Cardiorespiratory endurance is a component of health-related fitness. FITNESSGRAM recommends the ... more Cardiorespiratory endurance is a component of health-related fitness. FITNESSGRAM recommends the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) or One mile Run/Walk (1MRW) to assess cardiorespiratory endurance by estimating VO2 Peak. No research has cross-validated prediction models from both PACER and 1MRW, including the New PACER Model and PACER-Mile Equivalent (PACER-MEQ) using current standards. The purpose of this study was to cross-validate prediction models from PACER and 1MRW against measured VO2 Peak in adolescents. Cardiorespiratory endurance data were collected on 90 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years (Mean = 14.7 ± 1.3 years; 32 girls, 52 boys) who completed the PACER and 1MRW in addition to a laboratory maximal treadmill test to measure VO2 Peak. Multiple correlations among various models with measured VO2 Peak were considered moderately strong (R = 0.74 to 0.78), and prediction error (RMSE) ranged from 5.95 ml·kg-1·min-1 to 8.27 ml·kg-1·min-1. Criterion-referenc...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
The idea that an upright posture should be maintained during the inter-set rest periods of traini... more The idea that an upright posture should be maintained during the inter-set rest periods of training sessions is pervasive. The primary aim of this study was to determine differences in work rate associated with three inter-set rest strategies. Male and female members of the CrossFit™ community (male n = 5, female n = 10) were recruited to perform a strenuous training session designed to enhance work-capacity that involved both cardiovascular and muscular endurance exercises. The training session was repeated on three separate occasions to evaluate three inter-set rest strategies which included lying supine on the floor, sitting on a flat bench, and walking on a treadmill (0.67 meters • second). Work rate was calculated for each training session by summing session joules of work and dividing by the time to complete the training session (joules of work • second). Data were also collected during the inter-set rest periods (heart rate, respiratory rate and volume of oxygen consumed) and were used to explain why one rest strategy may positively impact work rate compared to another. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the passive and active rest strategies, with the passive strategies allowing for improved work rate (supine = 62.77+7.32, seated = 63.66+8.37 and walking = 60.61+6.42 average joules of work • second). Results also suggest that the passive strategies resulted in superior heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption recovery. In conclusion, work rate and physiological recovery were enhanced when supine and seated inter-set rest strategies were employed compared to walking inter-set rest.
Previous research suggests that use of BMI as a screening tool to assess health in youth has limi... more Previous research suggests that use of BMI as a screening tool to assess health in youth has limitations. Valid alternative measures to assess body composition are needed to accurately identify children who are aerobically fit, which is an indicator of health status. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between select anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness test performance in middle-school students. Participants included 134 students (65 boys and 69 girls) recruited from the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Anthropometric measures consisted of BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and percent body fat estimated from two-site skinfolds (%BF-SKF), as well as the hand-held OMRON BIA device (%BF-BIA). Cardiorespiratory fitness tests included the one-mile run and PACER test. Data were collected on four separate testing days during the students' physical education classes. There were statistically significant moderate correlations be...
Cross-country ski racing has evolved rapidly in recent years. Of particular interest has been the... more Cross-country ski racing has evolved rapidly in recent years. Of particular interest has been the development and proliferation of the faster freestyle or skating techniques. In spite of changes in technique and equipment, the fact that elite cross-country ski racers have some of the highest aerobic power values reported for endurance athletes has not changed. Successful ski racers have higher percentages of slow twitch muscle fibres and higher anaerobic thresholds, but lower anaerobic power scores than Alpine skiers. Cross-country skiers are also lean, as are distance runners. The absolute bodyweight of the ski racer, however, is much more variable than that of distance runners. Since light skiers will have an advantage on steep uphill courses and heavier skiers will be favoured by level, downhill, and less steep uphill courses, the variability of courses available in international competition explains why successful skiers are so variable with respect to bodyweight. The physiological characteristics of the elite skier are a result of both genetics and adaptation to rigorous multiyear, year-round training programmes. Identification of systematic procedures for specifically challenging the physiological parameters which are requisite for ski racing are being examined. Investigation of ventilatory and lactate thresholds as well as heart rate as parameters for quantifying training intensity is of particular interest at this time.
Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for p... more Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for persons with disabilities. Increased involvement in exercise programmes, competitive sports and fitness activities has led to further inquiry into the broader concepts of performance, prevention of further deterioration of a given disability, maintenance for activities of daily living, and overall well-being. This paper reviews the literature on 3 categories of disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness and selected physical disabilities, in order to determine the role of exercise and fitness programmes in each. Despite problems in research design, sampling procedures, instrument validity, and delineation of fitness components, there is growing support for the premise that physical exercise has a role to play in breaking the debilitative cycle. Although the research indicates that physical activity can serve as a potential non-pharmacological adjunct therapy for persons with physical disabilities, there is still a need for well-controlled studies to quantify the individualization of exercise programming.
Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 1995
... A subject's HR was contin-uously monitored by a Quinton Q3000 Stress Test Monitor System... more ... A subject's HR was contin-uously monitored by a Quinton Q3000 Stress Test Monitor System Electrocardiogram. ... Powers, SK, Dodd, S., Deadson, R., Burd, R., and McKnight, T. Ventilatory threshold, running economy, and distance running performance of trained athletes. Res. ...
This study investigated whether feedback from pedometers motivated adults to increase their walki... more This study investigated whether feedback from pedometers motivated adults to increase their walking behavior. Participants (n =26) were enrolled in one of two 8-wk. "Walking for Fitness" classes. The study used a crossover design, such that Group 1 wore pedometers for the first 3 weeks (Feedback Condition) and sealed "disguised" pedometers for the last 3 weeks (No-feedback Condition). The order of feedback was reversed for Group 2. Analysis indicated that (a) neither group increased their walking behavior significantly over time and, (b) interactions between groups were not significant at Week 3 or 6, indicating that groups did not respond differently to feedback from the pedometers. If a motivational effect from pedometers exists, it may be small, dissipate before 3 wk., only work in combination with goal setting, or only motivate certain types of individuals.
The objective of this study was to determine a pedometer steps per minute standard for quantifyin... more The objective of this study was to determine a pedometer steps per minute standard for quantifying the lesson time that first- and second-grade physical education students spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The sample was divided into validation (N = 246) and cross-validation (N = 123) samples using the holdout technique. Using the criterion test model, steps per minute cut points were empirically and judgmentally determined. C-SOFIT systematic observation was the criterion instrument and pedometry was the predictor instrument. Data were collected from 45 physical education lessons implemented in six schools. The three-step analytic procedure of computing mastery/nonmastery outcome probabilities, phi coefficients, and error proportions was used to determine the optimal steps per minute cut point for quantifying 33.33% of the physical education lesson time engaged in MVPA within a 30 class. Steps per minute was highly correlated with observation (r = 0.74-0.86, P < 0.0001). Five steps per minute scores that were accurate indicators of 33.33% of the class time engaged in MVPA in the validation sample were accurate indicators of steps per minute in the cross-validation sample. The optimal steps per minute cut point ranged from 60.00 to 63.00, which is equivalent to 1800-1890 steps in a 30-min physical education class. Data supports the use of pedometry steps per minute values as an accurate indicator of MVPA. Pedometry demonstrates promise as a viable large-scale surveillance instrument for measuring MVPA in physical education.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005
Page 1. 918 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005, 19(4), 918924 2005 National Str... more Page 1. 918 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005, 19(4), 918924 2005 National Strength & Conditioning Association REPETITIVE ECCENTRIC STRAIN AT LONG MUSCLE LENGTH EVOKES THE REPEATED BOUT EFFECT ...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1999
The objective of this project was to describe the physical and performance characteristics (by po... more The objective of this project was to describe the physical and performance characteristics (by position) of 46 Division 1-A Western Athletic Conference female basketball players. The data were accrued over an 8-year period. Body density was determined using ...
Cardiorespiratory endurance is a component of health-related fitness. FITNESSGRAM recommends the ... more Cardiorespiratory endurance is a component of health-related fitness. FITNESSGRAM recommends the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) or One mile Run/Walk (1MRW) to assess cardiorespiratory endurance by estimating VO2 Peak. No research has cross-validated prediction models from both PACER and 1MRW, including the New PACER Model and PACER-Mile Equivalent (PACER-MEQ) using current standards. The purpose of this study was to cross-validate prediction models from PACER and 1MRW against measured VO2 Peak in adolescents. Cardiorespiratory endurance data were collected on 90 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years (Mean = 14.7 ± 1.3 years; 32 girls, 52 boys) who completed the PACER and 1MRW in addition to a laboratory maximal treadmill test to measure VO2 Peak. Multiple correlations among various models with measured VO2 Peak were considered moderately strong (R = 0.74 to 0.78), and prediction error (RMSE) ranged from 5.95 ml·kg-1·min-1 to 8.27 ml·kg-1·min-1. Criterion-referenc...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
The idea that an upright posture should be maintained during the inter-set rest periods of traini... more The idea that an upright posture should be maintained during the inter-set rest periods of training sessions is pervasive. The primary aim of this study was to determine differences in work rate associated with three inter-set rest strategies. Male and female members of the CrossFit™ community (male n = 5, female n = 10) were recruited to perform a strenuous training session designed to enhance work-capacity that involved both cardiovascular and muscular endurance exercises. The training session was repeated on three separate occasions to evaluate three inter-set rest strategies which included lying supine on the floor, sitting on a flat bench, and walking on a treadmill (0.67 meters • second). Work rate was calculated for each training session by summing session joules of work and dividing by the time to complete the training session (joules of work • second). Data were also collected during the inter-set rest periods (heart rate, respiratory rate and volume of oxygen consumed) and were used to explain why one rest strategy may positively impact work rate compared to another. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the passive and active rest strategies, with the passive strategies allowing for improved work rate (supine = 62.77+7.32, seated = 63.66+8.37 and walking = 60.61+6.42 average joules of work • second). Results also suggest that the passive strategies resulted in superior heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption recovery. In conclusion, work rate and physiological recovery were enhanced when supine and seated inter-set rest strategies were employed compared to walking inter-set rest.
Previous research suggests that use of BMI as a screening tool to assess health in youth has limi... more Previous research suggests that use of BMI as a screening tool to assess health in youth has limitations. Valid alternative measures to assess body composition are needed to accurately identify children who are aerobically fit, which is an indicator of health status. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between select anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness test performance in middle-school students. Participants included 134 students (65 boys and 69 girls) recruited from the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Anthropometric measures consisted of BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and percent body fat estimated from two-site skinfolds (%BF-SKF), as well as the hand-held OMRON BIA device (%BF-BIA). Cardiorespiratory fitness tests included the one-mile run and PACER test. Data were collected on four separate testing days during the students' physical education classes. There were statistically significant moderate correlations be...
Cross-country ski racing has evolved rapidly in recent years. Of particular interest has been the... more Cross-country ski racing has evolved rapidly in recent years. Of particular interest has been the development and proliferation of the faster freestyle or skating techniques. In spite of changes in technique and equipment, the fact that elite cross-country ski racers have some of the highest aerobic power values reported for endurance athletes has not changed. Successful ski racers have higher percentages of slow twitch muscle fibres and higher anaerobic thresholds, but lower anaerobic power scores than Alpine skiers. Cross-country skiers are also lean, as are distance runners. The absolute bodyweight of the ski racer, however, is much more variable than that of distance runners. Since light skiers will have an advantage on steep uphill courses and heavier skiers will be favoured by level, downhill, and less steep uphill courses, the variability of courses available in international competition explains why successful skiers are so variable with respect to bodyweight. The physiological characteristics of the elite skier are a result of both genetics and adaptation to rigorous multiyear, year-round training programmes. Identification of systematic procedures for specifically challenging the physiological parameters which are requisite for ski racing are being examined. Investigation of ventilatory and lactate thresholds as well as heart rate as parameters for quantifying training intensity is of particular interest at this time.
Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for p... more Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for persons with disabilities. Increased involvement in exercise programmes, competitive sports and fitness activities has led to further inquiry into the broader concepts of performance, prevention of further deterioration of a given disability, maintenance for activities of daily living, and overall well-being. This paper reviews the literature on 3 categories of disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness and selected physical disabilities, in order to determine the role of exercise and fitness programmes in each. Despite problems in research design, sampling procedures, instrument validity, and delineation of fitness components, there is growing support for the premise that physical exercise has a role to play in breaking the debilitative cycle. Although the research indicates that physical activity can serve as a potential non-pharmacological adjunct therapy for persons with physical disabilities, there is still a need for well-controlled studies to quantify the individualization of exercise programming.
Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 1995
... A subject's HR was contin-uously monitored by a Quinton Q3000 Stress Test Monitor System... more ... A subject's HR was contin-uously monitored by a Quinton Q3000 Stress Test Monitor System Electrocardiogram. ... Powers, SK, Dodd, S., Deadson, R., Burd, R., and McKnight, T. Ventilatory threshold, running economy, and distance running performance of trained athletes. Res. ...
This study investigated whether feedback from pedometers motivated adults to increase their walki... more This study investigated whether feedback from pedometers motivated adults to increase their walking behavior. Participants (n =26) were enrolled in one of two 8-wk. "Walking for Fitness" classes. The study used a crossover design, such that Group 1 wore pedometers for the first 3 weeks (Feedback Condition) and sealed "disguised" pedometers for the last 3 weeks (No-feedback Condition). The order of feedback was reversed for Group 2. Analysis indicated that (a) neither group increased their walking behavior significantly over time and, (b) interactions between groups were not significant at Week 3 or 6, indicating that groups did not respond differently to feedback from the pedometers. If a motivational effect from pedometers exists, it may be small, dissipate before 3 wk., only work in combination with goal setting, or only motivate certain types of individuals.
The objective of this study was to determine a pedometer steps per minute standard for quantifyin... more The objective of this study was to determine a pedometer steps per minute standard for quantifying the lesson time that first- and second-grade physical education students spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The sample was divided into validation (N = 246) and cross-validation (N = 123) samples using the holdout technique. Using the criterion test model, steps per minute cut points were empirically and judgmentally determined. C-SOFIT systematic observation was the criterion instrument and pedometry was the predictor instrument. Data were collected from 45 physical education lessons implemented in six schools. The three-step analytic procedure of computing mastery/nonmastery outcome probabilities, phi coefficients, and error proportions was used to determine the optimal steps per minute cut point for quantifying 33.33% of the physical education lesson time engaged in MVPA within a 30 class. Steps per minute was highly correlated with observation (r = 0.74-0.86, P < 0.0001). Five steps per minute scores that were accurate indicators of 33.33% of the class time engaged in MVPA in the validation sample were accurate indicators of steps per minute in the cross-validation sample. The optimal steps per minute cut point ranged from 60.00 to 63.00, which is equivalent to 1800-1890 steps in a 30-min physical education class. Data supports the use of pedometry steps per minute values as an accurate indicator of MVPA. Pedometry demonstrates promise as a viable large-scale surveillance instrument for measuring MVPA in physical education.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005
Page 1. 918 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005, 19(4), 918924 2005 National Str... more Page 1. 918 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2005, 19(4), 918924 2005 National Strength & Conditioning Association REPETITIVE ECCENTRIC STRAIN AT LONG MUSCLE LENGTH EVOKES THE REPEATED BOUT EFFECT ...
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1999
The objective of this project was to describe the physical and performance characteristics (by po... more The objective of this project was to describe the physical and performance characteristics (by position) of 46 Division 1-A Western Athletic Conference female basketball players. The data were accrued over an 8-year period. Body density was determined using ...
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Papers by Patricia Eisenman