Caring for preterm and low birthweight babies, collectively termed ‘small babies,’ has long been ... more Caring for preterm and low birthweight babies, collectively termed ‘small babies,’ has long been the predicament of perinatal and neonatal medicine experts throughout the world. Its occurrence is, by and large, associated with maternal morbidities, which consequently contribute to neonatal mortality and morbidity, both in the short and long term. For this reason, its prevention and optimal management remain a challenge and the subject of much deliberation, research, policy and even, legislation. Traditionally kept in incubators for long periods, small premature babies grow in this environment; not much different from ‘poultry hatcheries’ where the environment is artificially controlled, and nurturing is programmed. The shortage of incubators in an overcrowded Colombian neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) turned out to be a blessing-in-disguise for Dr. Edgar Rey Sanabria,1 who recognized that such an environment only led to more unwanted complications and even death. Taking the cue f...
Background. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission at the Philippine General Hospital ... more Background. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission at the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) exceeds total bed capacity. Decreasing admissions to the NICU would prevent overcrowding of patients, improve patient care, reduce hospital stay, and reduce predisposition to hospital-acquired infections. Objective. To determine the effect of continuous versus intermittent Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on weight gain and duration of hospital stay among low birth weight (LBW) neonates weighing 1,800 - 2,220 grams. Methods. Forty-six (46) stable LBW were randomized to either continuous (≥12 hours in the maternity ward) or intermittent (≤6 hours in the NICU step-down unit) KMC groups. Daily weight and weekly length, head and chest circumference until discharge, and duration of hospital stay were measured. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test. Results. Infants in continuous KMC had an average weight gain of 50 grams/day (p=0.509) and had an average ...
This article contains the findings and interpretations of the participant's responses and inc... more This article contains the findings and interpretations of the participant's responses and includes recommendations for organizations and suggestions for future research. The research problem is the lack of resources and approaches identified by teachers to support the home-to-school connection regarding reading strategies of ELLs in kindergarten through third grade. The purpose of this study was to examine reading strategies, approaches, and resources used by teachers in K-3 with ELLs. The goal was to describe and explain the teacher's perspective regarding the reading strategies used in the classroom and the parental involvement in regard to their child's reading development. The researcher chose a particularistic case study to examine teachers' reading strategies, resources, and approaches used with ELLs to support the home-toschool connection. The main source of data collection was twenty-two face-to-face interviews. The objectivity of the information gathered was...
In this work, effects of drying air relative humidity to drying kiwi is investigated experimental... more In this work, effects of drying air relative humidity to drying kiwi is investigated experimentally for 4 mm and 6 mm thickness and, 60 C of air temperature, 1.0 m/s of air velocity, and 5%, 10%, 20% of relative humidity. Obtained results from experiments and moisture ratio (MR) values were applied to some selected models from literature and experimental data are compared with results of models. As a result, experimental data were quite compatible with model results. In addition, correlation coefficient (R) and the root mean square error (RMSE) values are calculated and the lowest error model was determined.
The components of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention, their rational bases, and their cu... more The components of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention, their rational bases, and their current uses in low-, middle-, and high-income countries are described. KMC was started in 1978 in Bogotá (Colombia) in response to overcrowding and insufficient resources in neonatal intensive care units associated with high morbidity and mortality among low-birthweight infants. The intervention consists of continuous skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the infant, exclusive breastfeeding, and early home discharge in the kangaroo position. In studies of the physiological effects of KMC, the results for most variables were within clinically acceptable ranges or the same as those for premature infants under other forms of care. Body temperature and weight gain are significantly increased, and a meta-analysis showed that the kangaroo position increases the uptake and duration of breastfeeding. Investigations of the behavioral effects of KMC show rapid quiescence. The psychosocial eff...
This thesis aimed to advance the knowledge on perceived discrimination (PD) from targets' per... more This thesis aimed to advance the knowledge on perceived discrimination (PD) from targets' perspectives and address gaps in research. Study 1 reports a meta-analysis examining correlates of PD across 63 studies involving 37,790 participants. Findings showed that greater PD was associated with increased race/ethnic identification, negative well-being, and attitudes favouring affirmative action (AA). Greater PD was also related to low job satisfaction, low self-esteem and low socio-economic status (SES). The strongest relationship was found between PD and job satisfaction, followed by negative well-being, race/ethnic identity, self-esteem, AA attitudes and SES. The negative correlation between PD and ethnic identity was moderated by type of measurement, research context and type of sample. Similarly, the link between SES and PD was moderated by research context and type of sample. The meta-analysis also identified major research gaps that served as the jump off point for the next s...
The WHO recommends kangaroo mother care (KMC) for stable preterm and low birthweight babies becau... more The WHO recommends kangaroo mother care (KMC) for stable preterm and low birthweight babies because it has been demonstrated to reduce mortality by up to half compared with conventional incubator-based care. Uptake of KMC in low/middle-income countries has been limited, despite its suitability for low-resource environments. This paper reviews factors that contributed to the adoption and expansion of KMC in the Philippines. Early introduction began in 1999 but national scale-up was slow until 2014 after which a significant improvement in national adoption was observed. The proportion of target hospitals implementing KMC rose from 3% to 43% between 2014 and 2019, with 53% of preterm and low birthweight babies receiving KMC by the end of this period. Expansion was led by the government which committed resources and formed partnerships with development partners and non-governmental organisations. Scale-up of KMC was built on the introduction of evidence-based newborn care practices arou...
While the vast majority of preterm births globally occur in low and middle-income countries (LMIC... more While the vast majority of preterm births globally occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), existing published guidelines relating to decision-making and resuscitation of extremely preterm infants (EPI) largely focus on High-Income Countries. In 2018/2019, a working group of the Philippine Society of Newborn Medicine aimed to develop the first national guideline relating to the care of EPI. The working group reviewed data on the outcome for EPI in the Philippines, surveyed paediatricians and neonatologists in the Philippines about current practice, and held a consensus workshop. This paper describes the guideline development process and presents a summary of the guidelines. The national guidelines endorse consistency in decision making. Health professionals should take into consideration the views and wishes of the infant’s parents, and the availability of resources to treat the newborn infant. Active management would be appropriate to provide for potentially viable preterm...
Globally, complications of prematurity are the leading cause of death in children under five. Pre... more Globally, complications of prematurity are the leading cause of death in children under five. Preterm infants who survive their first month of life are at greater risk for various diseases and impairments in infancy, childhood and later life, representing a heavy social and economic burden for families, communities and health and social systems. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is recommended as a beneficial and effective intervention for improving short- and long-term preterm birth outcomes in low- and high-income settings. Nevertheless, KMC is not as widely used as it should be. The International Network on KMC runs biennial workshops and congresses to help improve the coverage and quality of KMC worldwide. This paper reports the results of the two-day workshop held in November 2016, where 92 participants from 33 countries shared experiences in a series of round tables, group work sessions and plenaries. Barriers to and enablers of KMC are discussed with regard to parents, health worker...
Prosocial work behaviors in a globalized environment do not operate in a cultural vacuum. We asse... more Prosocial work behaviors in a globalized environment do not operate in a cultural vacuum. We assess to what extent voice and helping organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) vary across cultures, depending on employees' perceived level of organizational formalization and national uncertainty. We predict that in contexts of uncertainty, cognitive resources are engaged in coping with this uncertainty. Organizational formalization can provide structure that frees up cognitive resources to engage in OCB. In contrast, in contexts of low uncertainty, organizational formalization is not necessary for providing structure and may increase constraints on discretionary behavior. A three-level hierarchical linear modeling analysis of data from 7,537 employees in 267 organizations across 17 countries provides broad support for our hypothesis: perceived organizational formalization is weakly related to OCB, but where uncertainty is high; formalization facilitates voice significantly, helpi...
As efforts to scale up the delivery of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in facilities are increasing, a... more As efforts to scale up the delivery of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in facilities are increasing, a standardized approach to measure implementation and progress towards effective coverage is needed. Here, we describe a consensus-based approach to develop a measurement framework and identify a core set of indicators for monitoring facility-based KMC that would be feasible to measure within existing systems. The KMC measurement framework and core list of indicators were developed through: 1) scoping exercise to identify potential indicators through literature review and requests from researchers and program implementers; and 2) face-to-face consultations with KMC and measurement experts working at country and global levels to review candidate indicators and finalize selection and definitions. The KMC measurement framework includes two main components: 1) service readiness, based on the WHO building blocks framework; and 2) service delivery action sequence covering identification, servic...
The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process was applied to produce polymeric mi... more The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process was applied to produce polymeric microparticles loaded with coenzyme Q10 (coQ10). Mixtures of poly (lactic acid)(PLA)/(coQ10) and poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG)/(coQ10) containing a cosolvent were ...
Caring for preterm and low birthweight babies, collectively termed ‘small babies,’ has long been ... more Caring for preterm and low birthweight babies, collectively termed ‘small babies,’ has long been the predicament of perinatal and neonatal medicine experts throughout the world. Its occurrence is, by and large, associated with maternal morbidities, which consequently contribute to neonatal mortality and morbidity, both in the short and long term. For this reason, its prevention and optimal management remain a challenge and the subject of much deliberation, research, policy and even, legislation. Traditionally kept in incubators for long periods, small premature babies grow in this environment; not much different from ‘poultry hatcheries’ where the environment is artificially controlled, and nurturing is programmed. The shortage of incubators in an overcrowded Colombian neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) turned out to be a blessing-in-disguise for Dr. Edgar Rey Sanabria,1 who recognized that such an environment only led to more unwanted complications and even death. Taking the cue f...
Background. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission at the Philippine General Hospital ... more Background. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission at the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) exceeds total bed capacity. Decreasing admissions to the NICU would prevent overcrowding of patients, improve patient care, reduce hospital stay, and reduce predisposition to hospital-acquired infections. Objective. To determine the effect of continuous versus intermittent Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) on weight gain and duration of hospital stay among low birth weight (LBW) neonates weighing 1,800 - 2,220 grams. Methods. Forty-six (46) stable LBW were randomized to either continuous (≥12 hours in the maternity ward) or intermittent (≤6 hours in the NICU step-down unit) KMC groups. Daily weight and weekly length, head and chest circumference until discharge, and duration of hospital stay were measured. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test. Results. Infants in continuous KMC had an average weight gain of 50 grams/day (p=0.509) and had an average ...
This article contains the findings and interpretations of the participant's responses and inc... more This article contains the findings and interpretations of the participant's responses and includes recommendations for organizations and suggestions for future research. The research problem is the lack of resources and approaches identified by teachers to support the home-to-school connection regarding reading strategies of ELLs in kindergarten through third grade. The purpose of this study was to examine reading strategies, approaches, and resources used by teachers in K-3 with ELLs. The goal was to describe and explain the teacher's perspective regarding the reading strategies used in the classroom and the parental involvement in regard to their child's reading development. The researcher chose a particularistic case study to examine teachers' reading strategies, resources, and approaches used with ELLs to support the home-toschool connection. The main source of data collection was twenty-two face-to-face interviews. The objectivity of the information gathered was...
In this work, effects of drying air relative humidity to drying kiwi is investigated experimental... more In this work, effects of drying air relative humidity to drying kiwi is investigated experimentally for 4 mm and 6 mm thickness and, 60 C of air temperature, 1.0 m/s of air velocity, and 5%, 10%, 20% of relative humidity. Obtained results from experiments and moisture ratio (MR) values were applied to some selected models from literature and experimental data are compared with results of models. As a result, experimental data were quite compatible with model results. In addition, correlation coefficient (R) and the root mean square error (RMSE) values are calculated and the lowest error model was determined.
The components of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention, their rational bases, and their cu... more The components of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention, their rational bases, and their current uses in low-, middle-, and high-income countries are described. KMC was started in 1978 in Bogotá (Colombia) in response to overcrowding and insufficient resources in neonatal intensive care units associated with high morbidity and mortality among low-birthweight infants. The intervention consists of continuous skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the infant, exclusive breastfeeding, and early home discharge in the kangaroo position. In studies of the physiological effects of KMC, the results for most variables were within clinically acceptable ranges or the same as those for premature infants under other forms of care. Body temperature and weight gain are significantly increased, and a meta-analysis showed that the kangaroo position increases the uptake and duration of breastfeeding. Investigations of the behavioral effects of KMC show rapid quiescence. The psychosocial eff...
This thesis aimed to advance the knowledge on perceived discrimination (PD) from targets' per... more This thesis aimed to advance the knowledge on perceived discrimination (PD) from targets' perspectives and address gaps in research. Study 1 reports a meta-analysis examining correlates of PD across 63 studies involving 37,790 participants. Findings showed that greater PD was associated with increased race/ethnic identification, negative well-being, and attitudes favouring affirmative action (AA). Greater PD was also related to low job satisfaction, low self-esteem and low socio-economic status (SES). The strongest relationship was found between PD and job satisfaction, followed by negative well-being, race/ethnic identity, self-esteem, AA attitudes and SES. The negative correlation between PD and ethnic identity was moderated by type of measurement, research context and type of sample. Similarly, the link between SES and PD was moderated by research context and type of sample. The meta-analysis also identified major research gaps that served as the jump off point for the next s...
The WHO recommends kangaroo mother care (KMC) for stable preterm and low birthweight babies becau... more The WHO recommends kangaroo mother care (KMC) for stable preterm and low birthweight babies because it has been demonstrated to reduce mortality by up to half compared with conventional incubator-based care. Uptake of KMC in low/middle-income countries has been limited, despite its suitability for low-resource environments. This paper reviews factors that contributed to the adoption and expansion of KMC in the Philippines. Early introduction began in 1999 but national scale-up was slow until 2014 after which a significant improvement in national adoption was observed. The proportion of target hospitals implementing KMC rose from 3% to 43% between 2014 and 2019, with 53% of preterm and low birthweight babies receiving KMC by the end of this period. Expansion was led by the government which committed resources and formed partnerships with development partners and non-governmental organisations. Scale-up of KMC was built on the introduction of evidence-based newborn care practices arou...
While the vast majority of preterm births globally occur in low and middle-income countries (LMIC... more While the vast majority of preterm births globally occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), existing published guidelines relating to decision-making and resuscitation of extremely preterm infants (EPI) largely focus on High-Income Countries. In 2018/2019, a working group of the Philippine Society of Newborn Medicine aimed to develop the first national guideline relating to the care of EPI. The working group reviewed data on the outcome for EPI in the Philippines, surveyed paediatricians and neonatologists in the Philippines about current practice, and held a consensus workshop. This paper describes the guideline development process and presents a summary of the guidelines. The national guidelines endorse consistency in decision making. Health professionals should take into consideration the views and wishes of the infant’s parents, and the availability of resources to treat the newborn infant. Active management would be appropriate to provide for potentially viable preterm...
Globally, complications of prematurity are the leading cause of death in children under five. Pre... more Globally, complications of prematurity are the leading cause of death in children under five. Preterm infants who survive their first month of life are at greater risk for various diseases and impairments in infancy, childhood and later life, representing a heavy social and economic burden for families, communities and health and social systems. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is recommended as a beneficial and effective intervention for improving short- and long-term preterm birth outcomes in low- and high-income settings. Nevertheless, KMC is not as widely used as it should be. The International Network on KMC runs biennial workshops and congresses to help improve the coverage and quality of KMC worldwide. This paper reports the results of the two-day workshop held in November 2016, where 92 participants from 33 countries shared experiences in a series of round tables, group work sessions and plenaries. Barriers to and enablers of KMC are discussed with regard to parents, health worker...
Prosocial work behaviors in a globalized environment do not operate in a cultural vacuum. We asse... more Prosocial work behaviors in a globalized environment do not operate in a cultural vacuum. We assess to what extent voice and helping organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) vary across cultures, depending on employees' perceived level of organizational formalization and national uncertainty. We predict that in contexts of uncertainty, cognitive resources are engaged in coping with this uncertainty. Organizational formalization can provide structure that frees up cognitive resources to engage in OCB. In contrast, in contexts of low uncertainty, organizational formalization is not necessary for providing structure and may increase constraints on discretionary behavior. A three-level hierarchical linear modeling analysis of data from 7,537 employees in 267 organizations across 17 countries provides broad support for our hypothesis: perceived organizational formalization is weakly related to OCB, but where uncertainty is high; formalization facilitates voice significantly, helpi...
As efforts to scale up the delivery of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in facilities are increasing, a... more As efforts to scale up the delivery of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in facilities are increasing, a standardized approach to measure implementation and progress towards effective coverage is needed. Here, we describe a consensus-based approach to develop a measurement framework and identify a core set of indicators for monitoring facility-based KMC that would be feasible to measure within existing systems. The KMC measurement framework and core list of indicators were developed through: 1) scoping exercise to identify potential indicators through literature review and requests from researchers and program implementers; and 2) face-to-face consultations with KMC and measurement experts working at country and global levels to review candidate indicators and finalize selection and definitions. The KMC measurement framework includes two main components: 1) service readiness, based on the WHO building blocks framework; and 2) service delivery action sequence covering identification, servic...
The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process was applied to produce polymeric mi... more The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) process was applied to produce polymeric microparticles loaded with coenzyme Q10 (coQ10). Mixtures of poly (lactic acid)(PLA)/(coQ10) and poly (ethylene glycol)(PEG)/(coQ10) containing a cosolvent were ...
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