The recent increase in the use of carbonless energy systems have resulted in the need for reliabl... more The recent increase in the use of carbonless energy systems have resulted in the need for reliable energy storage due to the intermittent nature of renewables. Among the existing energy storage technologies, compressed-air energy storage (CAES) has significant potential to meet techno-economic requirements in different storage domains due to its long lifespan, reasonable cost, and near-zero self-decay. When viewed as a battery system, the key performance metrics of CAES, like energy density (ED), round trip efficiency (RTE), and the depth of discharge (DoD), have poor values when compared with other battery technologies in similar domains. This prevents CAES from transitioning to a state-of-the-art form of energy storage. This paper reviews the transition of CAES concepts from carbonized to carbonless types of CAES, along with different single-objective optimization strategies and their effects on the overall system’s performance. It was discovered that competing performance metrics...
The adoption of solar photovoltaic and small wind turbine hybrid energy systems in residential ap... more The adoption of solar photovoltaic and small wind turbine hybrid energy systems in residential applications has picked up promising development around the globe. However, the uncertainty of renewable energy generation associated with the reliance on climate conditions is one of the factors which affect the reliability of the system. Therefore, there is a need to develop an energy management scheme for improving the reliability of the system. One of the drawbacks of hybrid renewable energy systems is the high investment cost, particularly looking at low-income family units. This present paper, an extension of the preceding work, focused on the development of an energy utilization scheme of a hybrid energy system particularly for low-income houses based on energy consumption patterns. The utilization scheme is developed using computational methods in a MATLAB environment. Energy storage systems considered in this work are electrochemical batteries and small-scale flywheel energy stora...
Global industrialization, population explosion and the advent of a technology-enabled society hav... more Global industrialization, population explosion and the advent of a technology-enabled society have placed dire constraints on energy resources. Furthermore, evident climatic concerns have placed boundaries on deployable energy options, compounding an already regrettable situation. It becomes apparent for modern renewable energy technologies, including wind generators, to possess qualities of robustness, high efficiency, and cost effectiveness. To this end, direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) wind generators, which eliminate the need for gearboxes and improve wind turbine drivetrain reliability, are trending. Though rare-earth PM-based wind generators possess the highly sought qualities of high-power density and high efficiency for direct-drive wind systems, the limited supply chain and expensive pricing of the vital raw materials, as well as existent demagnetization risks, make them unsustainable. This paper is used to provide an overview on alternative and viable non-conventional wi...
Brushless stator-mounted traction motors, which are new and emerging, have many potential applica... more Brushless stator-mounted traction motors, which are new and emerging, have many potential applications in the electrified transport industry. Brushless stator-mounted machines (BSSMs), with the so-called flux modulation (FM) effects, use asynchronous field harmonics to realize energy conversion by altering the basic principle for conventional machine design which requires the stator and rotor to have the same pole number. The machines show promise of meeting the challenging requirements of electric vehicle (EV) traction motors. Therefore, in this paper, a review is undertaken on the state-of-the-art and potentials of the BSSMs for EV drives. The focus on BSSMs is due to their suitability for high-speed high torque density performance, as well as possessing suitable heat dissipation and flux weakening capabilities. The study is used to first rehash and discuss the design and excitation topologies, operating principles, and some emerging trends based on the basic BSSM variants, e.g., ...
TiOxNy may combine the advantages of titanium oxides and nitrides in optimal conditions. Due to t... more TiOxNy may combine the advantages of titanium oxides and nitrides in optimal conditions. Due to their physical and chemical versatility, titanium oxynitrides are gaining relevance in numerous applications such as optoelectronics, tribology and catalysis. In this study, titanium oxynitride thin film samples were grown at low sputtering pressure (1.07 Pa) on sodalime glass substrates using 99.99 % purity titanium target with argon working gas, pure nitrogen, background residual oxygen and constant sputtering power of 200 W. While other parameters were fixed at the optimum values, the deposition time was varied from 5 and 25minutes. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrometry was used to determine the stoichiometry and areal density of the films. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and optical microscopy were used to study the structural and microstructural characteristics of the films. Variations in the elemental concentrations of the films with respect to the N/O ratio were observed based on...
Most practices applied in the development of lighting usage profile do not reflect the complexity... more Most practices applied in the development of lighting usage profile do not reflect the complexity occupants have on lighting loads in residential buildings. This study involves the use of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and regression model for residential load usage profile development, prediction and evaluation for energy and demand side management initiatives. Three variables namely natural light, occupancy (active) and income level were considered in this study. A better correlation of fit and reduced root mean square error was obtained in comparison with the regression model. The developed approach (ANFIS) has the ability to give better lighting prediction accuracy in relation to non-linearity data and behavioural tendencies.
This study presents the development, analysis and assessment of residential lighting load profile... more This study presents the development, analysis and assessment of residential lighting load profile using computational intelligence based modelling Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Neural network (NN) models for prediction (forecasting) and evaluation of lighting load and initiatives. Factors considered in the development of the models include natural lighting, occupancy (active) and income level. Trapezoidal membership and sigmoid transfer function were applied during the training process of the ANFIS-based and NN-based model respectively. Using computational and different validation approaches, ANFIS gave better correlation and error level results in comparison with the NN-based method analyses notably morning standard, morning / evening peak and daily TOU (time of use) periods. The inference attribute of the ANFIS model based on characterization factors and its reflection of occupants’ complexity on lighting loads in residential buildings makes it a better lightin...
The recent increase in the use of carbonless energy systems have resulted in the need for reliabl... more The recent increase in the use of carbonless energy systems have resulted in the need for reliable energy storage due to the intermittent nature of renewables. Among the existing energy storage technologies, compressed-air energy storage (CAES) has significant potential to meet techno-economic requirements in different storage domains due to its long lifespan, reasonable cost, and near-zero self-decay. When viewed as a battery system, the key performance metrics of CAES, like energy density (ED), round trip efficiency (RTE), and the depth of discharge (DoD), have poor values when compared with other battery technologies in similar domains. This prevents CAES from transitioning to a state-of-the-art form of energy storage. This paper reviews the transition of CAES concepts from carbonized to carbonless types of CAES, along with different single-objective optimization strategies and their effects on the overall system’s performance. It was discovered that competing performance metrics...
The adoption of solar photovoltaic and small wind turbine hybrid energy systems in residential ap... more The adoption of solar photovoltaic and small wind turbine hybrid energy systems in residential applications has picked up promising development around the globe. However, the uncertainty of renewable energy generation associated with the reliance on climate conditions is one of the factors which affect the reliability of the system. Therefore, there is a need to develop an energy management scheme for improving the reliability of the system. One of the drawbacks of hybrid renewable energy systems is the high investment cost, particularly looking at low-income family units. This present paper, an extension of the preceding work, focused on the development of an energy utilization scheme of a hybrid energy system particularly for low-income houses based on energy consumption patterns. The utilization scheme is developed using computational methods in a MATLAB environment. Energy storage systems considered in this work are electrochemical batteries and small-scale flywheel energy stora...
Global industrialization, population explosion and the advent of a technology-enabled society hav... more Global industrialization, population explosion and the advent of a technology-enabled society have placed dire constraints on energy resources. Furthermore, evident climatic concerns have placed boundaries on deployable energy options, compounding an already regrettable situation. It becomes apparent for modern renewable energy technologies, including wind generators, to possess qualities of robustness, high efficiency, and cost effectiveness. To this end, direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) wind generators, which eliminate the need for gearboxes and improve wind turbine drivetrain reliability, are trending. Though rare-earth PM-based wind generators possess the highly sought qualities of high-power density and high efficiency for direct-drive wind systems, the limited supply chain and expensive pricing of the vital raw materials, as well as existent demagnetization risks, make them unsustainable. This paper is used to provide an overview on alternative and viable non-conventional wi...
Brushless stator-mounted traction motors, which are new and emerging, have many potential applica... more Brushless stator-mounted traction motors, which are new and emerging, have many potential applications in the electrified transport industry. Brushless stator-mounted machines (BSSMs), with the so-called flux modulation (FM) effects, use asynchronous field harmonics to realize energy conversion by altering the basic principle for conventional machine design which requires the stator and rotor to have the same pole number. The machines show promise of meeting the challenging requirements of electric vehicle (EV) traction motors. Therefore, in this paper, a review is undertaken on the state-of-the-art and potentials of the BSSMs for EV drives. The focus on BSSMs is due to their suitability for high-speed high torque density performance, as well as possessing suitable heat dissipation and flux weakening capabilities. The study is used to first rehash and discuss the design and excitation topologies, operating principles, and some emerging trends based on the basic BSSM variants, e.g., ...
TiOxNy may combine the advantages of titanium oxides and nitrides in optimal conditions. Due to t... more TiOxNy may combine the advantages of titanium oxides and nitrides in optimal conditions. Due to their physical and chemical versatility, titanium oxynitrides are gaining relevance in numerous applications such as optoelectronics, tribology and catalysis. In this study, titanium oxynitride thin film samples were grown at low sputtering pressure (1.07 Pa) on sodalime glass substrates using 99.99 % purity titanium target with argon working gas, pure nitrogen, background residual oxygen and constant sputtering power of 200 W. While other parameters were fixed at the optimum values, the deposition time was varied from 5 and 25minutes. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectrometry was used to determine the stoichiometry and areal density of the films. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and optical microscopy were used to study the structural and microstructural characteristics of the films. Variations in the elemental concentrations of the films with respect to the N/O ratio were observed based on...
Most practices applied in the development of lighting usage profile do not reflect the complexity... more Most practices applied in the development of lighting usage profile do not reflect the complexity occupants have on lighting loads in residential buildings. This study involves the use of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and regression model for residential load usage profile development, prediction and evaluation for energy and demand side management initiatives. Three variables namely natural light, occupancy (active) and income level were considered in this study. A better correlation of fit and reduced root mean square error was obtained in comparison with the regression model. The developed approach (ANFIS) has the ability to give better lighting prediction accuracy in relation to non-linearity data and behavioural tendencies.
This study presents the development, analysis and assessment of residential lighting load profile... more This study presents the development, analysis and assessment of residential lighting load profile using computational intelligence based modelling Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Neural network (NN) models for prediction (forecasting) and evaluation of lighting load and initiatives. Factors considered in the development of the models include natural lighting, occupancy (active) and income level. Trapezoidal membership and sigmoid transfer function were applied during the training process of the ANFIS-based and NN-based model respectively. Using computational and different validation approaches, ANFIS gave better correlation and error level results in comparison with the NN-based method analyses notably morning standard, morning / evening peak and daily TOU (time of use) periods. The inference attribute of the ANFIS model based on characterization factors and its reflection of occupants’ complexity on lighting loads in residential buildings makes it a better lightin...
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