Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used for a wide range of psychological problems in children... more Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used for a wide range of psychological problems in children. However, Children should have reached the level of development required to benefit from this treatment. The aim of this study is to examine developmental skills needed to effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in children. In this umbrella review, review articles related to subject of study in Scopus, PubMed, springer in the period from 1900 to 2018 were extracted. Among articles extracted, 6 articles were selected for this study. The results indicated that a variety of emotional, social and cognitive skills including understanding and recognizing of emotions, social perspective taking, metacognition, causal reasoning, logical reasoning, scientific reasoning, verbal abilities and cognitive flexibility, play an important role in effectiveness of CBT. Some children may respond poorly because they do not yet have the cognitive, social, or emotional maturity needed to understand and a...
The present study aims to develop a specific cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) for social anxiety... more The present study aims to develop a specific cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adolescents based on previous researches’ suggestions. An ICBT was developed with two generic and specific approaches. The sample included 45 adolescents aged 14 to 18 with social anxiety disorder. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: specific, generic, and waiting list. All the outcome measures were conducted in four stages: pre-test, mid-test, post-test, and 3 months follow-up. The results showed a significant improvement in favor of ICBT with a specific approach on the score of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents SASA (p ≤ 0.01) and its two subscales including Anxiety and Fear of Negative Evaluation AFNE (p ≤ 0.01) and Tension and Inhibition in Social Interaction TISC (p ≤ 0.001). The specific ICBT developed in this study was an effective intervention for adolescents with SAD. The changes were also maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
Objectives: The analysis of the concept of ageism will help us to achieve a similar, clear, and u... more Objectives: The analysis of the concept of ageism will help us to achieve a similar, clear, and understandable definition of ageism in the care system. The aim of this study was clarification of the ageism in caring system. Methods & Materials: We utilized the Walker and Avant's model in this study. In a review of literature from 1969 to September 2018, sources were included on the basis of the definition, functions, properties, premises, consequences, and empirical referents of the ageism concept. Results: According to our analysis, the main attribute of the concept of ageism is that the ageism is a discriminatory process towards the elders which can have a positive or negative aspect with a conscious and unconscious manifestation in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in three micro, meso and macro levels and can be self-directed or other-directed. Conclusion: Since the concept of ageism in our country is relatively new and unknown, this concept analysis by cla...
Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate positive thinking in Islamic spirit... more Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate positive thinking in Islamic spirituality and to develop a theoretical model based on Islamic view. Methods: The research method in this study was based on qualitative approach. The study used a content analysis design with a hermeneutic approach to collect and analyze the data. In order to do so, sacred texts especially holy texts (i.e. Quran and Ahl al-Bayt's performance and oral tradition) were reviewed through hermeneutic understanding. Results: Findings demonstrated that positive psychology in Islamic spirituality mostly centers on the following topics: Islamic positive view of human, believing in Divine benevolence, gratitude, Tawakkul, and universal man. Also, based on the attachment theory, positive thinking was interpreted and its applications were explained for individual's thinking about past events, interpretations of present events, and future expectations. Positive thinking in this paradigm was discu...
Background: As the number of elderly people referred to hospitals increases, so does the number o... more Background: As the number of elderly people referred to hospitals increases, so does the number of discrimination reports in the care of the elderly, compared with younger people. This study aimed to investigate the status of ageism in caring for elderly patients from nurses’ perspective. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in three selected hospitals of Ardabil province, Iran, in 2019. A total of 482 nurses were recruited by convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographics questionnaire and the Ageism Scale in Hospital Care and analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe post hoc test) in SPSS V. 20. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33 years. Most nurses showed moderate ageism when providing care to older adults. The level of ageism was significantly associated with age ...
The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of bilingualism on letter and category fl... more The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of bilingualism on letter and category fluency tasks. Participants were 1,600 monolingual and bilingual children from three cities in Iran: Tehran (Persian monolinguals), Tabriz (Turkish–Persian bilinguals), and Sanandaj (Kurdish–Persian bilinguals). We separately presented nine Persian letters and thirty-one categories to the participants, and asked them to generate as many words as possible using each of these initial letters and categories within a maximum of three minutes. Bilingual children generated more words than monolingual children in the letter fluency task; this effect was more pronounced in Grade 1 and for Turkish–Persian bilinguals. However, Persian monolinguals generated significantly more words than both bilingual groups in the category fluency task. Thus, bilingualism can be of both advantage and disadvantage, and produce a dissociative effect. We discuss the results on the basis of the specific nature and diff...
Educational Measurement and Evaluation Studies, 2021
Objective: Due to the lack of electronic scale for screening elementary students based on Iranian... more Objective: Due to the lack of electronic scale for screening elementary students based on Iranian culture, this study provides a short online version of the mental health scale-teacher report to increase accuracy and speed of screening and reduce costs of it. Methods: The sample of the study was 22845 students (11545 female, 11300 male) of all provinces of Iran, who filled the long version of the Children's Psychological Health Scale (Akbari Zardkhaneh et al., 2018), including eighty items and eight subscales. Results: Item analysis with eight criteria showed that almost all items have good features. Factor analysis suggested that an eight-component model with forty items could be considered as a final structure for the short version. Examination of the measurement invariance between the gender groups indicated a suitable fitness that showed this scale assesses the same construct in both gender groups. Internal consistency was sufficiently good and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale was 0.97 and for subscales ranged between 0.75-0.93 and 0.80- 0.93, for female and male group respectively. Composite reliability coefficients ranged between 0.70 and 0.93 for girls and between 0.74 and 0.93 for boys. Measurement errors of the scale and subscales showed a suitable range. Standard path coefficients showed a suitable convergent validity of scale. Divergent validity of scale evaluated by average variance extracted and by HTMT method showed the necessary internal consistency and the construct validity within the scale. Conclusion: This scale is eligible enough to screen primary school students in Iran; however, further evidence is needed.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used for a wide range of psychological problems in children... more Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is used for a wide range of psychological problems in children. However, Children should have reached the level of development required to benefit from this treatment. The aim of this study is to examine developmental skills needed to effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy in children. In this umbrella review, review articles related to subject of study in Scopus, PubMed, springer in the period from 1900 to 2018 were extracted. Among articles extracted, 6 articles were selected for this study. The results indicated that a variety of emotional, social and cognitive skills including understanding and recognizing of emotions, social perspective taking, metacognition, causal reasoning, logical reasoning, scientific reasoning, verbal abilities and cognitive flexibility, play an important role in effectiveness of CBT. Some children may respond poorly because they do not yet have the cognitive, social, or emotional maturity needed to understand and a...
The present study aims to develop a specific cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) for social anxiety... more The present study aims to develop a specific cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adolescents based on previous researches’ suggestions. An ICBT was developed with two generic and specific approaches. The sample included 45 adolescents aged 14 to 18 with social anxiety disorder. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: specific, generic, and waiting list. All the outcome measures were conducted in four stages: pre-test, mid-test, post-test, and 3 months follow-up. The results showed a significant improvement in favor of ICBT with a specific approach on the score of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents SASA (p ≤ 0.01) and its two subscales including Anxiety and Fear of Negative Evaluation AFNE (p ≤ 0.01) and Tension and Inhibition in Social Interaction TISC (p ≤ 0.001). The specific ICBT developed in this study was an effective intervention for adolescents with SAD. The changes were also maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
Objectives: The analysis of the concept of ageism will help us to achieve a similar, clear, and u... more Objectives: The analysis of the concept of ageism will help us to achieve a similar, clear, and understandable definition of ageism in the care system. The aim of this study was clarification of the ageism in caring system. Methods & Materials: We utilized the Walker and Avant's model in this study. In a review of literature from 1969 to September 2018, sources were included on the basis of the definition, functions, properties, premises, consequences, and empirical referents of the ageism concept. Results: According to our analysis, the main attribute of the concept of ageism is that the ageism is a discriminatory process towards the elders which can have a positive or negative aspect with a conscious and unconscious manifestation in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in three micro, meso and macro levels and can be self-directed or other-directed. Conclusion: Since the concept of ageism in our country is relatively new and unknown, this concept analysis by cla...
Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate positive thinking in Islamic spirit... more Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate positive thinking in Islamic spirituality and to develop a theoretical model based on Islamic view. Methods: The research method in this study was based on qualitative approach. The study used a content analysis design with a hermeneutic approach to collect and analyze the data. In order to do so, sacred texts especially holy texts (i.e. Quran and Ahl al-Bayt's performance and oral tradition) were reviewed through hermeneutic understanding. Results: Findings demonstrated that positive psychology in Islamic spirituality mostly centers on the following topics: Islamic positive view of human, believing in Divine benevolence, gratitude, Tawakkul, and universal man. Also, based on the attachment theory, positive thinking was interpreted and its applications were explained for individual's thinking about past events, interpretations of present events, and future expectations. Positive thinking in this paradigm was discu...
Background: As the number of elderly people referred to hospitals increases, so does the number o... more Background: As the number of elderly people referred to hospitals increases, so does the number of discrimination reports in the care of the elderly, compared with younger people. This study aimed to investigate the status of ageism in caring for elderly patients from nurses’ perspective. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in three selected hospitals of Ardabil province, Iran, in 2019. A total of 482 nurses were recruited by convenience sampling. The data were collected using a demographics questionnaire and the Ageism Scale in Hospital Care and analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe post hoc test) in SPSS V. 20. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33 years. Most nurses showed moderate ageism when providing care to older adults. The level of ageism was significantly associated with age ...
The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of bilingualism on letter and category fl... more The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of bilingualism on letter and category fluency tasks. Participants were 1,600 monolingual and bilingual children from three cities in Iran: Tehran (Persian monolinguals), Tabriz (Turkish–Persian bilinguals), and Sanandaj (Kurdish–Persian bilinguals). We separately presented nine Persian letters and thirty-one categories to the participants, and asked them to generate as many words as possible using each of these initial letters and categories within a maximum of three minutes. Bilingual children generated more words than monolingual children in the letter fluency task; this effect was more pronounced in Grade 1 and for Turkish–Persian bilinguals. However, Persian monolinguals generated significantly more words than both bilingual groups in the category fluency task. Thus, bilingualism can be of both advantage and disadvantage, and produce a dissociative effect. We discuss the results on the basis of the specific nature and diff...
Educational Measurement and Evaluation Studies, 2021
Objective: Due to the lack of electronic scale for screening elementary students based on Iranian... more Objective: Due to the lack of electronic scale for screening elementary students based on Iranian culture, this study provides a short online version of the mental health scale-teacher report to increase accuracy and speed of screening and reduce costs of it. Methods: The sample of the study was 22845 students (11545 female, 11300 male) of all provinces of Iran, who filled the long version of the Children's Psychological Health Scale (Akbari Zardkhaneh et al., 2018), including eighty items and eight subscales. Results: Item analysis with eight criteria showed that almost all items have good features. Factor analysis suggested that an eight-component model with forty items could be considered as a final structure for the short version. Examination of the measurement invariance between the gender groups indicated a suitable fitness that showed this scale assesses the same construct in both gender groups. Internal consistency was sufficiently good and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale was 0.97 and for subscales ranged between 0.75-0.93 and 0.80- 0.93, for female and male group respectively. Composite reliability coefficients ranged between 0.70 and 0.93 for girls and between 0.74 and 0.93 for boys. Measurement errors of the scale and subscales showed a suitable range. Standard path coefficients showed a suitable convergent validity of scale. Divergent validity of scale evaluated by average variance extracted and by HTMT method showed the necessary internal consistency and the construct validity within the scale. Conclusion: This scale is eligible enough to screen primary school students in Iran; however, further evidence is needed.
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Methods: The sample of the study was 22845 students (11545 female, 11300 male) of all provinces of Iran, who filled the long version of the Children's Psychological Health Scale (Akbari Zardkhaneh et al., 2018), including eighty items and eight subscales.
Results: Item analysis with eight criteria showed that almost all items have good features. Factor analysis suggested that an eight-component model with forty items could be considered as a final structure for the short version. Examination of the measurement invariance between the gender groups indicated a suitable fitness that showed this scale assesses the same construct in both gender groups. Internal consistency was sufficiently good and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale was 0.97 and for subscales ranged between 0.75-0.93 and 0.80- 0.93, for female and male group respectively. Composite reliability coefficients ranged between 0.70 and 0.93 for girls and between 0.74 and 0.93 for boys. Measurement errors of the scale and subscales showed a suitable range. Standard path coefficients showed a suitable convergent validity of scale. Divergent validity of scale evaluated by average variance extracted and by HTMT method showed the necessary internal consistency and the construct validity within the scale.
Conclusion: This scale is eligible enough to screen primary school students in Iran; however, further evidence is needed.
Methods: The sample of the study was 22845 students (11545 female, 11300 male) of all provinces of Iran, who filled the long version of the Children's Psychological Health Scale (Akbari Zardkhaneh et al., 2018), including eighty items and eight subscales.
Results: Item analysis with eight criteria showed that almost all items have good features. Factor analysis suggested that an eight-component model with forty items could be considered as a final structure for the short version. Examination of the measurement invariance between the gender groups indicated a suitable fitness that showed this scale assesses the same construct in both gender groups. Internal consistency was sufficiently good and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the whole scale was 0.97 and for subscales ranged between 0.75-0.93 and 0.80- 0.93, for female and male group respectively. Composite reliability coefficients ranged between 0.70 and 0.93 for girls and between 0.74 and 0.93 for boys. Measurement errors of the scale and subscales showed a suitable range. Standard path coefficients showed a suitable convergent validity of scale. Divergent validity of scale evaluated by average variance extracted and by HTMT method showed the necessary internal consistency and the construct validity within the scale.
Conclusion: This scale is eligible enough to screen primary school students in Iran; however, further evidence is needed.