A French explorer, hermit, and missionary, Charles Eugene de Foucauld was born in Strasbourg. Alt... more A French explorer, hermit, and missionary, Charles Eugene de Foucauld was born in Strasbourg. Although coming from a devout Catholic family, he lived a depraved life as an aristocrat and a cavalry lieutenant in Algeria and Morocco. In 1883–1884 de Foucauld secretly explored Morocco, and four years later published Reconnaissance au Maroc. For his scientific observations during this expedition he was honored by the Paris Geographical Society. Keywords: french explorer, hermit, and missionary; spiritual searching; De Foucauld's first monastic rule; the little brothers of jesus, living a contemplative life today; catholic orders, tamanrasset as their spiritual center
Beginning with the Herrnhut community in 1722, Nicholaus von Zinzendorf created a methodology for... more Beginning with the Herrnhut community in 1722, Nicholaus von Zinzendorf created a methodology for missionary leadership selection and training that developed and expanded over the course of his 38-year ministry. Through the far-reaching impact of this methodology, 18th century Moravian missionaries successfully carried the gospel to many nations and established a missiological perspective that would inform God's people for centuries to come.
The Russian Orthodox monk Paul Ivanovsky was sent first as a missionary to Zabaikal (present-day ... more The Russian Orthodox monk Paul Ivanovsky was sent first as a missionary to Zabaikal (present-day Buryat Republic) and then after studying Korean at the Vladivostok Oriental Institute, in 1906 to the Korean mission in Seoul as the second archimandrite, directing it for 6 years. Keywords: ivanovsky, paul (1875–1920); Russian orthodox monk; korean orthodox church
Macarius Gloukharev was a Russian Orthodox missionary who served for 14 years in the Altai Mounta... more Macarius Gloukharev was a Russian Orthodox missionary who served for 14 years in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. At 25 he became a professor of church history and the German language at the Ekaterinoslov seminary in Poltava, positioning himself for a distinguished academic and ecclesiastical career. He then encountered a group of hesychastic monks who were influenced by the teachings of Paisy Velichkovsky, a Russian elder at Mount Athos, Greece, who had translated the Philokalia into Russian. This work concerned the spiritual practice of hesychasm: through silence and continual prayer, scriptural meditation, and the observance of the sacraments, the whole being may be united in fellowship with Christ and the Holy Spirit. This teaching caused a missionary renewal in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th century. Keywords: gloukharev, macarius (1792–1847); Russian orthodox missionary; philokalia into Russian
A monk and bishop who pioneered Western monasticism in Gaul, Martin of Tours was born at Sabaria ... more A monk and bishop who pioneered Western monasticism in Gaul, Martin of Tours was born at Sabaria in Pannonia (present-day Hungary), the son of a Roman tribune. At Pavia in northern Italy he became a catechumen at 10, and at 15 was enlisted by his father in the Roman army, where he served in Emperor Julian's bodyguard. Three years later, while a calvary officer stationed at Amiens in Gaul (present-day France), he cut and gave half his military cloak to a beggar at the city gates. In a dream he saw Christ wearing the half cloak he had given to the poor man. This incident moved him to be baptized and to serve as a soldier of Christ. Keywords: Martin of tours (c.316–397); army at worms; bishop of tours; pastoral and evangelistic duties; patron saint of france
Stephan's mission was to the Zyrian people of Perm, a nomadic Finnish tribe in the Ural Mount... more Stephan's mission was to the Zyrian people of Perm, a nomadic Finnish tribe in the Ural Mountains, northwest of Siberia, Russia. He grew up in Veliki Ustyug in northwestern Siberia during the Mongol period. At 25 Stephan entered the monastery of St. Gregory of Nazianzus in Rostov to learn Greek and patristics and become a missionary to Siberia. Thirteen years later he left the monastery and traveled north to live among the Finno-Ugric Zyrian tribes at Ust-Vim. Keywords: stephan of perm (1340–1396); stephan's mission, the zyrian people of perm; zyrian translations
The Book of Kells is an ornately illustrated manuscript of the four Gospels with several historic... more The Book of Kells is an ornately illustrated manuscript of the four Gospels with several historic records and a limited glossary of Hebrew names. The book was translated from Jerome's Latin Bible and named after the Columban monastery of Kells in County Meath, Ireland. Tradition holds that the work was begun on Iona, Scotland, to honor Columba (d. 597). After a violent Viking raid in 802, the Celtic monks fled to Kells and took the manuscript with them, where it was completed. Keywords: book of kells, manuscript of the four Gospels; script, examples of Irish handwriting in existence; emblems of vines, dragons, fish, serpents, and the cross; annals of ulster; the manuscript, “the chief treasure of the western world”
This paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission... more This paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission theology that influenced the early Moravian missional practice. After discussing the early eighteenth century European historical context and the Spirit-renewal of the Herrnhut community, the paper considers Zinzendorf's theology on the death of Christ, the prominent role of the Holy Spirit, and harvesting the "first fruits." These theological distinctives contributed in determining the motivation and message of these pioneer Protestant missionaries. It then takes into account some of the subsequent methods such as working with the marginalized, practicing the love of Christ in cultural humility, and preaching the gospel in the vernacular. The main contributions of the early Moravians to mission were that they brought an understanding that spiritual renewal preceded mission renewal, the atoning death of Christ is central to mission theology, and a Protestant recognition th...
A French explorer, hermit, and missionary, Charles Eugene de Foucauld was born in Strasbourg. Alt... more A French explorer, hermit, and missionary, Charles Eugene de Foucauld was born in Strasbourg. Although coming from a devout Catholic family, he lived a depraved life as an aristocrat and a cavalry lieutenant in Algeria and Morocco. In 1883–1884 de Foucauld secretly explored Morocco, and four years later published Reconnaissance au Maroc. For his scientific observations during this expedition he was honored by the Paris Geographical Society. Keywords: french explorer, hermit, and missionary; spiritual searching; De Foucauld's first monastic rule; the little brothers of jesus, living a contemplative life today; catholic orders, tamanrasset as their spiritual center
Beginning with the Herrnhut community in 1722, Nicholaus von Zinzendorf created a methodology for... more Beginning with the Herrnhut community in 1722, Nicholaus von Zinzendorf created a methodology for missionary leadership selection and training that developed and expanded over the course of his 38-year ministry. Through the far-reaching impact of this methodology, 18th century Moravian missionaries successfully carried the gospel to many nations and established a missiological perspective that would inform God's people for centuries to come.
The Russian Orthodox monk Paul Ivanovsky was sent first as a missionary to Zabaikal (present-day ... more The Russian Orthodox monk Paul Ivanovsky was sent first as a missionary to Zabaikal (present-day Buryat Republic) and then after studying Korean at the Vladivostok Oriental Institute, in 1906 to the Korean mission in Seoul as the second archimandrite, directing it for 6 years. Keywords: ivanovsky, paul (1875–1920); Russian orthodox monk; korean orthodox church
Macarius Gloukharev was a Russian Orthodox missionary who served for 14 years in the Altai Mounta... more Macarius Gloukharev was a Russian Orthodox missionary who served for 14 years in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. At 25 he became a professor of church history and the German language at the Ekaterinoslov seminary in Poltava, positioning himself for a distinguished academic and ecclesiastical career. He then encountered a group of hesychastic monks who were influenced by the teachings of Paisy Velichkovsky, a Russian elder at Mount Athos, Greece, who had translated the Philokalia into Russian. This work concerned the spiritual practice of hesychasm: through silence and continual prayer, scriptural meditation, and the observance of the sacraments, the whole being may be united in fellowship with Christ and the Holy Spirit. This teaching caused a missionary renewal in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th century. Keywords: gloukharev, macarius (1792–1847); Russian orthodox missionary; philokalia into Russian
A monk and bishop who pioneered Western monasticism in Gaul, Martin of Tours was born at Sabaria ... more A monk and bishop who pioneered Western monasticism in Gaul, Martin of Tours was born at Sabaria in Pannonia (present-day Hungary), the son of a Roman tribune. At Pavia in northern Italy he became a catechumen at 10, and at 15 was enlisted by his father in the Roman army, where he served in Emperor Julian's bodyguard. Three years later, while a calvary officer stationed at Amiens in Gaul (present-day France), he cut and gave half his military cloak to a beggar at the city gates. In a dream he saw Christ wearing the half cloak he had given to the poor man. This incident moved him to be baptized and to serve as a soldier of Christ. Keywords: Martin of tours (c.316–397); army at worms; bishop of tours; pastoral and evangelistic duties; patron saint of france
Stephan's mission was to the Zyrian people of Perm, a nomadic Finnish tribe in the Ural Mount... more Stephan's mission was to the Zyrian people of Perm, a nomadic Finnish tribe in the Ural Mountains, northwest of Siberia, Russia. He grew up in Veliki Ustyug in northwestern Siberia during the Mongol period. At 25 Stephan entered the monastery of St. Gregory of Nazianzus in Rostov to learn Greek and patristics and become a missionary to Siberia. Thirteen years later he left the monastery and traveled north to live among the Finno-Ugric Zyrian tribes at Ust-Vim. Keywords: stephan of perm (1340–1396); stephan's mission, the zyrian people of perm; zyrian translations
The Book of Kells is an ornately illustrated manuscript of the four Gospels with several historic... more The Book of Kells is an ornately illustrated manuscript of the four Gospels with several historic records and a limited glossary of Hebrew names. The book was translated from Jerome's Latin Bible and named after the Columban monastery of Kells in County Meath, Ireland. Tradition holds that the work was begun on Iona, Scotland, to honor Columba (d. 597). After a violent Viking raid in 802, the Celtic monks fled to Kells and took the manuscript with them, where it was completed. Keywords: book of kells, manuscript of the four Gospels; script, examples of Irish handwriting in existence; emblems of vines, dragons, fish, serpents, and the cross; annals of ulster; the manuscript, “the chief treasure of the western world”
This paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission... more This paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission theology that influenced the early Moravian missional practice. After discussing the early eighteenth century European historical context and the Spirit-renewal of the Herrnhut community, the paper considers Zinzendorf's theology on the death of Christ, the prominent role of the Holy Spirit, and harvesting the "first fruits." These theological distinctives contributed in determining the motivation and message of these pioneer Protestant missionaries. It then takes into account some of the subsequent methods such as working with the marginalized, practicing the love of Christ in cultural humility, and preaching the gospel in the vernacular. The main contributions of the early Moravians to mission were that they brought an understanding that spiritual renewal preceded mission renewal, the atoning death of Christ is central to mission theology, and a Protestant recognition th...
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