutual information among upper-middle trapezius sub-divisions were higher than before exercise. MNF values increased from...
Gender differences in pain habituation, temporal summation, and pressure hyperalgesia evoked by r... more Gender differences in pain habituation, temporal summation, and pressure hyperalgesia evoked by repeated injections of glutamate into the dominant trapezius muscle were investigated. The glutamate-evoked muscle pain intensity and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed. The PPTs were measured bilaterally in the trapezius muscles (local pain area) and posterolateral neck muscles (referred pain area) after glutamate injection in healthy and age-matched males and females (each n=14). Two glutamate injections (0.4 ml, 2M each) were injected with an interval of 5 min. One injection of glutamate (0.4 ml, 2M) served as a control. Males, but not females, rated the second injection (maximal pain intensity) significantly less painful than the first injection. The area under the visual analogue scale pain curve of the second injection was significantly larger than the first injection in females. Repeated glutamate injections, but not one-glutamate injection, significantly decreased PPTs in...
International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2003
The purpose of this prospective laboratory study was to follow newly employed workers in the fish... more The purpose of this prospective laboratory study was to follow newly employed workers in the fish or poultry industry for 6 months and investigate possible changes in sensory manifestations and motor performance during low load, repetitive work simulation. It was investigated whether the changes were an effect of employment duration and of development of neck-shoulder complaints. Twelve newly employed female filleting employees without any sign of neck-shoulder tenderness/pain at the time of employment of 0 months took part in two laboratory recording sessions planned within 1 month of employment and after 6 months of employment at the plant. After 6 months, six workers out of 12 had developed pain and/or tenderness in the neck-shoulder region. The recording sessions evaluated sensory-motor aspects by measuring pressure pain threshold, work-task timing, cutting forces, surface electromyographic activity of four shoulder muscles, displacement of the centre of pressure, and 3D movemen...
The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 2014
Prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind intervention trial. Shock-absorbing insoles (SAI... more Prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind intervention trial. Shock-absorbing insoles (SAIs), compared with usual insoles, were hypothesized to result in larger increases in pressure pain threshold (PPT) after 3 weeks of use. Shock-absorbing insoles can decrease self-reported pain among young soccer players training on artificial turf. However, nothing is known about the underlying changes in pain sensitivity assessed by PPT. Methods Seventy-five players were included from the youth teams of under 15, under 17, and under 19 years of age, playing for the Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB) professional sports club. After a randomization stratified by team and age, players were divided into 2 groups, one that received SAIs and a control group that used their usual insoles. Assessments were made in both groups after 3 weeks of training on artificial turf (baseline) and 3 weeks later (follow-up). The primary outcome was change in PPTs from baseline to follow-up, with PPTs measured over 13...
... European Journal of Applied Physiology 102:325-333 5. Madeleine P, Mathiassen SE, Arendt-Niel... more ... European Journal of Applied Physiology 102:325-333 5. Madeleine P, Mathiassen SE, Arendt-Nielsen L (2008) Change in ... Author: Charles Pontonnier Institute: Center of Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology Street: Frederiks Bajers ...
2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom), 2012
ABSTRACT This article deals with the proper design of a digital mock-up (DMU) to be used in an ex... more ABSTRACT This article deals with the proper design of a digital mock-up (DMU) to be used in an experimentation comparing simulated assembly tasks in real and virtual environment. Motivations and specifications relative to the experimentation are described, and the design processing of the DMU is explained and illustrated. Particularly focusing on specificities relative to the use of a DMU as a support for both manufacturing and virtual reality - 3D visualisation and interaction, recommendations are proposed. A subjective evaluation of the Real (RE), Virtual (VE), and Virtual with Force Feedback (VEF) environments is provided. Results indicate a real sensory and difficulty gap between RE and VEF, whereas a smaller difference was observed between VE and RE. Further improvements of scale-1 (the objects in VE have the same size as in the real environment), co-localized simulation using haptic devices are warranted to fill in this gap. Results also highlight the impact of cognition and sensory feedback on user&#39;s feeling and presence sensation. VE evaluation of newly designed workstation will be a way in the future to improve design and users learning processes.
Introduction: Evaluation of structural variability in biological time series through measures suc... more Introduction: Evaluation of structural variability in biological time series through measures such as sample entropy (SaEn) has provided important information in neurology and cardiology. This has contributed to the development of the "loss of complexity hypothesis" where high variability has been described as healthy flexibility and low variability associated with pathology. The purpose of this study was to calculate sample entropy (SaEn) to establish normal values of non-linear variability and to examine which factors are associated with SaEn in midfoot kinematics. METHOD: Static foot posture was measured using Foot Posture Index. A video sequence analysis system was used to quantify midfoot kinematics during walking in the sagittal plane. SaEn was calculated for navicular drop during stand phase as an expression of the dynamic complexity. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between the three major foot types and between genders (p<0.001). Mean SaEn in wome...
Despite biomechanical differences between walking, running, and cycling, these types of movement ... more Despite biomechanical differences between walking, running, and cycling, these types of movement are supposedly generated by shared neural networks. According to this hypothesis, we investigated relationships between movement frequencies in these tasks as well as effects of strength training on locomotion behaviour. The movement frequencies during walking, running, and cycling were 58.1±2.6stridesmin(-1), 81.3±4.4stridesmin(-1), and 77.2±11.5revolutionsmin(-1), respectively (n=27). Stride frequencies in walking and running correlated positively (r=0.72, p<0.001) while no significant correlations were found between stride frequencies during walking and running, respectively, and pedalling frequency (r=0.16, p=0.219 and r=0.04, p=0.424). Potential changes in the freely chosen stride frequencies and stride phase characteristics were also investigated during walking and running through 4 weeks of (i) hip extension strength training (n=9), (ii) hip flexion strength training (n=9), and...
2008 First International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies, 2008
ABSTRACT Estimating MI information between trapezius muscle parts in four regions during standard... more ABSTRACT Estimating MI information between trapezius muscle parts in four regions during standardized computer work for 12 male subjects revealed clavicular part can be investigated beside descending part because they were even less associated with each other than other neighboring parts in trapezius. More profound investigation of muscular activity focusing on upper trapezius during computer work is recommended.
The effect of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on arm motor control is poorly understood... more The effect of concurrent physical and cognitive demands on arm motor control is poorly understood. This exploratory study compared movement kinematics in a repetitive high-precision pipetting task with and without additional concurrent cognitive demands in the form of instructions necessary to locate the correct target tube. Thirty-five healthy female subjects performed a standardized pipetting task, transferring liquid repeatedly from one pick-up tube to different target tubes. In the reference condition, lights indicated the target tube in each movement cycle, while the target tube had to be deciphered from a row and column number on a computer screen in the condition with additional cognitive demands. Kinematics of the dominant arm was assessed using the central tendency and variability of the pipette-tip end-point trajectory and joint kinematics properties of the shoulder and elbow. Movements slowed down (lower velocities and higher area under the movement curves) and trajectory...
The design of an industrial workstation tends to include ergonomic assessment steps based on a di... more The design of an industrial workstation tends to include ergonomic assessment steps based on a digital mock-up and a virtual reality setup. Lack of interaction and system fidelity is often reported as a main issue in such virtual reality applications. This limitation is a crucial issue as thorough ergonomic analysis is required for an investigation of the biomechanics. In the current study, we investigated the biomechanical responses of the shoulder joint in a simulated assembly task for comparison with the biomechanical responses in virtual environments. Sixteen male healthy novice subjects performed the task on three different platforms: real (RE), virtual (VE), and virtual environment with force feedback (VEF) with low and high precision demands. The subjects repeated the task 12 times (i.e., 12 cycles). High density electromyography from the upper trapezius and rotation angles of the shoulder joint were recorded and split into the cycles. The angular trajectories and velocity pr...
The aim of this study was to investigate the between-day reliability of the trapezius muscle H-re... more The aim of this study was to investigate the between-day reliability of the trapezius muscle H-reflex and M-wave. Sixteen healthy subjects were studied on 2 consecutive days. Trapezius muscle H-reflexes were evoked by electrical stimulation of the C3/4 cervical nerves; M-waves were evoked by electrical stimulation of the accessory nerve. Relative reliability was estimated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC2,1 ). Absolute reliability was estimated by computing the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the smallest real difference (SRD). Bland-Altman plots were constructed to detect any systematic bias. Variables showed substantial to excellent relative reliability (ICC = 0.70-0.99). The relative SEM ranged from 1.4% to 34.8%; relative SRD ranged from 3.8% to 96.5%. No systematic bias was present in the data. The amplitude and latency of the trapezius muscle H-reflex and M-wave in healthy young subjects can be measured reliably across days. This article is protected by cop...
Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 2014
Functional shoulder assessments require the use of objective and reliable standardized outcome me... more Functional shoulder assessments require the use of objective and reliable standardized outcome measures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the between-day reliability of a hand-held dynamometer when measuring muscle strength during flexion, abduction, and internal and external rotation as well as surface electromyography (EMG) when measuring muscle activity from m. trapezius superior and deltoideus anterior. Twenty-four healthy subjects participated and performed four isometric contractions measured with a hand-held dynamometer and EMG. Both relative and absolute reliability were calculated based on the mean of the last three of the four repetitions. EMG amplitude was assessed calculating both absolute and normalized root-mean-square (RMS) values. The reliability of the hand-held dynamometer was high (LOA=3.2-7.6% and ICC=0.89-0.98). The absolute reliability for EMG showed similar results for absolute RMS values (LOA=20.0-68.4%) and normalized RMS values (LOA=42.4-66.5...
Changes in voluntary rhythmic leg movement characteristics of freely chosen cadence (reflecting m... more Changes in voluntary rhythmic leg movement characteristics of freely chosen cadence (reflecting movement frequency) and tangential pedal force profile (reflecting movement pattern) were investigated during 4weeks of (i) heavy hip extension strength training (HET, n=9), (ii) heavy hip flexion strength training (HFT, n=9), and (iii) no intervention (CON, n=9). Training consisted of three 5RM-10RM sets per session, with two sessions/week. Submaximal ergometer cycling was performed before the training period (pretest) and after every week of training (test A1, A2, A3, and posttest). Strength increased by on average 25% in HET and 33% in HFT. Freely chosen cadence was only changed in HET, occurring already after 1week of training. Thus, percentage reductions of cadence in HET at test A1, A2, A3, and posttest, with respect to the pretest value, amounted for maximally on average 17%, or 14rpm, and were larger than the corresponding changes in CON (p=.037). Percentage increases in minimum t...
Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 mi... more Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce muscle soreness. The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. Exposure variation analysis (EVA) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing more than 80% of variance, first eight components for EVA marginal distributions and first four ones for EVA centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole EVA amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in EVA marginal distribution. However, a signif...
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2011
We hypothesized changes in the spatial organization of the trapezius muscle electromyographic (EM... more We hypothesized changes in the spatial organization of the trapezius muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity after a shoulder eccentric exercise. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), the size of the soreness area, maximum force and, EMG from the upper, middle and lower trapezius were recorded. Root mean square (RMS), mean frequency (MNF) and normalized mutual information (a measure of functional connectivity between muscle sub-divisions) were computed during submaximal dynamic and static contractions performed before, immediately after and 24 h after exercise. Immediately after exercise, RPE, soreness area, RMS from the upper and middle trapezius and normalized mutual information among upper-middle sub-divisions increased while MNF decreased for the middle trapezius (P<0.05). After 24 h, the maximum force decreased. RMS from the upper trapezius and normalized mutual information among upper-middle trapezius sub-divisions were higher than before exercise. MNF values increased from...
Gender differences in pain habituation, temporal summation, and pressure hyperalgesia evoked by r... more Gender differences in pain habituation, temporal summation, and pressure hyperalgesia evoked by repeated injections of glutamate into the dominant trapezius muscle were investigated. The glutamate-evoked muscle pain intensity and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed. The PPTs were measured bilaterally in the trapezius muscles (local pain area) and posterolateral neck muscles (referred pain area) after glutamate injection in healthy and age-matched males and females (each n=14). Two glutamate injections (0.4 ml, 2M each) were injected with an interval of 5 min. One injection of glutamate (0.4 ml, 2M) served as a control. Males, but not females, rated the second injection (maximal pain intensity) significantly less painful than the first injection. The area under the visual analogue scale pain curve of the second injection was significantly larger than the first injection in females. Repeated glutamate injections, but not one-glutamate injection, significantly decreased PPTs in...
International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2003
The purpose of this prospective laboratory study was to follow newly employed workers in the fish... more The purpose of this prospective laboratory study was to follow newly employed workers in the fish or poultry industry for 6 months and investigate possible changes in sensory manifestations and motor performance during low load, repetitive work simulation. It was investigated whether the changes were an effect of employment duration and of development of neck-shoulder complaints. Twelve newly employed female filleting employees without any sign of neck-shoulder tenderness/pain at the time of employment of 0 months took part in two laboratory recording sessions planned within 1 month of employment and after 6 months of employment at the plant. After 6 months, six workers out of 12 had developed pain and/or tenderness in the neck-shoulder region. The recording sessions evaluated sensory-motor aspects by measuring pressure pain threshold, work-task timing, cutting forces, surface electromyographic activity of four shoulder muscles, displacement of the centre of pressure, and 3D movemen...
The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 2014
Prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind intervention trial. Shock-absorbing insoles (SAI... more Prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind intervention trial. Shock-absorbing insoles (SAIs), compared with usual insoles, were hypothesized to result in larger increases in pressure pain threshold (PPT) after 3 weeks of use. Shock-absorbing insoles can decrease self-reported pain among young soccer players training on artificial turf. However, nothing is known about the underlying changes in pain sensitivity assessed by PPT. Methods Seventy-five players were included from the youth teams of under 15, under 17, and under 19 years of age, playing for the Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB) professional sports club. After a randomization stratified by team and age, players were divided into 2 groups, one that received SAIs and a control group that used their usual insoles. Assessments were made in both groups after 3 weeks of training on artificial turf (baseline) and 3 weeks later (follow-up). The primary outcome was change in PPTs from baseline to follow-up, with PPTs measured over 13...
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