IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2013
ABSTRACT In this paper we present a novel market-oriented stochastic optimization framework, whic... more ABSTRACT In this paper we present a novel market-oriented stochastic optimization framework, which can be used to optimize the unit commitment of a portfolio of distributed generation units (DG) and demand response resources (DRR) on a 24 h base. Key contributions of this work is the explicit incorporation of uncertainties in demand resp. supply curves and their corresponding mapping to market prices. The framework is based on the theory of competitive multi commodity markets in which a market operator utilizes a real-time price signal to indirectly adjust the commodity (quantities of energy) allocation of his portfolio of price-elastic DG units and DRR. We extend this approach to incorporate uncertainties in commodity allocations (for consumers) as well as production schedules (for producers), which are modeled as independent probability density functions (PDFs) over the quantity of each commodity. The aggregated PDFs of the commodity quantities are mapped to the price domain using a piece-wise linear approximation of the producer's/ consumer's gain functions. The resulting stochastic price signal holds additional incentives for DRR and DG units to reserve flexibility for periods of high allocation uncertainties. Thus additional to finding an optimal allocation schedule the pricing mechanism also allows the balancing of demand/ supply flexibility with the risk of uncertain demand/ supply deviations.
ABSTRACT Energy market activities together with an increasing integration of high capacity unpred... more ABSTRACT Energy market activities together with an increasing integration of high capacity unpredictable renewable resources (e.g. wind power) pose an increased utilization of electrical transmission networks. In order to eliminate consequential congestions it is necessary to upgrade the grid. Constructing new lines is difficult due to environmental specifications. An alternative is the integration of power flow controllers in order to dynamically redirect power flows. In this paper we present a multi-agent based algorithm that allows for an autonomous distributed coordination of power flow controllers.
Verkehrsstaus verursachen hohe Kosten — in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht. Verkeh... more Verkehrsstaus verursachen hohe Kosten — in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht. Verkehrsstaus können als verteilte und dynamische Probleme betrachtet werden, da keine zentrale Regelinstanz, sondern im Gegenteil jeder Fahrer (im Wesentlichen unabhängig voneinander) über den Beginn und die Strecke der Fahrt selbst entscheidet. Wir argumentieren, dass ein adäquater Lösungsansatz zur Stauvermeidung (sowie zur Minimierung von Reisezeiten und Umweltbelastung) auf globale Informationen verzichten muss, um auf dynamische Änderungen des Verkehrsaufkommen in Echtzeit reagieren zu können, in Straßenverkehrsnetzen realistischer Größe. In diesem Beitrag wird das verteilte Routingsystem BeeJamA in seiner Weiterentwicklung als Vehicleto-Infrastructure (V21) Architektur beschrieben, zur inzwischen erfolgenden realitätsnahen Evaluierung im MATSim Simulator.
2012 3rd Ieee Pes Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, Oct 1, 2012
ABSTRACT The ongoing substitution of conventional power plants by renewable energy resources (RES... more ABSTRACT The ongoing substitution of conventional power plants by renewable energy resources (RES) in Europe leads to new challenges for the operation of future power systems. Grid auxiliary services like frequency control which are traditionally provided by a few dedicated large power plants may in the future be realized by smaller generation units or loads. This paper discusses the applicability of small loads and generation units to participate to system frequency stabilization, by introducing a novel distributed coordination algorithm, that uses the concept of direct control to enable small generation units or loads to provide secondary control reserve. First we point out how the algorithm can be applied to classical Virtual Power Plants (VPP) control concepts using the example of price controlled VPPs. We analyse the aggregated ramping behaviour as well as the communication complexity and investigate the impact of particular (communication) parameters on the overall activation costs. First simulation studies will demonstrate a first prove of concept.
ABSTRACT Future electrical power networks will be composed of large collections of autonomous com... more ABSTRACT Future electrical power networks will be composed of large collections of autonomous components. Sensors and actuators, aware of their environment, with the ability to communicate freely, will have to organize themselves in order to perform the actions and services that are required for a reliable and robust power supply. Monitoring and efficiently operating power networks with a high density of distributed renewable generation and consumption is a challenging task for the underlying information and communication infrastructure as well as the system’s “intelligence” to e�ciently perform these tasks while guaranteeing the necessary power quality. Self-organization is an organizational concept that promises robust sys- tems with the ability to adapt themselves to system perturbations, failures and damages and thus may yield highly robust systems with the ability to scale freely to almost any size. However, the application of self-organizing systems in the domain of electrical power networks is lacking acceptance on the part of domain stakeholders and its engineers. In this position paper the authors describe the well-established process of use case based derivation of non-functional requirements in energy systems and propose a mapping strategy for aligning properties of self-organizing systems with the ICT- and automation system requirements specified in this process. It is the strong belief of the authors that such a mapping will be a key factor in creating acceptance of and establishing self-organization in the domain of electrical energy systems.
ABSTRACT With the liberalization of the power markets the average distance between power generati... more ABSTRACT With the liberalization of the power markets the average distance between power generation and consumption increases which leads to an increase in utilization of certain transmission corridors connecting e.g. off-shore wind parks to areas of high demand (industrial and urban districts). Together with rising power demand and the integration of high-capacity unpredictable renewable resources (e.g. volatile wind power) these factors pose a challenge to today's transmission networks. Operators have to guarantee a stable and efficient operation of the grid. One way to improve the stability and efficiency of the existing network - aside from expensive and most often very time-consuming reconstruction - is the integration of power flow controllers (PFCs) in order to dynamically redirect power flows away from critically loaded resources that may be threatened by an overload and thus (with the obvious drawback of higher transmission losses) accomplish a higher degree of available capacity utilization. In this paper we outline our current work on the development of a multi-agent-based real-time operation of PFCs that allows for an autonomous distributed coordination of fast power flow control actions across (international) control areas without the need for global information.
ABSTRACT Price-based control approaches can be derived from the Lagrangian relaxation of the unit... more ABSTRACT Price-based control approaches can be derived from the Lagrangian relaxation of the unit commitment problem and provide a scalable framework for solving practical sized optimization problems. The framework postulates an iterative gradient-based pricing mechanism, in which the price signal is used to negotiate the energy exchange between individual (small sized) market participants. Within this framework shiftable loads, renewables and storage devices induce discontinuous utility functions, which can cause divergence of the pricing mechanism resulting suboptimal solutions.
IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2013
ABSTRACT In this paper we present a novel market-oriented stochastic optimization framework, whic... more ABSTRACT In this paper we present a novel market-oriented stochastic optimization framework, which can be used to optimize the unit commitment of a portfolio of distributed generation units (DG) and demand response resources (DRR) on a 24 h base. Key contributions of this work is the explicit incorporation of uncertainties in demand resp. supply curves and their corresponding mapping to market prices. The framework is based on the theory of competitive multi commodity markets in which a market operator utilizes a real-time price signal to indirectly adjust the commodity (quantities of energy) allocation of his portfolio of price-elastic DG units and DRR. We extend this approach to incorporate uncertainties in commodity allocations (for consumers) as well as production schedules (for producers), which are modeled as independent probability density functions (PDFs) over the quantity of each commodity. The aggregated PDFs of the commodity quantities are mapped to the price domain using a piece-wise linear approximation of the producer's/ consumer's gain functions. The resulting stochastic price signal holds additional incentives for DRR and DG units to reserve flexibility for periods of high allocation uncertainties. Thus additional to finding an optimal allocation schedule the pricing mechanism also allows the balancing of demand/ supply flexibility with the risk of uncertain demand/ supply deviations.
ABSTRACT Energy market activities together with an increasing integration of high capacity unpred... more ABSTRACT Energy market activities together with an increasing integration of high capacity unpredictable renewable resources (e.g. wind power) pose an increased utilization of electrical transmission networks. In order to eliminate consequential congestions it is necessary to upgrade the grid. Constructing new lines is difficult due to environmental specifications. An alternative is the integration of power flow controllers in order to dynamically redirect power flows. In this paper we present a multi-agent based algorithm that allows for an autonomous distributed coordination of power flow controllers.
Verkehrsstaus verursachen hohe Kosten — in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht. Verkeh... more Verkehrsstaus verursachen hohe Kosten — in ökonomischer als auch in ökologischer Hinsicht. Verkehrsstaus können als verteilte und dynamische Probleme betrachtet werden, da keine zentrale Regelinstanz, sondern im Gegenteil jeder Fahrer (im Wesentlichen unabhängig voneinander) über den Beginn und die Strecke der Fahrt selbst entscheidet. Wir argumentieren, dass ein adäquater Lösungsansatz zur Stauvermeidung (sowie zur Minimierung von Reisezeiten und Umweltbelastung) auf globale Informationen verzichten muss, um auf dynamische Änderungen des Verkehrsaufkommen in Echtzeit reagieren zu können, in Straßenverkehrsnetzen realistischer Größe. In diesem Beitrag wird das verteilte Routingsystem BeeJamA in seiner Weiterentwicklung als Vehicleto-Infrastructure (V21) Architektur beschrieben, zur inzwischen erfolgenden realitätsnahen Evaluierung im MATSim Simulator.
2012 3rd Ieee Pes Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, Oct 1, 2012
ABSTRACT The ongoing substitution of conventional power plants by renewable energy resources (RES... more ABSTRACT The ongoing substitution of conventional power plants by renewable energy resources (RES) in Europe leads to new challenges for the operation of future power systems. Grid auxiliary services like frequency control which are traditionally provided by a few dedicated large power plants may in the future be realized by smaller generation units or loads. This paper discusses the applicability of small loads and generation units to participate to system frequency stabilization, by introducing a novel distributed coordination algorithm, that uses the concept of direct control to enable small generation units or loads to provide secondary control reserve. First we point out how the algorithm can be applied to classical Virtual Power Plants (VPP) control concepts using the example of price controlled VPPs. We analyse the aggregated ramping behaviour as well as the communication complexity and investigate the impact of particular (communication) parameters on the overall activation costs. First simulation studies will demonstrate a first prove of concept.
ABSTRACT Future electrical power networks will be composed of large collections of autonomous com... more ABSTRACT Future electrical power networks will be composed of large collections of autonomous components. Sensors and actuators, aware of their environment, with the ability to communicate freely, will have to organize themselves in order to perform the actions and services that are required for a reliable and robust power supply. Monitoring and efficiently operating power networks with a high density of distributed renewable generation and consumption is a challenging task for the underlying information and communication infrastructure as well as the system’s “intelligence” to e�ciently perform these tasks while guaranteeing the necessary power quality. Self-organization is an organizational concept that promises robust sys- tems with the ability to adapt themselves to system perturbations, failures and damages and thus may yield highly robust systems with the ability to scale freely to almost any size. However, the application of self-organizing systems in the domain of electrical power networks is lacking acceptance on the part of domain stakeholders and its engineers. In this position paper the authors describe the well-established process of use case based derivation of non-functional requirements in energy systems and propose a mapping strategy for aligning properties of self-organizing systems with the ICT- and automation system requirements specified in this process. It is the strong belief of the authors that such a mapping will be a key factor in creating acceptance of and establishing self-organization in the domain of electrical energy systems.
ABSTRACT With the liberalization of the power markets the average distance between power generati... more ABSTRACT With the liberalization of the power markets the average distance between power generation and consumption increases which leads to an increase in utilization of certain transmission corridors connecting e.g. off-shore wind parks to areas of high demand (industrial and urban districts). Together with rising power demand and the integration of high-capacity unpredictable renewable resources (e.g. volatile wind power) these factors pose a challenge to today's transmission networks. Operators have to guarantee a stable and efficient operation of the grid. One way to improve the stability and efficiency of the existing network - aside from expensive and most often very time-consuming reconstruction - is the integration of power flow controllers (PFCs) in order to dynamically redirect power flows away from critically loaded resources that may be threatened by an overload and thus (with the obvious drawback of higher transmission losses) accomplish a higher degree of available capacity utilization. In this paper we outline our current work on the development of a multi-agent-based real-time operation of PFCs that allows for an autonomous distributed coordination of fast power flow control actions across (international) control areas without the need for global information.
ABSTRACT Price-based control approaches can be derived from the Lagrangian relaxation of the unit... more ABSTRACT Price-based control approaches can be derived from the Lagrangian relaxation of the unit commitment problem and provide a scalable framework for solving practical sized optimization problems. The framework postulates an iterative gradient-based pricing mechanism, in which the price signal is used to negotiate the energy exchange between individual (small sized) market participants. Within this framework shiftable loads, renewables and storage devices induce discontinuous utility functions, which can cause divergence of the pricing mechanism resulting suboptimal solutions.
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Papers by Sebastian Lehnhoff