Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hol... more Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hold watercraft in place. Different shapes and sizes of stone weight anchors were developed and used during different periods by various cultures (Curryer 1999; Frost 1973; Hadas et al. 2005; Kapit n 1984; Nibbi 1984; Whitehouse 1970). Some varieties of stone anchors have been reported along with lead-filled or lead stock wooden hook anchors from shipwrecks, harbours and trade routes around the world (Green 1971; Wachsmann 1998; Agius 2002). The development from stone weight anchors led to wooden hook anchors (Haldane 1986; Haldane 1990; van Duivenvoorde 2012), lead-stock anchors and iron anchors. Maritime archaeological explorations along the east and west coasts of India have yielded stone anchors (single hole, composite, Indo-Arabian, and ring stone [mushroom]), which were used until the middle of the 20th century. However, no lead-core or all lead stock wooden hook anchors have ever bee...
This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explo... more This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explorations and observation in continuation with similar such culture complexes of Odisha. An effort is made to historicize the archaeological, cultural and settlement contexts antecedent to Early Historic period urbanism, states and Buddhist monasticism in Kalinga or Ancient Odisha. The The developments that are exemplified by the urban settlement at Dantapura, monastic settlement at Salihundam and a Stupa site at Kalingapattnam on the bank of the river Vamsadhara and its contemporary similar such sites on the bank of the river Daya at Dhauli and Aragarh and on the bank of the river Brahamani, Radhanagar –Kayama and Langudi.
Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hol... more Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hold watercraft in place. Different shapes and sizes of stone weight anchors were developed and used during different periods by various cultures (Curryer 1999; Frost 1973; Hadas et al. 2005; Kapit n 1984; Nibbi 1984; Whitehouse 1970). Some varieties of stone anchors have been reported along with lead-filled or lead stock wooden hook anchors from shipwrecks, harbours and trade routes around the world (Green 1971; Wachsmann 1998; Agius 2002). The development from stone weight anchors led to wooden hook anchors (Haldane 1986; Haldane 1990; van Duivenvoorde 2012), lead-stock anchors and iron anchors. Maritime archaeological explorations along the east and west coasts of India have yielded stone anchors (single hole, composite, Indo-Arabian, and ring stone [mushroom]), which were used until the middle of the 20th century. However, no lead-core or all lead stock wooden hook anchors have ever bee...
This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explo... more This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explorations and observation in continuation with similar such culture complexes of Odisha. An effort is made to historicize the archaeological, cultural and settlement contexts antecedent to Early Historic period urbanism, states and Buddhist monasticism in Kalinga or Ancient Odisha. The The developments that are exemplified by the urban settlement at Dantapura, monastic settlement at Salihundam and a Stupa site at Kalingapattnam on the bank of the river Vamsadhara and its contemporary similar such sites on the bank of the river Daya at Dhauli and Aragarh and on the bank of the river Brahamani, Radhanagar –Kayama and Langudi.
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Papers by Sunil Pattnaik