Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:310... more Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3106. 4635(79/2003) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2023
Glass beads from two maritime sites were analyzed: the Dutch East India Company vessel Rooswijk, ... more Glass beads from two maritime sites were analyzed: the Dutch East India Company vessel Rooswijk, wrecked in 1740 on Goodwin Sands off the Kent coast, UK, and an unidentified vessel known as the Bead Wreck, located off Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, in the Channel Islands. Both vessels were carrying drawn, lead glass beads, which are found mainly in 17th- and 18th-century contexts. The study demonstrates the value of analysing glass beads from wreck sites because the information has the potential to help characterize unidentified vessels and further refine bead chronologies at post-medieval archaeological sites.
Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:310... more Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3106. 4635(79/2003) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
Even at the edge of the Roman Empire, in Roman Britain, substantial quantities of vessel and wind... more Even at the edge of the Roman Empire, in Roman Britain, substantial quantities of vessel and window glass were consumed. The glass itself was not made in Britain, but imported to Britain as raw glass chunks, some as cullet, and fully formed objects. This paper will examine the nature of glass working at three workshops dating from the second to fourth century AD at Mancetter-Hartshill/Warwickshire, at Blue Boar Lane/Leicester and at St Algar’s Farm/Somerset. The evidence suggests that although glassworking was relatively widespread in Britain, many sites were predominantly working blue-green glass from re-melted cullet. It appears that only in the very large commercial centres, such as London, was there easier access to imports of raw glass, and perhaps also to more specialised glassworkers
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used ...
A total of seventeen annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opa... more A total of seventeen annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opaque grey-white decoration were found at a site near Stotfold, in Bedfordshire, England. The beads were part of a cremation burial (without an urn), associated with small fragments of gold sheet and bone, and the latter were carbon dated to 1303-1052 calBC with 95% probability. Analysis (quantitative using SEM-EDS and qualitative using XRF) found that the beads are made from low magnesium, high potassium (LMHK) glass, of the type prevalent in Europe between around 1200 and 900 BC. The grey-white trail on the cylindrical bead is opacified in a novel way, as neither tin nor antimony colourants were used. These are only the second confirmed example of LMHK glass beads from England, and the earliest in date. They provide evidence of networks extending between this community and continental Europe in the Later Bronze Age, and the burial of a high-status individual at Stotfold. Experimental rec...
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used ...
Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th - 16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, 2010
... due to the small size of the droplets) but it may significantly affect physical properties suc... more ... due to the small size of the droplets) but it may significantly affect physical properties such as viscosity (Shelby 2005; Vogel 1985 ... Archaeometry 32: 33–45 Blakelock E (2007) Bedminster Glue factory, Bristol: examination and analysis of glass and glassworking debris, Research ...
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used to modify and extend the coloured glass may derive from pre-Roman bead-making industries, and made use of widely available materials, including smithing hammerscale and possibly plant ashes. The results show the shifting balance of indigenous and Roman influences on different bangle types, depending on when and where they were made, and by whom.
Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:310... more Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3106. 4635(79/2003) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2023
Glass beads from two maritime sites were analyzed: the Dutch East India Company vessel Rooswijk, ... more Glass beads from two maritime sites were analyzed: the Dutch East India Company vessel Rooswijk, wrecked in 1740 on Goodwin Sands off the Kent coast, UK, and an unidentified vessel known as the Bead Wreck, located off Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, in the Channel Islands. Both vessels were carrying drawn, lead glass beads, which are found mainly in 17th- and 18th-century contexts. The study demonstrates the value of analysing glass beads from wreck sites because the information has the potential to help characterize unidentified vessels and further refine bead chronologies at post-medieval archaeological sites.
Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:310... more Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3106. 4635(79/2003) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
Even at the edge of the Roman Empire, in Roman Britain, substantial quantities of vessel and wind... more Even at the edge of the Roman Empire, in Roman Britain, substantial quantities of vessel and window glass were consumed. The glass itself was not made in Britain, but imported to Britain as raw glass chunks, some as cullet, and fully formed objects. This paper will examine the nature of glass working at three workshops dating from the second to fourth century AD at Mancetter-Hartshill/Warwickshire, at Blue Boar Lane/Leicester and at St Algar’s Farm/Somerset. The evidence suggests that although glassworking was relatively widespread in Britain, many sites were predominantly working blue-green glass from re-melted cullet. It appears that only in the very large commercial centres, such as London, was there easier access to imports of raw glass, and perhaps also to more specialised glassworkers
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used ...
A total of seventeen annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opa... more A total of seventeen annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opaque grey-white decoration were found at a site near Stotfold, in Bedfordshire, England. The beads were part of a cremation burial (without an urn), associated with small fragments of gold sheet and bone, and the latter were carbon dated to 1303-1052 calBC with 95% probability. Analysis (quantitative using SEM-EDS and qualitative using XRF) found that the beads are made from low magnesium, high potassium (LMHK) glass, of the type prevalent in Europe between around 1200 and 900 BC. The grey-white trail on the cylindrical bead is opacified in a novel way, as neither tin nor antimony colourants were used. These are only the second confirmed example of LMHK glass beads from England, and the earliest in date. They provide evidence of networks extending between this community and continental Europe in the Later Bronze Age, and the burial of a high-status individual at Stotfold. Experimental rec...
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century ad and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used ...
Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th - 16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, 2010
... due to the small size of the droplets) but it may significantly affect physical properties suc... more ... due to the small size of the droplets) but it may significantly affect physical properties such as viscosity (Shelby 2005; Vogel 1985 ... Archaeometry 32: 33–45 Blakelock E (2007) Bedminster Glue factory, Bristol: examination and analysis of glass and glassworking debris, Research ...
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturally-coloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used to modify and extend the coloured glass may derive from pre-Roman bead-making industries, and made use of widely available materials, including smithing hammerscale and possibly plant ashes. The results show the shifting balance of indigenous and Roman influences on different bangle types, depending on when and where they were made, and by whom.
This document provides practical guidance on how to investigate sites where pottery production h... more This document provides practical guidance on how to investigate sites where pottery production has taken place. It describes how to anticipate and locate pottery production sites and the types of evidence that may be found. It also provides advice on the available methods and strategies for examining, recording and sampling features and finds of various types at each stage of the work. The different techniques for establishing the date of pottery production, and for characterising the products of a site, are given particular emphasis.
Compiled by Harriet White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans, Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince’s Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.
This paper describes the scientific investigation of the raw materials, iron products, slags and ... more This paper describes the scientific investigation of the raw materials, iron products, slags and slag inclusions from a bloomery smelting and bloom forging experiment. The smelt used a high alumina sideritic ore, a clay-built shaft furnace and a blowing rate of around 200 litres per minute. The smelting slag produced was viscous and frothy, most similar in composition, microstructure and morphology to slag from medieval bloomeries smelting similar ores. Unusually, the slag contained magnetite rather than the typical wüstite, in the form of dendrites which were often nucleated on euhedral spinel crystals. The distinctive microstructure and composition of the smelting slag allowed inclusions of this slag to be differentiated from others which were formed and modified during smithing from bloom to bar. The silica to alumina and the silica to lime ratios in the bloom and bar slag inclusions were lower than in the smelting slag. A series of materials balance calculations indicates the influence of different proportions of furnace lining, fuel ash and ore on the smelting slags and the inclusions.
This article provides a glimpse at the fascinating array of objects found in the wreck of the sec... more This article provides a glimpse at the fascinating array of objects found in the wreck of the second-rate ship "London" which exploded in the Thames off Southend-on-Sea on 7th March 1665.
The results of the investigations over the last decade will be published in a Cotswold Archaeology Monograph envisaged for 2022.
Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become co... more Glass bangles are found in southern England and Wales from the mid-first century AD and become common in the north of England and southern Scotland in the late first century, before their numbers decline a century later. British bangles develop at a time of change, as Roman glassmaking practices were introduced across large areas of Britain, and as blown, transparent, colourless and naturallycoloured glassware became increasingly popular. In many communities, however, there was still a demand for strongly coloured opaque glass, including for bangles, and glassworkers devised ways of extending their supplies of opaque coloured glass. This study is based on over one hundred and fifty analyses of bangle fragments from sites in Wales, northern England and southern Scotland, spanning this transitional period. The bangle makers recycled coloured glass from imported vessels, and probably beads and bangle-making waste, to supplement supplies of fresh coloured glass. The novel methods used to modify and extend the coloured glass may derive from pre-Roman beadmaking industries, and made use of widely available materials, including smithing hammerscale and possibly plant ashes. The results show the shifting balance of indigenous and Roman influences on different bangle types, depending on when and where they were made, and by whom.
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Papers by Sarah Paynter
Compiled by Harriet White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans, Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince’s Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.
The results of the investigations over the last decade will be published in a Cotswold Archaeology Monograph envisaged for 2022.