Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-part B-critical Reviews, 2008
Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility ma... more Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility may be attributed to a number of causes, including genetic and congenital abnormalities, infection, multisystemic diseases, varicocele, and others; however, a significant number of cases are idiopathic. Global declines in semen quality were suggested to be associated with enhanced exposure to environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disrupters as a result of our increased use of pesticides, plastics, and other anthropogenic materials. A significant body of toxicology data based upon laboratory and wildlife animals studies suggests that exposure to certain endocrine disrupters is associated with reproductive toxicity, including (1) abnormalities of the male reproductive tract (cryptorchidism, hypospadias), (2) reduced semen quality, and (3) impaired fertility in the adult. There is, however, a relative paucity of studies designed to measure exposure to endocrine disrupters on semen quality parameters (sperm concentration, motility, morphology). An overview of the human semen quality literature is presented that examines the role of endocrine disrupters including organochlorines (OC), dioxins, phthalates, phytoestrogens, and chemical mixtures (pesticides and tobacco smoke).
The nutritional suitability and cost effectiveness of groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GN... more The nutritional suitability and cost effectiveness of groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) as protein sources in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), mean initial weight 4.24 ± 0.20 g, was evaluated over a 56-day growth period. Five isonitrogenous (320 gkg−1), isolipidic (100 gkg−1), and isoenergetic (18 KJg−1) test diets were formulated in which GNC proteins replaced fish meal (FM) protein at levels of 25% and 50%, and GNH protein at 10% and 20%. The control diet had FM as the sole protein source. The growth experiment was conducted in plastic tanks in a recirculation system; each dietary treatment was in triplicate. After feeding fish at 4%–6% body weight per day, GNC and GNH protein replacements up to 50% and 20%, respectively, did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect growth and feed utilization. The study indicated that GNC and GNH protein could replace at least 50% and 20% of fish meal protein, respectively, in the diet of O. niloticus fingerlings without adversely affecting growth, feed efficiency, whole body composition, and nutrient digestibility. Generally the GN by-products-based diets were more cost-effective than the fish meal-based diet, particularly GNH replacing 20% fish meal protein.
An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed util... more An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency, and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (10.02 ± 0.09 g; 9.93 ± 0.07 cm). Isocaloric (4.15 kcal g−1, GE) diets with varying levels of protein (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% of the diet) were fed near to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Optimum dietary protein was determined by analyzing live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR%), and protein retention efficiency (PRE%) data. Maximum LWG% (167), best FCR (1.42), PER (1.75), SGR (1.76), and PRE (31.7%) were evident in fish fed 40% protein diet (Diet 4). Body protein data also supported the above level. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis of the above data indicated that inclusion of dietary protein in the range of 40–43% is optimum for the growth of young H. fossilis.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-part B-critical Reviews, 2008
Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility ma... more Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility may be attributed to a number of causes, including genetic and congenital abnormalities, infection, multisystemic diseases, varicocele, and others; however, a significant number of cases are idiopathic. Global declines in semen quality were suggested to be associated with enhanced exposure to environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disrupters as a result of our increased use of pesticides, plastics, and other anthropogenic materials. A significant body of toxicology data based upon laboratory and wildlife animals studies suggests that exposure to certain endocrine disrupters is associated with reproductive toxicity, including (1) abnormalities of the male reproductive tract (cryptorchidism, hypospadias), (2) reduced semen quality, and (3) impaired fertility in the adult. There is, however, a relative paucity of studies designed to measure exposure to endocrine disrupters on semen quality parameters (sperm concentration, motility, morphology). An overview of the human semen quality literature is presented that examines the role of endocrine disrupters including organochlorines (OC), dioxins, phthalates, phytoestrogens, and chemical mixtures (pesticides and tobacco smoke).
The nutritional suitability and cost effectiveness of groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GN... more The nutritional suitability and cost effectiveness of groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) as protein sources in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), mean initial weight 4.24 ± 0.20 g, was evaluated over a 56-day growth period. Five isonitrogenous (320 gkg−1), isolipidic (100 gkg−1), and isoenergetic (18 KJg−1) test diets were formulated in which GNC proteins replaced fish meal (FM) protein at levels of 25% and 50%, and GNH protein at 10% and 20%. The control diet had FM as the sole protein source. The growth experiment was conducted in plastic tanks in a recirculation system; each dietary treatment was in triplicate. After feeding fish at 4%–6% body weight per day, GNC and GNH protein replacements up to 50% and 20%, respectively, did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect growth and feed utilization. The study indicated that GNC and GNH protein could replace at least 50% and 20% of fish meal protein, respectively, in the diet of O. niloticus fingerlings without adversely affecting growth, feed efficiency, whole body composition, and nutrient digestibility. Generally the GN by-products-based diets were more cost-effective than the fish meal-based diet, particularly GNH replacing 20% fish meal protein.
An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed util... more An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency, and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (10.02 ± 0.09 g; 9.93 ± 0.07 cm). Isocaloric (4.15 kcal g−1, GE) diets with varying levels of protein (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% of the diet) were fed near to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Optimum dietary protein was determined by analyzing live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR%), and protein retention efficiency (PRE%) data. Maximum LWG% (167), best FCR (1.42), PER (1.75), SGR (1.76), and PRE (31.7%) were evident in fish fed 40% protein diet (Diet 4). Body protein data also supported the above level. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis of the above data indicated that inclusion of dietary protein in the range of 40–43% is optimum for the growth of young H. fossilis.
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