Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting develo... more Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting developmental patterns in even-aged northern hardwood stands. To quantify these relationships, we used stem analysis to reconstruct early height growth patterns of dominant and codominant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and America beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees. We used three stands (aged 19, 24, and 29 years) established by shelterwood method cutting preceded by an understory herbicide treatment. We analyzed 10 trees of each species per stand. Height growth was similar across stands, allowing us to develop a single equation for each species. Our data show that yellow birch had the most rapid height growth up to approximately age 10. Both sugar maple and white ash grew more rapidly than yellow birch beyond that point. Beech consistently grew the slowest. White ash had a linear rate of height growth ov...
Professional ethics involve statements by a professional organization to guide the behavior of it... more Professional ethics involve statements by a professional organization to guide the behavior of its members, and to help them determine acceptable and unacceptable behavior in a given situation. Most, if not all, natural resource organizations have Code of Ethics. How to incorporate them across the curriculum and in individual courses of a natural resources program is a current challenge to faculty and administrators alike. We propose to capitalize on the role that professional ethics play in the daily activities of forestry and wildlife professionals engaged in hardwood resources management. Many hardwood stands today are subject to "selective harvesting" whereby trees of choice species and of the best quality are removed with little or no thought towards the future development of the stand or the benefits that landowners will derive from it (after Helms 1998). They are simply mined of the standing timber to the detriment of hardwood resource sustainability. A case study e...
The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assesse... more The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assessed on a plot basis, using observations from groups of trees growing within an area of fixed size. Our study combines individual-tree with plot-based observations of upper-canopy trees representing a range of shade tolerance ( Fagus grandifolia ≥ Acer saccharum > Betula alleghaniensis ≥ Fraxinus americana) in three young, fully stocked, even-aged northern hardwood stands. The amount of canopy growing space used by a stem of given size was described by the ratios of crown projection area and crown surface area to stem basal area. These variables were related to species, stand, and relative basal area using analysis of covariance. Both ratios were generally highest in the youngest (19 years) stand, intermediate in the mid-aged stand (24 years), and lowest in the oldest stand (29 years). A few differences were detected among species, with shade-tolerants having larger ratios. Allometric mo...
ABSTRACT Assessment of mortality among 1,455 shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) t... more ABSTRACT Assessment of mortality among 1,455 shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees from managed uneven-aged northern hardwood stands in two physiographic regions of New York State revealed that loss varied with tree diameter, residual stand basal area, and time since the last selection system cutting. Larger trees showed lower rates of mortality than smaller ones, and mortality increased with residual stand basal area and time since cutting. Coefficients for predictor equations are presented, along with a table of mortality estimates by tree diameter for stands of different levels of residual stocking and with different lapse times after selection system cutting.
... Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Webb, WL, DF Behrend, and B. Saisorn. 197... more ... Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Webb, WL, DF Behrend, and B. Saisorn. 1977. Effect of logging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest. Wildlife Monographs 55. Cited by. Heather T. Root, Gregory G. McGee, Ralph D. Nyland. ...
ABSTRACT We used data from uneven-aged research plots in west-central New Brunswick to validate a... more ABSTRACT We used data from uneven-aged research plots in west-central New Brunswick to validate a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) diameter growth model initially developed from remeasured trees in single-tree selection system stands at two New York State locations. We also refitted the coefficients to fit the New Brunswick data and added variables to account for variation across locations and treatments among the New Brunswick plots. The original equation predicted future diameter for New Brunswick trees reasonably well, but a version with coefficients specific to New Brunswick proved more accurate. Adding variables that account for unique features of the New Brunswick data reinforced the notion that growth rates differ across locations, and also that post-cutting diameter growth varies with the intensity of release. Although the New York model and the general model with refitted coefficients unique to New Brunswick indicated that rates of growth do not change throughout a cutting cycle, equations having a variable to account for location of the New Brunswick research sites showed that growth decreased with time. Test results are presented.
... 39-48 Influences of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f. ) on growth and development of youn... more ... 39-48 Influences of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f. ) on growth and development of young even-aged northern hardwoods1 Eric Heitzmana'2 ... Marquis, 1967; Marquis and Bjorkbom, 1982; Bjorkbom and Waiters, 1986; Walters and Ny-land, 1989; Wang and Nyland, 1993). ...
American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the understory of northern hardwood stands can interf... more American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the understory of northern hardwood stands can interfere with the development of more desirable species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Yet, managers have had only limited methods for identifying stands where beech might dominate a new cohort. We examined five uneven-aged stands in New York State to determine the degree of influence that understory beech has on species development after a cutting treatment. No significant differences between stands were found, allowing us to develop a single model for evaluation. Understory beech was assessed using a species index value (SIV), which measures the proportion of stems, weighted by height, for a species on a milacre plot. We used a 5×5 transition matrix to compare pre- and post-cut beech importance levels. Stand-level trends showed an overall increase in the proportion of sample plots with higher levels of understory beech after cutting, with the likelihood of change on individual plots dependent on their pre-cut status. Plots with either no beech or very high levels of beech changed little after cutting, while beech was more likely to reach critical levels of dominance when pre-cut SIV was medium or higher. The transition matrix gives forest managers a means to forecast the probable level of future beech importance following cutting, based upon precursor conditions.
An individual-tree diameter model was developed for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in northe... more An individual-tree diameter model was developed for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in northern hardwood stands managed under selection system. We fitted long-term remeasurement data to a linear mixed model to account for the temporal autocorrelation of ...
Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting develo... more Knowledge of the relative rates of height growth among species is necessary for predicting developmental patterns in even-aged northern hardwood stands. To quantify these relationships, we used stem analysis to reconstruct early height growth patterns of dominant and codominant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and America beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) trees. We used three stands (aged 19, 24, and 29 years) established by shelterwood method cutting preceded by an understory herbicide treatment. We analyzed 10 trees of each species per stand. Height growth was similar across stands, allowing us to develop a single equation for each species. Our data show that yellow birch had the most rapid height growth up to approximately age 10. Both sugar maple and white ash grew more rapidly than yellow birch beyond that point. Beech consistently grew the slowest. White ash had a linear rate of height growth ov...
Professional ethics involve statements by a professional organization to guide the behavior of it... more Professional ethics involve statements by a professional organization to guide the behavior of its members, and to help them determine acceptable and unacceptable behavior in a given situation. Most, if not all, natural resource organizations have Code of Ethics. How to incorporate them across the curriculum and in individual courses of a natural resources program is a current challenge to faculty and administrators alike. We propose to capitalize on the role that professional ethics play in the daily activities of forestry and wildlife professionals engaged in hardwood resources management. Many hardwood stands today are subject to "selective harvesting" whereby trees of choice species and of the best quality are removed with little or no thought towards the future development of the stand or the benefits that landowners will derive from it (after Helms 1998). They are simply mined of the standing timber to the detriment of hardwood resource sustainability. A case study e...
The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assesse... more The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assessed on a plot basis, using observations from groups of trees growing within an area of fixed size. Our study combines individual-tree with plot-based observations of upper-canopy trees representing a range of shade tolerance ( Fagus grandifolia ≥ Acer saccharum > Betula alleghaniensis ≥ Fraxinus americana) in three young, fully stocked, even-aged northern hardwood stands. The amount of canopy growing space used by a stem of given size was described by the ratios of crown projection area and crown surface area to stem basal area. These variables were related to species, stand, and relative basal area using analysis of covariance. Both ratios were generally highest in the youngest (19 years) stand, intermediate in the mid-aged stand (24 years), and lowest in the oldest stand (29 years). A few differences were detected among species, with shade-tolerants having larger ratios. Allometric mo...
ABSTRACT Assessment of mortality among 1,455 shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) t... more ABSTRACT Assessment of mortality among 1,455 shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees from managed uneven-aged northern hardwood stands in two physiographic regions of New York State revealed that loss varied with tree diameter, residual stand basal area, and time since the last selection system cutting. Larger trees showed lower rates of mortality than smaller ones, and mortality increased with residual stand basal area and time since cutting. Coefficients for predictor equations are presented, along with a table of mortality estimates by tree diameter for stands of different levels of residual stocking and with different lapse times after selection system cutting.
... Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Webb, WL, DF Behrend, and B. Saisorn. 197... more ... Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Webb, WL, DF Behrend, and B. Saisorn. 1977. Effect of logging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest. Wildlife Monographs 55. Cited by. Heather T. Root, Gregory G. McGee, Ralph D. Nyland. ...
ABSTRACT We used data from uneven-aged research plots in west-central New Brunswick to validate a... more ABSTRACT We used data from uneven-aged research plots in west-central New Brunswick to validate a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) diameter growth model initially developed from remeasured trees in single-tree selection system stands at two New York State locations. We also refitted the coefficients to fit the New Brunswick data and added variables to account for variation across locations and treatments among the New Brunswick plots. The original equation predicted future diameter for New Brunswick trees reasonably well, but a version with coefficients specific to New Brunswick proved more accurate. Adding variables that account for unique features of the New Brunswick data reinforced the notion that growth rates differ across locations, and also that post-cutting diameter growth varies with the intensity of release. Although the New York model and the general model with refitted coefficients unique to New Brunswick indicated that rates of growth do not change throughout a cutting cycle, equations having a variable to account for location of the New Brunswick research sites showed that growth decreased with time. Test results are presented.
... 39-48 Influences of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f. ) on growth and development of youn... more ... 39-48 Influences of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f. ) on growth and development of young even-aged northern hardwoods1 Eric Heitzmana'2 ... Marquis, 1967; Marquis and Bjorkbom, 1982; Bjorkbom and Waiters, 1986; Walters and Ny-land, 1989; Wang and Nyland, 1993). ...
American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the understory of northern hardwood stands can interf... more American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) in the understory of northern hardwood stands can interfere with the development of more desirable species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Yet, managers have had only limited methods for identifying stands where beech might dominate a new cohort. We examined five uneven-aged stands in New York State to determine the degree of influence that understory beech has on species development after a cutting treatment. No significant differences between stands were found, allowing us to develop a single model for evaluation. Understory beech was assessed using a species index value (SIV), which measures the proportion of stems, weighted by height, for a species on a milacre plot. We used a 5×5 transition matrix to compare pre- and post-cut beech importance levels. Stand-level trends showed an overall increase in the proportion of sample plots with higher levels of understory beech after cutting, with the likelihood of change on individual plots dependent on their pre-cut status. Plots with either no beech or very high levels of beech changed little after cutting, while beech was more likely to reach critical levels of dominance when pre-cut SIV was medium or higher. The transition matrix gives forest managers a means to forecast the probable level of future beech importance following cutting, based upon precursor conditions.
An individual-tree diameter model was developed for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in northe... more An individual-tree diameter model was developed for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in northern hardwood stands managed under selection system. We fitted long-term remeasurement data to a linear mixed model to account for the temporal autocorrelation of ...
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