Drug-resistance-associated mutation in essential proteins of the viral life cycle is a major conc... more Drug-resistance-associated mutation in essential proteins of the viral life cycle is a major concern in anti-retroviral therapy. M46I, a non-active site mutation in HIV-1 protease has been clinically associated with saquinavir resistance in HIV patients. A 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM-PBSA calculations were performed to study the molecular mechanism of M46I-mutation-based saquinavir resistance. In order to acquire deeper insight into the drug-resistance mechanism, the flap curling, closed/semi-open/open conformations, and active site compactness were studied. The M46I mutation significantly affects the energetics and conformational stability of HIV-1 protease in terms of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen formation potential. This mutation significantly decreased van der Waals interaction and binding free energy (∆G) in the M46I–saquinavir complex and induced inward flap curling and a wider opening of the flaps for most of the MD simulation period. The predominan...
Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used pesticides worldwide. Humans are exposed to OPs via diff... more Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used pesticides worldwide. Humans are exposed to OPs via different routes viz. the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and dermal integuments. OPs induce neuropathy by either phosphorylating acetyl cholinesterase or neuropathy target esterase, or by binding specifically to nicotinic or muscarinic receptors of nervous system. Other than neurobehavioral effects in humans, OPs cause cholinergic crisis, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed neuropathy, and Chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorders in time and dosage dependent manner. Biomonitoring of OP markers from body fluids minimizes or measures the severity of the impact, allowing for timely control of the exposure. The standard treatments for OPs poisoning which avoid secondary organ damage are atropine administration, acetylcholine esterase restoration therapy with oximes, and general intensive care. This review summarizes the toxic manifestation data available on humans and discusses potential therapeutic modalities, with the aim to highlight the importance of increasing awareness about its potential risk and reevaluation of exposure level.
Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogen. Apart from industrial exposure, acrylami... more Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogen. Apart from industrial exposure, acrylamide is also found in different food products. The present study deals with in vivo experiment to test the protective effect of rutin against acrylamide induced toxicity in rats. The study was carried out on female rats with exposure of acrylamide at the dose of 38.27 mg/kg body weight, orally for 10 days followed by the therapy of rutin (05, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg orally), for three consecutive days. All animals were sacrificed after 24 h of last treatment and various biochemical parameters in blood and tissue were investigated. Histopathology of liver, kidney and brain was also done. On administration of acrylamide for 10 days, neurotoxicity was observed in terms of decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress was observed in terms of increased lipid peroxidation, declined level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in liver, kidney ...
Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ... more Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that therapy of AgNPs at three different doses (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg once only) prevented the acetaminophen (2 g/kg once only) induced acute renal toxicity. AgNPs treated animals also show less intensity in the histological alterations in kidneys and corroborating the results of analysis of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, AgNPs therapy prevented the acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, which was confirmed by the alleviated lipid peroxidation, enhanced renal reduced glutathione content and restored enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and adenosine triphosphatase in kidney. Thus, our results demonstrate a possible protective potential of AgNPs on renal toxicity induced by acetaminophen. This study will definitely lead to the development of therapeutic drug against nephrotoxicity, after further c...
Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treat... more Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, asthma, hepatic injuries, pathogenic infection and also shows antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. Pharmacognostical evaluation (macro-microscopy, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and chemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) of dried roots of J. gendarussa were done according to quality standard procedures. Microscopic analysis revealed the compact arrangement of cells in cork region and thin-walled cortex beneath epidermis. Parenchymatous cells with xylem vessel were observed in the roots of J. gendarussa. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (0.564%) and water-soluble extractive...
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenou... more Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decrea...
Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) whi... more Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) which is not produced in humans. It can be modified to form essential precursors such as arachidonic acid which is used to make prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. It is found in abundance in several vegetable oils such as sunflower, poppy seed, safflower and corn oils. LA has shown diverse beneficial effects against diseases such as cancer, skin permeability, insulin resistance, depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acrylamide (AA) is a well known neurotoxic, carcinogenic and genotoxic compound. It is used universally in the industrial process and recently found in various food products which are cooked at a temperature above 120˚C such as potato crisps, bread, cookies and french fries. Over exposure of humans and laboratory animals to monomer AA causes damages to the central and peripheral nervous system. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of linoleic acid agai...
Hesperetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxyl flavanone) is found in citrus fruits and has antioxi... more Hesperetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxyl flavanone) is found in citrus fruits and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects. Acrylamide (AA) has shown neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects in humans with occupational exposures and quantified in staple foods such as coffee, bread, cookies, french fries and in tobacco smoke. In this study, we have evaluated therapeutic efficacy of hesperetin against AA toxicity. AA was given at 1/3rd of LD50 dose for 10 days to albino rats followed by therapy with different doses of hesperetin for 3 consecutive days. Various toxicity symptoms were observed which include significant reduction of body weight, hair loss, hindlimb splaying, dragging of back legs and irritation on skin. Toxicity symptoms also included significant reduction in level of heamoglobin, GSH, SOD, CAT and significant enhance in AST, ALT, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol with LPO as compared to control ...
Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) whi... more Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) which is not produced in humans. It can be modified to form essential precursors such as arachidonic acid which is used to make prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. It is found in abundance in several vegetable oils such as sunflower, poppy seed, safflower and corn oils. LA has shown diverse beneficial effects against diseases such as cancer, skin permeability, insulin resistance, depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acrylamide (AA) is a well known neurotoxic, carcinogenic and genotoxic compound. It is used universally in the industrial process and recently found in various food products which are cooked at a temperature above 120˚C such as potato crisps, bread, cookies and french fries. Over exposure of humans and laboratory animals to monomer AA causes damages to the central and peripheral nervous system. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of linoleic acid agai...
Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treat... more Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, asthma, hepatic injuries, pathogenic infection and also shows antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. Pharmacognostical evaluation (macro-microscopy, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and chemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) of dried roots of J. gendarussa were done according to quality standard procedures. Microscopic analysis revealed the compact arrangement of cells in cork region and thin-walled cortex beneath epidermis. Parenchymatous cells with xylem vessel were observed in the roots of J. gendarussa. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (0.564%) and water-soluble extractive...
Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ... more Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that therapy of AgNPs at three different doses (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg once only) prevented the acetaminophen (2 g/kg once only) induced acute renal toxicity. AgNPs treated animals also show less intensity in the histological alterations in kidneys and corroborating the results of analysis of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, AgNPs therapy prevented the acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, which was confirmed by the alleviated lipid peroxidation, enhanced renal reduced glutathione content and restored enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and adenosine triphosphatase in kidney. Thus, our results demonstrate a possible protective potential of AgNPs on renal toxicity induced by acetaminophen. This study will definitely lead to the development of therapeutic drug against nephrotoxicity, after further c...
Acrylamide (AA) is found in foods containing carbohydrates and proteins, where it is formed durin... more Acrylamide (AA) is found in foods containing carbohydrates and proteins, where it is formed during the heating process. It is classified as neurotoxic and probably carcinogenic to humans. The present investigation was aimed to determine the lethal Dose (LD50) of AA and to evaluate the protective effects of quercetin (QE) against AA induced adverse effects in rats. For the determination of LD50, AA was administered orally at four different doses (46.4mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 215mg/kg and 464mg/kg) to experimental animals for seven days. After 7days LD50 of AA was determined using graphical method of Miller and Tainter. Then AA was administered at 1/3rd dose of LD50 (38.27mgkg-1 body weight; p.o. for 10 days) followed by the therapy of QE (5, 10, 20 and 40mg kg-1 orally), for 3 consecutive days for the determination of protective effect of QE against AA. The estimated LD50 of AA was 114.81mg/kg with 95% confidence interval. Exposure to AA 1/3rd dose of LD50 for 10days induced neurotoxicity wh...
The present study was premeditated to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of silver nanoparti... more The present study was premeditated to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Rats were treated with three different doses of AgNPs (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg, p.o.) after Acetaminophen (APAP; 2 g/kg, p.o. once only) intoxication. Treatment with AgNPs recouped the levels of serum aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in dose dependent manner. Significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH) was found in liver in AgNPs treated animals. Alleviated activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6- phosphatase (G6Pase) and antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) due to APAP induced toxicity in liver were recovered by the treatment of AgNPs. Improvement in histoarchitecture of liver was also consistent with biochemical observations. The results revealed that AgNPs showed significant dose-dependent protection against APAP induced hepatocellular injury.
Drug-resistance-associated mutation in essential proteins of the viral life cycle is a major conc... more Drug-resistance-associated mutation in essential proteins of the viral life cycle is a major concern in anti-retroviral therapy. M46I, a non-active site mutation in HIV-1 protease has been clinically associated with saquinavir resistance in HIV patients. A 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM-PBSA calculations were performed to study the molecular mechanism of M46I-mutation-based saquinavir resistance. In order to acquire deeper insight into the drug-resistance mechanism, the flap curling, closed/semi-open/open conformations, and active site compactness were studied. The M46I mutation significantly affects the energetics and conformational stability of HIV-1 protease in terms of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen formation potential. This mutation significantly decreased van der Waals interaction and binding free energy (∆G) in the M46I–saquinavir complex and induced inward flap curling and a wider opening of the flaps for most of the MD simulation period. The predominan...
Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used pesticides worldwide. Humans are exposed to OPs via diff... more Organophosphates (OPs) are commonly used pesticides worldwide. Humans are exposed to OPs via different routes viz. the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and dermal integuments. OPs induce neuropathy by either phosphorylating acetyl cholinesterase or neuropathy target esterase, or by binding specifically to nicotinic or muscarinic receptors of nervous system. Other than neurobehavioral effects in humans, OPs cause cholinergic crisis, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed neuropathy, and Chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorders in time and dosage dependent manner. Biomonitoring of OP markers from body fluids minimizes or measures the severity of the impact, allowing for timely control of the exposure. The standard treatments for OPs poisoning which avoid secondary organ damage are atropine administration, acetylcholine esterase restoration therapy with oximes, and general intensive care. This review summarizes the toxic manifestation data available on humans and discusses potential therapeutic modalities, with the aim to highlight the importance of increasing awareness about its potential risk and reevaluation of exposure level.
Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogen. Apart from industrial exposure, acrylami... more Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogen. Apart from industrial exposure, acrylamide is also found in different food products. The present study deals with in vivo experiment to test the protective effect of rutin against acrylamide induced toxicity in rats. The study was carried out on female rats with exposure of acrylamide at the dose of 38.27 mg/kg body weight, orally for 10 days followed by the therapy of rutin (05, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg orally), for three consecutive days. All animals were sacrificed after 24 h of last treatment and various biochemical parameters in blood and tissue were investigated. Histopathology of liver, kidney and brain was also done. On administration of acrylamide for 10 days, neurotoxicity was observed in terms of decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress was observed in terms of increased lipid peroxidation, declined level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in liver, kidney ...
Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ... more Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that therapy of AgNPs at three different doses (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg once only) prevented the acetaminophen (2 g/kg once only) induced acute renal toxicity. AgNPs treated animals also show less intensity in the histological alterations in kidneys and corroborating the results of analysis of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, AgNPs therapy prevented the acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, which was confirmed by the alleviated lipid peroxidation, enhanced renal reduced glutathione content and restored enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and adenosine triphosphatase in kidney. Thus, our results demonstrate a possible protective potential of AgNPs on renal toxicity induced by acetaminophen. This study will definitely lead to the development of therapeutic drug against nephrotoxicity, after further c...
Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treat... more Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, asthma, hepatic injuries, pathogenic infection and also shows antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. Pharmacognostical evaluation (macro-microscopy, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and chemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) of dried roots of J. gendarussa were done according to quality standard procedures. Microscopic analysis revealed the compact arrangement of cells in cork region and thin-walled cortex beneath epidermis. Parenchymatous cells with xylem vessel were observed in the roots of J. gendarussa. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (0.564%) and water-soluble extractive...
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenou... more Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decrea...
Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) whi... more Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) which is not produced in humans. It can be modified to form essential precursors such as arachidonic acid which is used to make prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. It is found in abundance in several vegetable oils such as sunflower, poppy seed, safflower and corn oils. LA has shown diverse beneficial effects against diseases such as cancer, skin permeability, insulin resistance, depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acrylamide (AA) is a well known neurotoxic, carcinogenic and genotoxic compound. It is used universally in the industrial process and recently found in various food products which are cooked at a temperature above 120˚C such as potato crisps, bread, cookies and french fries. Over exposure of humans and laboratory animals to monomer AA causes damages to the central and peripheral nervous system. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of linoleic acid agai...
Hesperetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxyl flavanone) is found in citrus fruits and has antioxi... more Hesperetin (5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4-methoxyl flavanone) is found in citrus fruits and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects. Acrylamide (AA) has shown neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects in humans with occupational exposures and quantified in staple foods such as coffee, bread, cookies, french fries and in tobacco smoke. In this study, we have evaluated therapeutic efficacy of hesperetin against AA toxicity. AA was given at 1/3rd of LD50 dose for 10 days to albino rats followed by therapy with different doses of hesperetin for 3 consecutive days. Various toxicity symptoms were observed which include significant reduction of body weight, hair loss, hindlimb splaying, dragging of back legs and irritation on skin. Toxicity symptoms also included significant reduction in level of heamoglobin, GSH, SOD, CAT and significant enhance in AST, ALT, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol with LPO as compared to control ...
Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) whi... more Introduction: Vitamin F is also known as Linoleic Acid (LA), is an Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) which is not produced in humans. It can be modified to form essential precursors such as arachidonic acid which is used to make prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. It is found in abundance in several vegetable oils such as sunflower, poppy seed, safflower and corn oils. LA has shown diverse beneficial effects against diseases such as cancer, skin permeability, insulin resistance, depression and cardiovascular diseases. Acrylamide (AA) is a well known neurotoxic, carcinogenic and genotoxic compound. It is used universally in the industrial process and recently found in various food products which are cooked at a temperature above 120˚C such as potato crisps, bread, cookies and french fries. Over exposure of humans and laboratory animals to monomer AA causes damages to the central and peripheral nervous system. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of linoleic acid agai...
Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treat... more Justicia gendarussa Burm f. of family Acanthaceae is medicinally important herb used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, asthma, hepatic injuries, pathogenic infection and also shows antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines. Pharmacognostical evaluation (macro-microscopy, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting and chemical profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) of dried roots of J. gendarussa were done according to quality standard procedures. Microscopic analysis revealed the compact arrangement of cells in cork region and thin-walled cortex beneath epidermis. Parenchymatous cells with xylem vessel were observed in the roots of J. gendarussa. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.474%), total ash (2.990%), acid-insoluble ash (0.099%), water-soluble ash (1.528%), alcohol-soluble extractive value (0.564%) and water-soluble extractive...
Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) ... more Present study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that therapy of AgNPs at three different doses (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg once only) prevented the acetaminophen (2 g/kg once only) induced acute renal toxicity. AgNPs treated animals also show less intensity in the histological alterations in kidneys and corroborating the results of analysis of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, AgNPs therapy prevented the acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, which was confirmed by the alleviated lipid peroxidation, enhanced renal reduced glutathione content and restored enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and adenosine triphosphatase in kidney. Thus, our results demonstrate a possible protective potential of AgNPs on renal toxicity induced by acetaminophen. This study will definitely lead to the development of therapeutic drug against nephrotoxicity, after further c...
Acrylamide (AA) is found in foods containing carbohydrates and proteins, where it is formed durin... more Acrylamide (AA) is found in foods containing carbohydrates and proteins, where it is formed during the heating process. It is classified as neurotoxic and probably carcinogenic to humans. The present investigation was aimed to determine the lethal Dose (LD50) of AA and to evaluate the protective effects of quercetin (QE) against AA induced adverse effects in rats. For the determination of LD50, AA was administered orally at four different doses (46.4mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 215mg/kg and 464mg/kg) to experimental animals for seven days. After 7days LD50 of AA was determined using graphical method of Miller and Tainter. Then AA was administered at 1/3rd dose of LD50 (38.27mgkg-1 body weight; p.o. for 10 days) followed by the therapy of QE (5, 10, 20 and 40mg kg-1 orally), for 3 consecutive days for the determination of protective effect of QE against AA. The estimated LD50 of AA was 114.81mg/kg with 95% confidence interval. Exposure to AA 1/3rd dose of LD50 for 10days induced neurotoxicity wh...
The present study was premeditated to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of silver nanoparti... more The present study was premeditated to demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Rats were treated with three different doses of AgNPs (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg, p.o.) after Acetaminophen (APAP; 2 g/kg, p.o. once only) intoxication. Treatment with AgNPs recouped the levels of serum aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in dose dependent manner. Significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH) was found in liver in AgNPs treated animals. Alleviated activities of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6- phosphatase (G6Pase) and antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) due to APAP induced toxicity in liver were recovered by the treatment of AgNPs. Improvement in histoarchitecture of liver was also consistent with biochemical observations. The results revealed that AgNPs showed significant dose-dependent protection against APAP induced hepatocellular injury.
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