Avrasya coğrafyasında yüzyıllar boyunca var olan birçok medeniyet arasında sayısız savaşlar yaşan... more Avrasya coğrafyasında yüzyıllar boyunca var olan birçok medeniyet arasında sayısız savaşlar yaşandığı gibi sayısız defalar da ittifaklar kurulmuştur. Bu kapsamda Türk-Rus ilişkileri dikkate değerdir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Çarlık Rusya’nın birbirleriyle asırlarca mücadelesine karşın Ekim 1917 Devrimiyle kurulan Bolşevik Rusya ve Ekim 1923’te kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti arasında Kurtuluş Savaşında başlayan ilişkiler sonrasında gelişmiştir. Yaklaşık 50 yıllık Soğuk Savaş döneminde farklı bloklarda yer almalarından dolayı Türkiye ve Sovyet Rusya arasındaki ilişkiler çok düşük bir seviyede seyretmiştir. Soğuk Savaş’taki Yumuşama Döneminde gelişen ilişkiler 1984 senesinde Türkiye’nin Sovyetler Birliği’nden doğal gaz alması içeren bir anlaşmanın imzalanmasıyla farklı bir boyuta evrilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Ankara ve Moskova arasındaki ilişkilerin en önemli boyutlarından birisini enerji konusu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Hattı ile başlayan ve daha sonrasında Mavi Akım Projesinin devreye alınmasıyla ivmelenen mevzubahis ilişkilerde 2006, 2009 ve 2014 senelerinde Moskova ile Kiev arasında yaşanan gaz temelli krizler çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çünkü Rusya Federasyonu, Avrupa’ya gönderdiği gazın yüzde yetmişine yakınının geçtiği Ukrayna ile yaşadığı krizler neticesinde alternatif projeler ve transit ülkeleri önceleyen bir politika takip etmeye başlamıştır. Burada ön plana çıkan Türkiye olmuştur. Nitekim bu minvalde geliştirilen Güney Akım ve daha sonrasında yeni adıyla Türk Akımı projesi hem Rusya hem de Türkiye ve Avrupa’nın enerji güvenliği politikalarında kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca bu Ankara’nın Avrasya’da hayati bir enerji koridoru olma hedefine de doğrudan hizmet etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Rusya Federasyonu, Dengeli Karşılıklı Bağımlılık, Mavi Akım, Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği, Güney Akım, Türk Akımı.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals' relations with their allies in the next years.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
ABSTRACT:
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great... more ABSTRACT: Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
After the failure of Atlanticist Foreign Policy within Russia at the first half of 1990s, the Nea... more After the failure of Atlanticist Foreign Policy within Russia at the first half of 1990s, the Near Abroad Doctrine in April 1993 by the then President Boris Yeltsin, has become popular in the Russian Foreign Policy prioritizing the reestablishment of close and multidimensional relations with the former USSR region. Together with the beginning of Vladimir Putin term in 2000, this doctrine has been forming the chief foreign policy line thanks to the contribution of Aleksandr Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianism Doctrine since then. In Dugin’s doctrine, one of the countries that have been attached special importance by the Kremlin is Turkey. Since 1984, Russia is the leading natural gas supplier of Turkey. In response to the West’s sanctioning policy toward Moscow due to latter’s foreign policy on Ukraine since November 2013, Russia has been trying to strengthen its energy-based relationships with Turkey via the construction of Turkish Stream and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant as a part of its grand strategy to form the multi-dimensional alliances within the Eurasia in the 21st century against Washington’s supremacy and bypass Ukraine as an energy transit state. Eurasianism has become one of the most significant instruments for Turkey’s foreign policy. Turkey is located as a bridge between Asian and European states, that’s why; its geopolitical position has granted unique responsibility to resolve regional conflicts in means of politically and economically. Turkish-Russian relations have improved significantly since proxy war in Syria and this rapprochement has caused discussions about Turkey’s decision to purchase the Russian-made S-400 long range missile system and cooperate on other great projects. Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Neo-Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Turkish Stream, S-400 Missile System.
This paper aims to examine Turkey's sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21 st... more This paper aims to examine Turkey's sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21 st century. With the start of using oil and natural gas in the industry and also elsewhere, drilling, processing and transporting these resources have become an important issue between demanders and suppliers. In Eurasia, although eastern part of the continent is rich in terms of oil and gas, western part of the continent lacks significant volume of hydrocarbons. In terms of energy security perspective, both producers and demanders prioritize the uninterrupted transportation of hydrocarbons. This situation necessitates the presence of transit countries. Nowadays, the new world order has been shaping in the perspective of regional instabilities. In addition, center of gravity of the continent has been changing. Turkey is at the center of these developments and continent as an energy corridor. Hence, the existing and projected oil and natural gas pipeline projects will be beneficial for either Turkey or energy supplier/demander countries.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Greatstruggles ... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Greatstruggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within thatframework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. Theyhave confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and TsardomRussia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideologicalclashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a uniquerelationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in RussianFederation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they haveintensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining itas a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase thetensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasinginterdependence to each...
A Comparative Analysis Of Turkey And Russia’s Security And
Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediter... more A Comparative Analysis Of Turkey And Russia’s Security And Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediterranean After 2000 Abstract The such factors as being the Cyprus Island’s strategic importance in terms of the Eastern Mediterranean, being two allies of Turkey and Greece having problems in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, the proximity of the region to the instable Middle East, the EU membership of Greek Cypriot Administration in the Cyprus Island, not part of the Europe as well as the indirect intervention of Brussels into the region necessitate for Turkey to make comprehensive analyses including military and energy security aspects. In terms of military security in the Eastern Mediterranean, Russia possessing air and naval bases in Syria and also intensifies these initiatives in other Eastern Mediterranean countries including Libya. In terms of energy security, even though Russia considers that the total Eastern Mediterranean natural gas reserves are very low when compared with its reserves, it involves into the energy exploration studies in the Eastern Mediterranean via Gazprom and Rosneft. Based on this framework, in this study, it will be examined the reflections of energy centered military developments in the Eastern Mediterranean geography in terms of Turkey and Russia. Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Eastern Mediterranean, Military Security, Energy Security.
Avrasya coğrafyasında yüzyıllar boyunca var olan birçok medeniyet arasında sayısız savaşlar yaşan... more Avrasya coğrafyasında yüzyıllar boyunca var olan birçok medeniyet arasında sayısız savaşlar yaşandığı gibi sayısız defalar da ittifaklar kurulmuştur. Bu kapsamda Türk-Rus ilişkileri dikkate değerdir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Çarlık Rusya’nın birbirleriyle asırlarca mücadelesine karşın Ekim 1917 Devrimiyle kurulan Bolşevik Rusya ve Ekim 1923’te kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti arasında Kurtuluş Savaşında başlayan ilişkiler sonrasında gelişmiştir. Yaklaşık 50 yıllık Soğuk Savaş döneminde farklı bloklarda yer almalarından dolayı Türkiye ve Sovyet Rusya arasındaki ilişkiler çok düşük bir seviyede seyretmiştir. Soğuk Savaş’taki Yumuşama Döneminde gelişen ilişkiler 1984 senesinde Türkiye’nin Sovyetler Birliği’nden doğal gaz alması içeren bir anlaşmanın imzalanmasıyla farklı bir boyuta evrilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Ankara ve Moskova arasındaki ilişkilerin en önemli boyutlarından birisini enerji konusu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Hattı ile başlayan ve daha sonrasında Mavi Akım Projesinin devreye alınmasıyla ivmelenen mevzubahis ilişkilerde 2006, 2009 ve 2014 senelerinde Moskova ile Kiev arasında yaşanan gaz temelli krizler çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çünkü Rusya Federasyonu, Avrupa’ya gönderdiği gazın yüzde yetmişine yakınının geçtiği Ukrayna ile yaşadığı krizler neticesinde alternatif projeler ve transit ülkeleri önceleyen bir politika takip etmeye başlamıştır. Burada ön plana çıkan Türkiye olmuştur. Nitekim bu minvalde geliştirilen Güney Akım ve daha sonrasında yeni adıyla Türk Akımı projesi hem Rusya hem de Türkiye ve Avrupa’nın enerji güvenliği politikalarında kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca bu Ankara’nın Avrasya’da hayati bir enerji koridoru olma hedefine de doğrudan hizmet etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Rusya Federasyonu, Dengeli Karşılıklı Bağımlılık, Mavi Akım, Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği, Güney Akım, Türk Akımı.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals' relations with their allies in the next years.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
ABSTRACT:
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great... more ABSTRACT: Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years. Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
After the failure of Atlanticist Foreign Policy within Russia at the first half of 1990s, the Nea... more After the failure of Atlanticist Foreign Policy within Russia at the first half of 1990s, the Near Abroad Doctrine in April 1993 by the then President Boris Yeltsin, has become popular in the Russian Foreign Policy prioritizing the reestablishment of close and multidimensional relations with the former USSR region. Together with the beginning of Vladimir Putin term in 2000, this doctrine has been forming the chief foreign policy line thanks to the contribution of Aleksandr Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianism Doctrine since then. In Dugin’s doctrine, one of the countries that have been attached special importance by the Kremlin is Turkey. Since 1984, Russia is the leading natural gas supplier of Turkey. In response to the West’s sanctioning policy toward Moscow due to latter’s foreign policy on Ukraine since November 2013, Russia has been trying to strengthen its energy-based relationships with Turkey via the construction of Turkish Stream and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant as a part of its grand strategy to form the multi-dimensional alliances within the Eurasia in the 21st century against Washington’s supremacy and bypass Ukraine as an energy transit state. Eurasianism has become one of the most significant instruments for Turkey’s foreign policy. Turkey is located as a bridge between Asian and European states, that’s why; its geopolitical position has granted unique responsibility to resolve regional conflicts in means of politically and economically. Turkish-Russian relations have improved significantly since proxy war in Syria and this rapprochement has caused discussions about Turkey’s decision to purchase the Russian-made S-400 long range missile system and cooperate on other great projects. Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Neo-Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Turkish Stream, S-400 Missile System.
This paper aims to examine Turkey's sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21 st... more This paper aims to examine Turkey's sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21 st century. With the start of using oil and natural gas in the industry and also elsewhere, drilling, processing and transporting these resources have become an important issue between demanders and suppliers. In Eurasia, although eastern part of the continent is rich in terms of oil and gas, western part of the continent lacks significant volume of hydrocarbons. In terms of energy security perspective, both producers and demanders prioritize the uninterrupted transportation of hydrocarbons. This situation necessitates the presence of transit countries. Nowadays, the new world order has been shaping in the perspective of regional instabilities. In addition, center of gravity of the continent has been changing. Turkey is at the center of these developments and continent as an energy corridor. Hence, the existing and projected oil and natural gas pipeline projects will be beneficial for either Turkey or energy supplier/demander countries.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Greatstruggles ... more Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Greatstruggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within thatframework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. Theyhave confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and TsardomRussia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideologicalclashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a uniquerelationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in RussianFederation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they haveintensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining itas a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase thetensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasinginterdependence to each...
A Comparative Analysis Of Turkey And Russia’s Security And
Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediter... more A Comparative Analysis Of Turkey And Russia’s Security And Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediterranean After 2000 Abstract The such factors as being the Cyprus Island’s strategic importance in terms of the Eastern Mediterranean, being two allies of Turkey and Greece having problems in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, the proximity of the region to the instable Middle East, the EU membership of Greek Cypriot Administration in the Cyprus Island, not part of the Europe as well as the indirect intervention of Brussels into the region necessitate for Turkey to make comprehensive analyses including military and energy security aspects. In terms of military security in the Eastern Mediterranean, Russia possessing air and naval bases in Syria and also intensifies these initiatives in other Eastern Mediterranean countries including Libya. In terms of energy security, even though Russia considers that the total Eastern Mediterranean natural gas reserves are very low when compared with its reserves, it involves into the energy exploration studies in the Eastern Mediterranean via Gazprom and Rosneft. Based on this framework, in this study, it will be examined the reflections of energy centered military developments in the Eastern Mediterranean geography in terms of Turkey and Russia. Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Eastern Mediterranean, Military Security, Energy Security.
This paper aims to examine Turkey’s sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21st ... more This paper aims to examine Turkey’s sui generis energy role at the center of Eurasia in the 21st century. With the start of using oil and natural gas in the industry and also elsewhere, drilling, processing and transporting these resources have become an important issue between demanders and suppliers. In Eurasia, although eastern part of the continent is rich in terms of oil and gas, western part of the continent lacks significant volume of hydrocarbons. In terms of energy security perspective, both producers and demanders prioritize the uninterrupted transportation of hydrocarbons. This situation necessitates the presence of transit countries. Nowadays, the new world order has been shaping in the perspective of regional instabilities. In addition, center of gravity of the continent has been changing. Turkey is at the center of these developments and continent as an energy corridor. Hence, the existing and projected oil and natural gas pipeline projects will be beneficial for either Turkey or energy supplier/demander countries.
Öz: Akdeniz coğrafyası, tarihin her döneminde, barındırdığı jeopolitik, jeostratejik, jeoekonomik... more Öz: Akdeniz coğrafyası, tarihin her döneminde, barındırdığı jeopolitik, jeostratejik, jeoekonomik ve jeokültürel özelliklerden ötürü hem bölgede bulunan, hem de bölge dışı siyasi yapılanmalarca üzerinde hâkimiyet kurulmaya çalışılan önemli bir yer olmuştur. Akdeniz’in “Bereketli Hilal” olarak adlandırılmasıyla, bölgedeki güç mücadeleleri yüzyıllarca sürmüş ve günümüzde de bu mücadele yeni boyutların eklenmesi suretiyle sıcak bir biçimde güncelliğini korumaktadır. İlgili coğrafyada 2000’li yıllar itibariyle zengin doğalgaz kaynaklarının keşfi ve bunların tüketici pazarlara çeşitli yollar ile taşınması merkezli mücadele ise, hem bölge ülkeleri, hem de bölge dışı ülkeler arasında günümüz şartlarında askeri güvenlik unsurlarının da dâhil olduğu güçlü bir şekilde devam etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada, Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasında mevcut durumda var olan ve oluşması muhtemel enerji merkezli askeri güvenlik gelişmelerinin Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdenizli komşuları ve küresel güçlerle olan ilişkilerine yansımaları incelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Akdeniz, Doğalgaz, Türkiye, Enerji, Askeri Güvenlik.
Dogu Akdeniz Bolgesi, gunumuzde askeri guvenlik ve enerji guvenligi politikalari baglaminda gitti... more Dogu Akdeniz Bolgesi, gunumuzde askeri guvenlik ve enerji guvenligi politikalari baglaminda gittikce onemini artiran bir cografi alandir. Son senelerde kesfedilen buyuk olcekteki dogalgaz kaynaklarina ilaveten ozellikle Arap Ayaklanmalarinin bir neticesi olarak ulusal guvenlik politikalari cercevesinde, bolge ulkelerinin yani sira bolge disindaki buyuk devletler (ABD ve Rusya) ve de onemli bolgesel organizasyonlar (ozellikle Avrupa Birligi) tarafindan Dogu Akdeniz’e cok ozel bir onem atfedilmektedir. Avrupa Birligi hem kendi enerji guvenligi acisindan hem de bolgesel askeri guvenlik politikalari baglaminda ilgili bolge ulkeleri ile cesitli is birligi projeleri gelistirmektedir. Bu baglamda bolgede bulunan zengin hidrokarbon kaynaklarina sahip ulkelerle Dogu Akdeniz Gaz Girisimi kapsaminda dogalgaz tasima projeleri gerceklestirirken, diger yandan Kalici Yapilandirilmis Isbirligi Savunma Anlasmasi (The Permanent Structured Cooperation Agreement- PESCO) Girisimi ile bolgeye yonelik bir...
Cyprus Dispute is one of the fundamental foreign policy issues in Turkish foreign policy since th... more Cyprus Dispute is one of the fundamental foreign policy issues in Turkish foreign policy since the 1950s. Cyprus Dispute has often been perceived as an issue above petty politics in Turkey, and almost all Turkish political parties supported the Turkish State’s involvement in Cyprus since the 1960s and Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974. However, after AK Party came to power in 2002, with the main motive of preventing a secular nationalist military coup, as well as with the aim of becoming a full member of the European Union (EU), the party adopted a proactive foreign policy favoring the solution in the island. That is why Turkey and Turkish Cypriots actively supported the Annan Plan referendum in 2004. However, upon the rejection of the settlement plan by Greek Cypriots and EU’s decision to accept Greek Cypriot government as an EU member and the only representative of the Cyprus Republic, Cyprus Dispute has transformed into a problem spoiling not only Turkish-Greek and Turkish-Cypriot r...
Öz: Akdeniz coğrafyası, tarihin her döneminde, barındırdığı jeopolitik, jeostratejik,
jeoekonomik... more Öz: Akdeniz coğrafyası, tarihin her döneminde, barındırdığı jeopolitik, jeostratejik, jeoekonomik ve jeokültürel özelliklerden ötürü hem bölgede bulunan, hem de bölge dışı siyasi yapılanmalarca üzerinde hâkimiyet kurulmaya çalışılan önemli bir yer olmuştur. Akdeniz’in “Bereketli Hilal” olarak adlandırılmasıyla, bölgedeki güç mücadeleleri yüzyıllarca sürmüş ve günümüzde de bu mücadele yeni boyutların eklenmesi suretiyle sıcak bir biçimde güncelliğini korumaktadır. İlgili coğrafyada 2000’li yıllar itibariyle zengin doğalgaz kaynaklarının keşfi ve bunların tüketici pazarlara çeşitli yollar ile taşınması merkezli mücadele ise, hem bölge ülkeleri, hem de bölge dışı ülkeler arasında günümüz şartlarında askeri güvenlik unsurlarının da dâhil olduğu güçlü bir şekilde devam etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada, Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasında mevcut durumda var olan ve oluşması muhtemel enerji merkezli askeri güvenlik gelişmelerinin Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdenizli komşuları ve küresel güçlerle olan ilişkilerine yansımaları incelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Akdeniz, Doğalgaz, Türkiye, Enerji, Askeri Güvenlik.
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Soğuk Savaş’taki Yumuşama Döneminde gelişen ilişkiler 1984 senesinde Türkiye’nin Sovyetler Birliği’nden doğal gaz alması içeren bir anlaşmanın imzalanmasıyla farklı bir boyuta evrilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Ankara ve Moskova arasındaki ilişkilerin en önemli boyutlarından birisini enerji konusu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Hattı ile başlayan ve daha sonrasında Mavi Akım Projesinin devreye alınmasıyla ivmelenen mevzubahis ilişkilerde 2006, 2009 ve 2014 senelerinde Moskova ile Kiev arasında yaşanan gaz temelli krizler çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çünkü Rusya Federasyonu, Avrupa’ya gönderdiği gazın yüzde yetmişine yakınının geçtiği Ukrayna ile yaşadığı krizler neticesinde alternatif projeler ve transit ülkeleri önceleyen bir politika takip etmeye başlamıştır. Burada ön plana çıkan Türkiye olmuştur. Nitekim bu minvalde geliştirilen Güney Akım ve daha sonrasında yeni adıyla Türk Akımı projesi hem Rusya hem de Türkiye ve Avrupa’nın enerji güvenliği politikalarında kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca bu Ankara’nın Avrasya’da hayati bir enerji koridoru olma hedefine de doğrudan hizmet etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Rusya Federasyonu, Dengeli Karşılıklı Bağımlılık, Mavi Akım, Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği, Güney Akım, Türk Akımı.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Neo-Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Turkish Stream, S-400 Missile System.
Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediterranean After 2000
Abstract
The such factors as being the Cyprus Island’s strategic importance in terms
of the Eastern Mediterranean, being two allies of Turkey and Greece having
problems in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, the proximity of the region
to the instable Middle East, the EU membership of Greek Cypriot Administration
in the Cyprus Island, not part of the Europe as well as the indirect intervention
of Brussels into the region necessitate for Turkey to make comprehensive
analyses including military and energy security aspects. In terms of military
security in the Eastern Mediterranean, Russia possessing air and naval bases
in Syria and also intensifies these initiatives in other Eastern Mediterranean
countries including Libya. In terms of energy security, even though Russia
considers that the total Eastern Mediterranean natural gas reserves are very
low when compared with its reserves, it involves into the energy exploration
studies in the Eastern Mediterranean via Gazprom and Rosneft. Based on this
framework, in this study, it will be examined the reflections of energy centered
military developments in the Eastern Mediterranean geography in terms of
Turkey and Russia.
Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Eastern Mediterranean, Military Security,
Energy Security.
Soğuk Savaş’taki Yumuşama Döneminde gelişen ilişkiler 1984 senesinde Türkiye’nin Sovyetler Birliği’nden doğal gaz alması içeren bir anlaşmanın imzalanmasıyla farklı bir boyuta evrilmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren Ankara ve Moskova arasındaki ilişkilerin en önemli boyutlarından birisini enerji konusu oluşturmaktadır. Batı Hattı ile başlayan ve daha sonrasında Mavi Akım Projesinin devreye alınmasıyla ivmelenen mevzubahis ilişkilerde 2006, 2009 ve 2014 senelerinde Moskova ile Kiev arasında yaşanan gaz temelli krizler çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Çünkü Rusya Federasyonu, Avrupa’ya gönderdiği gazın yüzde yetmişine yakınının geçtiği Ukrayna ile yaşadığı krizler neticesinde alternatif projeler ve transit ülkeleri önceleyen bir politika takip etmeye başlamıştır. Burada ön plana çıkan Türkiye olmuştur. Nitekim bu minvalde geliştirilen Güney Akım ve daha sonrasında yeni adıyla Türk Akımı projesi hem Rusya hem de Türkiye ve Avrupa’nın enerji güvenliği politikalarında kritik derecede öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca bu Ankara’nın Avrasya’da hayati bir enerji koridoru olma hedefine de doğrudan hizmet etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Rusya Federasyonu, Dengeli Karşılıklı Bağımlılık, Mavi Akım, Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği, Güney Akım, Türk Akımı.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Several civilizations have taken place throughout the history of Eurasian region. Great struggles have occurred as well as great alliances have been set up among them. Within that framework, one of the important affiliations has been between the Turks and Russians. They have confronted almost two hundred centuries during the Ottoman Empire and Tsardom Russia. During the Cold War, the relations have been at its lowest level due to the ideological clashes. But in the post-Cold War, Ankara and Moscow have tried to establish a unique relationship. Especially after the coming into the power of Vladimir Putin in Russian Federation and Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey at the beginnings of 2000s, they have intensively been working to bring this relationship into a multidimensional one by defining it as a strategic alliance. Very different outlooks on recent Ukraine and Syria Crises increase the tensions between them. On other hand, one should remember that they have an increasing interdependence to each other in various fields. The fate of Ukraine and Syrian Crises will be the decisive factor both on the future of Ankara-Moscow relations and these two capitals’ relations with their allies in the next years.
Keywords: Turkey, Russian Federation, Balanced Interdependence, Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Energy.
Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Neo-Eurasianism, Ukraine, Syria, Turkish Stream, S-400 Missile System.
Energy Policies In The Eastern Mediterranean After 2000
Abstract
The such factors as being the Cyprus Island’s strategic importance in terms
of the Eastern Mediterranean, being two allies of Turkey and Greece having
problems in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, the proximity of the region
to the instable Middle East, the EU membership of Greek Cypriot Administration
in the Cyprus Island, not part of the Europe as well as the indirect intervention
of Brussels into the region necessitate for Turkey to make comprehensive
analyses including military and energy security aspects. In terms of military
security in the Eastern Mediterranean, Russia possessing air and naval bases
in Syria and also intensifies these initiatives in other Eastern Mediterranean
countries including Libya. In terms of energy security, even though Russia
considers that the total Eastern Mediterranean natural gas reserves are very
low when compared with its reserves, it involves into the energy exploration
studies in the Eastern Mediterranean via Gazprom and Rosneft. Based on this
framework, in this study, it will be examined the reflections of energy centered
military developments in the Eastern Mediterranean geography in terms of
Turkey and Russia.
Keywords: Turkey, Russia, Eastern Mediterranean, Military Security,
Energy Security.
jeoekonomik ve jeokültürel özelliklerden ötürü hem bölgede bulunan, hem de bölge dışı siyasi
yapılanmalarca üzerinde hâkimiyet kurulmaya çalışılan önemli bir yer olmuştur. Akdeniz’in
“Bereketli Hilal” olarak adlandırılmasıyla, bölgedeki güç mücadeleleri yüzyıllarca sürmüş ve
günümüzde de bu mücadele yeni boyutların eklenmesi suretiyle sıcak bir biçimde güncelliğini
korumaktadır. İlgili coğrafyada 2000’li yıllar itibariyle zengin doğalgaz kaynaklarının keşfi ve
bunların tüketici pazarlara çeşitli yollar ile taşınması merkezli mücadele ise, hem bölge
ülkeleri, hem de bölge dışı ülkeler arasında günümüz şartlarında askeri güvenlik unsurlarının
da dâhil olduğu güçlü bir şekilde devam etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada, Doğu
Akdeniz coğrafyasında mevcut durumda var olan ve oluşması muhtemel enerji merkezli
askeri güvenlik gelişmelerinin Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdenizli komşuları ve küresel güçlerle
olan ilişkilerine yansımaları incelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Akdeniz, Doğalgaz, Türkiye, Enerji, Askeri Güvenlik.