Effects of select electron mediators [9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS)... more Effects of select electron mediators [9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS), safranine O, resazurin, methylene blue, and humic acids] on metabolic end-products and current production from cellulose digestion by Clostridium cellulolyticum in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were studied using capillary electrophoresis and traditional electrochemical techniques. Addition of the mediator resazurin greatly enhanced current production but did not appear to alter the examined fermentation end-products compared to MFCs with no mediator. Assays for lactate, acetate, and ethanol indicate that the presence of safranine O, methylene blue, and humic acids alters metabolite production in the MFC: safranine O decreased the examined metabolites, methylene blue increased lactate formation, and humic acids increased the examined metabolites. Mediator standard redox potentials (E (0)) reported in the literature do not coincide with redox potentials in MFCs due presumably to the electrolytic complexity of media that supports bacterial survival and growth. Current production in MFCs: (1) can be effected by the mediator redox potential while in the media, which may be significantly shifted from E (0), and (2) depended on the ability of the mediator to access the bacterial electron source, which may be cytoplasmic. In addition, some electron mediators had significant effects on metabolic end-products and therefore the metabolism of the organism itself.
Water soluble spermine, spermine-naphthalimide, and pyridinium-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide deri... more Water soluble spermine, spermine-naphthalimide, and pyridinium-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives have been synthesized as nucleotide-specific binding agents. Both mono- and bifunctionalized spermine compounds were studied. The photophysical properties of each compound were studied by using time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence and absorption spectroscopies. The fluorescence decay of the mononaphthalimides was adequately fit to a single exponential decay, and in all cases, the lifetime (2.4 ns) was independent of the imide substitutent. In the case of the bisnaphthalimide, emission from both the monomer and ground-state dimer forms was observed. The fluorescence quantum yield of the monomer (0.03) was significantly smaller than that of the mononaphthalimides (0.27). The dimer emission was red-shifted relative to that of the monomer. The singlet-state lifetime of the dimer was found to be 20 ns. In all cases, only absorption from the triplet excited state was observed, indicating no evidence of a naphthalimide radical anion from dimer excitation. The ground-state interactions of the naphthalimides with four nucleotides were investigated. Nucleotide selectivity was evaluated by determining their individual binding constants (Keq). The association constants were measured by using absorption, time-resolved fluorescence, and combined time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence. The equilibrium binding constant was largest for association of the spermine-substituted mononaphthalimide with adenosine monophosphate (Keq=550 M-1) or guanosine monophosphate (Keq=440 M-1). The dimer form of the disubstituted spermine also showed binding constants in excess of 200 M-1 with the purine nucleotides. The association constant for binding of the pyridinium-substituted naphthalimide showed little dependence on the structure of the nucleotide.
... Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum a * , Sun McMasters a & Paul M. Pellegrino a pages 2389-240... more ... Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum a * , Sun McMasters a & Paul M. Pellegrino a pages 2389-2402. ... Anal. Biochem. 294 ( 2 ): 126 – 131 . [CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [CSA] View all references; Shao, Li, and Huang 200630. Shao , NS , SH Li , and YP Huang . 2006 . ...
ABSTRACT A fundamental understanding of the factors which influence binding performance is critic... more ABSTRACT A fundamental understanding of the factors which influence binding performance is critical to any technology or methodology relying on molecular recognition of a specific target species. For the Army, there is a growing need for a basic understanding of these interactions with traditional recognition elements (e.g., antibodies) in non-traditional environmental conditions, such as with new and emerging threats. There is a similar need for building a base of knowledge on non-traditional affinity ligands that are biomimetic or biosynthetic in nature. In this paper, specific research at the Army Research Laboratory towards the development, evaluation and use of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications is discussed. This includes the results of our investigations of aptamer-based affinity ligands targeting Campylobacter jejuni. Using capillary electrophoretic techniques, the relative binding affinities of the aptamer ligands towards the target pathogen as well as the degree of cross-reactivity with other food borne-pathogens (i.e., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium) were evaluated. Current progress towards the development of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications will also be discussed.
Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology V, 2007
ABSTRACT Nucleic acid aptamers can exhibit high binding affinities for a wide variety of targets ... more ABSTRACT Nucleic acid aptamers can exhibit high binding affinities for a wide variety of targets and have received much attention as molecular recognition elements for enhanced biosensor performance. These aptamers recognize target molecules through a combination of conformational dependent non-covalent interactions in aqueous media which can be investigated using capillary electrophoresis-based methods. In this paper we report on the results of our studies of the relative binding affinity of Campylobacter jejuni aptamers using a capillary electrophoretic immunoassay. Our results show preferential binding to C. jejuni over other common food pathogen bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis can also be used to develop new aptamer recognition elements using an in vitro selection process known as systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Recently, this process has been adapted to use capillary electrophoresis in an attempt to shorten the overall selection process. This smart selection of nucleic acid aptamers from a large diversity of a combinatorial DNA library is under optimization for the development of aptamers which bind to Army-relevant targets. This paper will include a discussion of the establishment of CE-SELEX methods for the future development of smart aptamer probes.
Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, 2000
The sodium salts of two heteropoly anions, [Co6W18O70H8] and [Fe6W18O70H2], have been isolated in... more The sodium salts of two heteropoly anions, [Co6W18O70H8] and [Fe6W18O70H2], have been isolated in the crystalline form. Evidence from chemical analyses. Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectroscopy (FABMS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), visible spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry support the above formulations. The structure of these anions is believed to be similar to the Weakley structure in which two half Keggin structures sandwich between them four metal ions of octahedral coordination.
Effects of select electron mediators [9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS)... more Effects of select electron mediators [9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt (AQDS), safranine O, resazurin, methylene blue, and humic acids] on metabolic end-products and current production from cellulose digestion by Clostridium cellulolyticum in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were studied using capillary electrophoresis and traditional electrochemical techniques. Addition of the mediator resazurin greatly enhanced current production but did not appear to alter the examined fermentation end-products compared to MFCs with no mediator. Assays for lactate, acetate, and ethanol indicate that the presence of safranine O, methylene blue, and humic acids alters metabolite production in the MFC: safranine O decreased the examined metabolites, methylene blue increased lactate formation, and humic acids increased the examined metabolites. Mediator standard redox potentials (E (0)) reported in the literature do not coincide with redox potentials in MFCs due presumably to the electrolytic complexity of media that supports bacterial survival and growth. Current production in MFCs: (1) can be effected by the mediator redox potential while in the media, which may be significantly shifted from E (0), and (2) depended on the ability of the mediator to access the bacterial electron source, which may be cytoplasmic. In addition, some electron mediators had significant effects on metabolic end-products and therefore the metabolism of the organism itself.
Water soluble spermine, spermine-naphthalimide, and pyridinium-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide deri... more Water soluble spermine, spermine-naphthalimide, and pyridinium-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives have been synthesized as nucleotide-specific binding agents. Both mono- and bifunctionalized spermine compounds were studied. The photophysical properties of each compound were studied by using time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence and absorption spectroscopies. The fluorescence decay of the mononaphthalimides was adequately fit to a single exponential decay, and in all cases, the lifetime (2.4 ns) was independent of the imide substitutent. In the case of the bisnaphthalimide, emission from both the monomer and ground-state dimer forms was observed. The fluorescence quantum yield of the monomer (0.03) was significantly smaller than that of the mononaphthalimides (0.27). The dimer emission was red-shifted relative to that of the monomer. The singlet-state lifetime of the dimer was found to be 20 ns. In all cases, only absorption from the triplet excited state was observed, indicating no evidence of a naphthalimide radical anion from dimer excitation. The ground-state interactions of the naphthalimides with four nucleotides were investigated. Nucleotide selectivity was evaluated by determining their individual binding constants (Keq). The association constants were measured by using absorption, time-resolved fluorescence, and combined time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence. The equilibrium binding constant was largest for association of the spermine-substituted mononaphthalimide with adenosine monophosphate (Keq=550 M-1) or guanosine monophosphate (Keq=440 M-1). The dimer form of the disubstituted spermine also showed binding constants in excess of 200 M-1 with the purine nucleotides. The association constant for binding of the pyridinium-substituted naphthalimide showed little dependence on the structure of the nucleotide.
... Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum a * , Sun McMasters a & Paul M. Pellegrino a pages 2389-240... more ... Dimitra N. Stratis-Cullum a * , Sun McMasters a & Paul M. Pellegrino a pages 2389-2402. ... Anal. Biochem. 294 ( 2 ): 126 – 131 . [CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [CSA] View all references; Shao, Li, and Huang 200630. Shao , NS , SH Li , and YP Huang . 2006 . ...
ABSTRACT A fundamental understanding of the factors which influence binding performance is critic... more ABSTRACT A fundamental understanding of the factors which influence binding performance is critical to any technology or methodology relying on molecular recognition of a specific target species. For the Army, there is a growing need for a basic understanding of these interactions with traditional recognition elements (e.g., antibodies) in non-traditional environmental conditions, such as with new and emerging threats. There is a similar need for building a base of knowledge on non-traditional affinity ligands that are biomimetic or biosynthetic in nature. In this paper, specific research at the Army Research Laboratory towards the development, evaluation and use of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications is discussed. This includes the results of our investigations of aptamer-based affinity ligands targeting Campylobacter jejuni. Using capillary electrophoretic techniques, the relative binding affinities of the aptamer ligands towards the target pathogen as well as the degree of cross-reactivity with other food borne-pathogens (i.e., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium) were evaluated. Current progress towards the development of synthetic affinity ligands for sensing applications will also be discussed.
Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology V, 2007
ABSTRACT Nucleic acid aptamers can exhibit high binding affinities for a wide variety of targets ... more ABSTRACT Nucleic acid aptamers can exhibit high binding affinities for a wide variety of targets and have received much attention as molecular recognition elements for enhanced biosensor performance. These aptamers recognize target molecules through a combination of conformational dependent non-covalent interactions in aqueous media which can be investigated using capillary electrophoresis-based methods. In this paper we report on the results of our studies of the relative binding affinity of Campylobacter jejuni aptamers using a capillary electrophoretic immunoassay. Our results show preferential binding to C. jejuni over other common food pathogen bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis can also be used to develop new aptamer recognition elements using an in vitro selection process known as systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Recently, this process has been adapted to use capillary electrophoresis in an attempt to shorten the overall selection process. This smart selection of nucleic acid aptamers from a large diversity of a combinatorial DNA library is under optimization for the development of aptamers which bind to Army-relevant targets. This paper will include a discussion of the establishment of CE-SELEX methods for the future development of smart aptamer probes.
Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, 2000
The sodium salts of two heteropoly anions, [Co6W18O70H8] and [Fe6W18O70H2], have been isolated in... more The sodium salts of two heteropoly anions, [Co6W18O70H8] and [Fe6W18O70H2], have been isolated in the crystalline form. Evidence from chemical analyses. Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectroscopy (FABMS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), visible spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry support the above formulations. The structure of these anions is believed to be similar to the Weakley structure in which two half Keggin structures sandwich between them four metal ions of octahedral coordination.
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