Rainfall and Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) are the most fundamental and significant variable... more Rainfall and Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) are the most fundamental and significant variables in hydrological modelling. However, these variables are generally not available over ungauged catchments. ETo estimation usually needs measurements of weather variables such as wind speed, air temperature, solar radiation and dew point. After the development of reanalysis global datasets such as the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and high performance modelling framework Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, it is now possible to estimate the rainfall and ETo for any coordinates. In this study, the WRF modelling system was employed to downscale the global NCEP reanalysis datasets over the Brue catchment, England, U.K. After downscaling, two statistical bias correction schemes were used, the first was based on sophisticated computing algorithms i.e., Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), while the second was based on the more simpleGeneralized Linear Model (GLM). The statistical performance indices for bias correction such as %Bias, index of agreement (d), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Correlation (r) indicated that the RVMmodel, on the whole, displayed a more accomplished bias correction of the variability of rainfall and ETo in comparison to the GLM. The study provides important information on the performance of WRF derived hydro-meteorological variables using NCEP global reanalysis datasets and statistical bias correction schemes which can be used in numerous hydro-meteorological applications.
ABSTRACT An algorithm for ice cloud detection aided by support vector machine (AID-SVM) is presen... more ABSTRACT An algorithm for ice cloud detection aided by support vector machine (AID-SVM) is presented. The AID-SVM algorithm is applied and tested for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A, microwave humidity sounder (MHS), and high resolution infrared radiation sounder (HIRS) instruments onboard NOAA-19 satellite. The algorithm is based on satellite brightness temperature measurements and developed as well as validated by using collocated ice/no-ice cloud information acquired from the CloudSat cloud-profiling radar. The algorithm is tested over both ocean and land surfaces. Overall, the results exhibit very promising potential to acquire ice/no-ice cloud information using the passive satellite sensors. It is found that infrared satellite sensor such as HIRS is more efficient in detecting ice clouds than the counterpart microwave satellite sensors. Furthermore, the combined measurements using microwave/infrared synergy perform no better than the infrared-only measurements.
ABSTRACT The Kunwari River Basin (KRB) needs effective management of water resources for sustaina... more ABSTRACT The Kunwari River Basin (KRB) needs effective management of water resources for sustainable agriculture and flood hazard mitigation. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a semi distributed physically based model, was chosen and set up in the KRB for hydrologic modeling. SWAT-CUP (SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Programs) was used for model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, following the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) technique. The model calibration was performed for the period (1987-1999), with initial 3 years of warm up (1987-89); then, the model was validated for the subsequent 6 years of data (2000-2005). To assess the competence of model calibration and uncertainty, two indices, the p-factor (observations bracketed by the prediction uncertainty) and the r-factor (achievement of small uncertainty band), were taken into account. The results of SWAT simulations indicated that during the calibration the p-factor and the r-factor were reported as 0.82 and 0.76, respectively, while during the validation the p-factor and the r-factor were obtained as 0.71 and 0.72, respectively. After a rigorous calibration and validation, the goodness of fit was further assessed through the use of the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) between the observed and the final simulated values. The results indicated that R2 and NS were 0.77 and 0.74, respectively, during the calibration. The validation also indicated a satisfactory performance with R2 of 0.71 and NS of 0.69. The results would be useful to the hydrological community, water resources managers involved in agricultural water management and soil conservation, as well as to those involved in mitigating natural hazards such as droughts and floods.
This research paper aims to determine the genetic origin of the chemical elements in groundwater.... more This research paper aims to determine the genetic origin of the chemical elements in groundwater. It deals with the results of physicochemical parameters, to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in rural-urban fringe of district Bareilly, India. Pre- and post-monsoon sampling has been carried out, which reveals inter-seasonal variability effect on the hydro-geochemical processes. Geochemical modeling especially computation of saturation index was undertaken using the WATEQ4F model. Majority of samples fall in the category of undersaturation, which further suggests that groundwater still has potential to dissolve more minerals. Chemical categorizations of groundwater samples were performed with the help of the Aquachem model. Grouping of groundwater on the Piper diagram reveals a common composition and origin. In most of the area, water facies is of Ca(2+)-HCO(3)(-) type in both the seasons. It also indicates that in pre-monsoon, ion exchange is the dominant process, whereas in post-monsoon, both ion exchanges as well as reverse ion exchanges are reported in the groundwater of the study area.
ABSTRACT Soil is a vital part of the natural environment and is always responding to changes in e... more ABSTRACT Soil is a vital part of the natural environment and is always responding to changes in environmental factors, along with the influences of anthropogenic factors and land use changes. The long-term change in soil properties will result in change in soil health and fertility, and hence the soil productivity. Hence, the main aim of this paper focuses on the analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) change pattern in spatial and temporal perspective and to present its impact on soil properties in the Merawu catchment over the period of 18 years. Post classification change detection was performed to quantify the decadal changes in historical LULC over the periods of 1991, 2001 and 2009. The pixel to pixel comparison method was used to detect the LULC of the area. The key LULC types were selected for investigation of soil properties. Soil samples were analysed in situ to measure the physicochemical soil properties. The results of this study show remarkable changes in LULC in the period of 18 years. The effect of land cover change on soil properties, soil compaction and soil strength was found to be significant at a level of
Rainfall and Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) are the most fundamental and significant variable... more Rainfall and Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) are the most fundamental and significant variables in hydrological modelling. However, these variables are generally not available over ungauged catchments. ETo estimation usually needs measurements of weather variables such as wind speed, air temperature, solar radiation and dew point. After the development of reanalysis global datasets such as the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and high performance modelling framework Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, it is now possible to estimate the rainfall and ETo for any coordinates. In this study, the WRF modelling system was employed to downscale the global NCEP reanalysis datasets over the Brue catchment, England, U.K. After downscaling, two statistical bias correction schemes were used, the first was based on sophisticated computing algorithms i.e., Relevance Vector Machine (RVM), while the second was based on the more simpleGeneralized Linear Model (GLM). The statistical performance indices for bias correction such as %Bias, index of agreement (d), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Correlation (r) indicated that the RVMmodel, on the whole, displayed a more accomplished bias correction of the variability of rainfall and ETo in comparison to the GLM. The study provides important information on the performance of WRF derived hydro-meteorological variables using NCEP global reanalysis datasets and statistical bias correction schemes which can be used in numerous hydro-meteorological applications.
ABSTRACT An algorithm for ice cloud detection aided by support vector machine (AID-SVM) is presen... more ABSTRACT An algorithm for ice cloud detection aided by support vector machine (AID-SVM) is presented. The AID-SVM algorithm is applied and tested for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A, microwave humidity sounder (MHS), and high resolution infrared radiation sounder (HIRS) instruments onboard NOAA-19 satellite. The algorithm is based on satellite brightness temperature measurements and developed as well as validated by using collocated ice/no-ice cloud information acquired from the CloudSat cloud-profiling radar. The algorithm is tested over both ocean and land surfaces. Overall, the results exhibit very promising potential to acquire ice/no-ice cloud information using the passive satellite sensors. It is found that infrared satellite sensor such as HIRS is more efficient in detecting ice clouds than the counterpart microwave satellite sensors. Furthermore, the combined measurements using microwave/infrared synergy perform no better than the infrared-only measurements.
ABSTRACT The Kunwari River Basin (KRB) needs effective management of water resources for sustaina... more ABSTRACT The Kunwari River Basin (KRB) needs effective management of water resources for sustainable agriculture and flood hazard mitigation. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a semi distributed physically based model, was chosen and set up in the KRB for hydrologic modeling. SWAT-CUP (SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Programs) was used for model calibration, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, following the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) technique. The model calibration was performed for the period (1987-1999), with initial 3 years of warm up (1987-89); then, the model was validated for the subsequent 6 years of data (2000-2005). To assess the competence of model calibration and uncertainty, two indices, the p-factor (observations bracketed by the prediction uncertainty) and the r-factor (achievement of small uncertainty band), were taken into account. The results of SWAT simulations indicated that during the calibration the p-factor and the r-factor were reported as 0.82 and 0.76, respectively, while during the validation the p-factor and the r-factor were obtained as 0.71 and 0.72, respectively. After a rigorous calibration and validation, the goodness of fit was further assessed through the use of the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) between the observed and the final simulated values. The results indicated that R2 and NS were 0.77 and 0.74, respectively, during the calibration. The validation also indicated a satisfactory performance with R2 of 0.71 and NS of 0.69. The results would be useful to the hydrological community, water resources managers involved in agricultural water management and soil conservation, as well as to those involved in mitigating natural hazards such as droughts and floods.
This research paper aims to determine the genetic origin of the chemical elements in groundwater.... more This research paper aims to determine the genetic origin of the chemical elements in groundwater. It deals with the results of physicochemical parameters, to evaluate the hydro-geochemistry of groundwater in rural-urban fringe of district Bareilly, India. Pre- and post-monsoon sampling has been carried out, which reveals inter-seasonal variability effect on the hydro-geochemical processes. Geochemical modeling especially computation of saturation index was undertaken using the WATEQ4F model. Majority of samples fall in the category of undersaturation, which further suggests that groundwater still has potential to dissolve more minerals. Chemical categorizations of groundwater samples were performed with the help of the Aquachem model. Grouping of groundwater on the Piper diagram reveals a common composition and origin. In most of the area, water facies is of Ca(2+)-HCO(3)(-) type in both the seasons. It also indicates that in pre-monsoon, ion exchange is the dominant process, whereas in post-monsoon, both ion exchanges as well as reverse ion exchanges are reported in the groundwater of the study area.
ABSTRACT Soil is a vital part of the natural environment and is always responding to changes in e... more ABSTRACT Soil is a vital part of the natural environment and is always responding to changes in environmental factors, along with the influences of anthropogenic factors and land use changes. The long-term change in soil properties will result in change in soil health and fertility, and hence the soil productivity. Hence, the main aim of this paper focuses on the analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) change pattern in spatial and temporal perspective and to present its impact on soil properties in the Merawu catchment over the period of 18 years. Post classification change detection was performed to quantify the decadal changes in historical LULC over the periods of 1991, 2001 and 2009. The pixel to pixel comparison method was used to detect the LULC of the area. The key LULC types were selected for investigation of soil properties. Soil samples were analysed in situ to measure the physicochemical soil properties. The results of this study show remarkable changes in LULC in the period of 18 years. The effect of land cover change on soil properties, soil compaction and soil strength was found to be significant at a level of
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