The distribution and habitat characteristics of two Eremias species (E. arguta and E. stummeri) f... more The distribution and habitat characteristics of two Eremias species (E. arguta and E. stummeri) from contiguous areas of southeastern Kazakhstan, northeastern Kyrgyzstan, and western Xinjiang, China, were analyzed using GIS modeling. We show that both species are dry-steppe-adapted xerophilous lizards with sclerophilic and partially petrophilic specialization. In spite of the visible similarity of the ecological niches (ENs) occupied by E. ar-guta and E. stummeri, the latter differs in a number of key variables. While most of the precipitation variables, the radiation of the winter and off-season months, and afternoon (PM) humidity are most important for E. arguta habitats , the habitats suitable for E. stummeri are limited by temperature variables, radiation during most of the year, and morning (AM) humidity. Differences on this scale indicate the way in which these lizards are adapted to different ecosystems-E. arguta to the plains and E. stummeri to the mountains-and support the views on their different zoogeographical accessory. A visible correspondence of the distributional pattern of the two Eremias species to the mountain piedmonts and low foothills, with Pliocene-Quaternary concreted pebble deposits and the loess strata, permit us to consider mountain trails as the most likely means by which the species expanded in the Late Cenozoic period. Pronounced isolation of the populations in the Northern and the Central Tien Shan intra-montane depressions appears as a factor from at least the Late Pliocene (E. stummeri) and the Middle Pleistocene (E. arguta) periods; and the association of the lizard habitats with loess deposits has given rise to the suggestion that there was an absence of serious change in their ranges during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Low precipitation , a high annual temperature range and the high aridity of the climate in general beyond the ENM optimum of E. arguta all point to severe conditions for lizards surviving already in the eastern part of the Ily Basin and explain the limited species distribution in the highly arid deserts of Xinjiang. In terms of methodology, our data highlights the lack of a 'generalized set' of BIOCLIM parameters in the ecological niche modeling of the mountain species. In particular, moisture and solar radiation as well as the relief variables play an important role in the ecological health of the poikilothermic xerophilous species inhabiting mountain areas.
University proceedings. Volga region. Natural Sciences, 2019
Background. The use of GIS in zoology gives an opportunity for wide and extended study of isolate... more Background. The use of GIS in zoology gives an opportunity for wide and extended study of isolated populations existing within complex terrain areas. We attempted GIS-based comparative analysis of the distribution and habitat conditions for two lizard’s species of the genus Eremias. The species analyzed inhabit the intermountain depressions of Tien-Shen. Material and methods. The ground data on distribution of the “Ily form” of Eremias arguta and the Tien-Shan Racerunner Eremias stummeri were collected during numerous field surveys. In addition, we used museum collections and previously published data to collect as much as possible ground observations of both species. The model was developed in ESRI ArcGIS software using the original methodology based on the use of abiotic variables, taken from Digital Elevation Model, BIOCLIM, WORLDCLIM, CLIMOND and Global-PET datasets. Results. The model revealed the different sets of the key variables for each species analyzed, in spite of the close resemblance of their habitats. The list of the key variables for E. arguta comprised precipitation, solar radiation of cold season and relative post meridiem air humidity. Among the key variables of E. stummeri’s model, there were the sets of temperature and solar radiation, the orographic variables and the ante meridiem relative humidity. Such a diversification indicated to different zoogeographical affiliation of studied species and attributed different ecological preferences of each species. E. arguta had rather flatland prehistory, whereas E. stummeri demonstrated undoubtedly the mountain origin. Conclusions. From the theoretical point of view, the prospects of GIS-based ecological modeling were demonstrated as a tool to determine the ecosystem and zoogeographical affiliations of living species. The importance of the extended set of variables implementation along with basic geomorphological parameters is confirmed as a major prerequisite of the ecological modeling of mountain species niches. Keywords: Lacertidae, Eremias arguta, Eremias stummeri, ecological niche, GIS model, Tien Shan.
University proceedings. Volga region. Natural Sciences., 2019
Background. In spite of widespread use of a GIS modeling in the zoological studies, a question of... more Background. In spite of widespread use of a GIS modeling in the zoological studies, a question of whether a model matches an actual or potential range of an animal remains relevant. A goal of our work was the GIS-modeling of the range and habitat suitability of the European Marsh Turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) using different software, different sets of environment variables and different amount of the ground data. Materials and methods. The ground data on distribution of E. o. orbicularis (genetic lineage I) were collected during numerous field surveys, revision of literature and museum collections. The models were developed in MaxEnt and ESRI ArcGIS software using BIOCLIM dataset and the ground data from the whole taxon range (for both programs); WORLDCLIM, DEM, Global-PET and CLIMOND datasets and the ground data from the whole range and only its eastern part (for ArcGIS). Results. The models in MaxEnt and ArcGIS, which covered all the ground data, were similar with respect to the core range and its western borders. However, they gave the different patterns of climatic well-being for the northern, eastern and southern limits of E. o. orbicularis distribution as well as different number of the keybioclimatic variables. The large number of the key variables shown by ArcGIS may indicate a certain ecological differentiation of the taxon, which has an intrazonal distribution and occupies the territory with high diversity of the landscape and climatic conditions. A lack of input data seriously affects the spatial pattern of the model and a type of the key variables that limit the taxon distribution. Conclusions. For successful GIS modeling, the following is required: maximum coverage of the taxon range with the ground data; a selection of the initial variables taking into account the basic characteristics of natural zones and landscapes occupied by taxon, and its ecological peculiarities; the modeling using different software with subsequent comparative analysis of the results.
The temperatures in the potential wintering shelters of Ranodon sibiricus Kessler 1866 in the Dzu... more The temperatures in the potential wintering shelters of Ranodon sibiricus Kessler 1866 in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains were determined using electronic autonomic registers (loggers). The loggers were placed at the bottom and in bank niches of water streams of various capacity. The minimal temperatures (0.5–1.5°С) for the cold season were registered in the second half of March to the first half of April, e.g. shortly before spring heating. The positive temperature during the cold season of the year and its diurnal variations indicated neither freezing nor drying out of streams. The experimental data, combined with literature information allow us to conclude that the habitats and activities of R. sibiricus in streams are year-round.
Herpetological and ornithological research: current aspects. Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of A.K. Rustamov (1917–2005). St. Petersburg − Moscow: KMK Scientifi c Press., 2018
In this article, a list of lizards of fauna of Kazakhstan, compiled according to the latest taxon... more In this article, a list of lizards of fauna of Kazakhstan, compiled according to the latest taxonomic revisions with the aim of unifying the taxonomy is presented, and a short outline of the history of views on the composition of fauna of Kazakhstan lizards are presented. The tasks of this work are explained by a significant increase in the number of special publications and frequent changes in views on the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of species.
Phylogenetic relationships of the agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus are described in the context... more Phylogenetic relationships of the agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus are described in the context of plate tectonics. A near comprehensive taxon sampling reports three data sets: (1) mitochondrial DNA from ND1 to COI (3’ end of ND1, tRNAGln, tRNAIle, tRNAMet, ND2, tRNATrp, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNATyr, and the 5’ end of COI) with 1761 aligned positional sites (1595 included, 839 informative), (2) nuclear RAG-1 DNA with 2760 aligned positional sites (342 informative), and (3) 25 informative allozyme loci with 213 alleles (107 informative when coded as presence/absence). It is hypothesized that Phrynocephalus phyletic patterns and speciation reflect fault lines of ancient plates now in Asia rejuvenated by the more recent Indian and Arabian plate collisions. Molecular estimates of lineage splits are highly congruent with geologic dates from the literature. A southern origin for the genus in Southwest Asia is resolved in phylogenetic estimates and a northern origin is statistically rejected. On the basis of monophyly and molecular evidence several taxa previously recognized as subspecies are recognized as species: P. hongyuanensis, P. sogdianus, and P. strauchi as “Current Status”; Phrynocephalus bannikovi, Phrynocephalus longicaudatus, Phrynocephalus turcomanus, and Phrynocephalus vindumi are formally “New Status”. Phylogenetic evaluation indicates a soft substrate habitat of sand for the shared ancestor of modern Phrynocephalus. Size diversity maximally overlaps in the Caspian Basin and northwestern Iranian Plateau. The greatest species numbers of six in sympatry and regional allopatry are found in the southern Caspian Basin and southern Helmand Basin, both from numerous phylogenetic lineages in close proximity attributed to tectonic induced events.
We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mount... more We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains using GIS (Geographic Information System) modeling, and interpretation of orographic and climatic variables. We analyzed the impact of each variable and evaluated the results to discern the most important (key) variables describing the ecological niche. Six orographic and 26 climatic variables were selected as key variables. The analysis of relief and climate contribution to ENM formation reveals a close interrelation between the two factors. The origin of every watercourse, its hydrological parameters, and microhabitat diversity are determined by local microrelief and microclimate. The mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation during the wettest quarter, annual precipitation , and precipitation in the winter months indirectly confirmed the important role of glaciers in maintaining the water balance in streams inhabited by the amphibian. The data acquired allow the new interpretation of the previously proposed idea of introducing the salamander into some regions of Dzungarian Alatau and Northern
We present the data on distribution of rare lizard species in the Aralo-Caspian Watershed (AKW). ... more We present the data on distribution of rare lizard species in the Aralo-Caspian Watershed (AKW). The rare species belong to five families – Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Varanidae and most of them are endemics of the Turanian Plain. Two subspecies – Phrynocephalus guttatus salsatus and Ph. ocellatus bannikovi belong to rarities of the World fauna. There are few types of lizard spatial distribution in the region: local, mosaic, range margin, and single records. We have distinguished two different patterns of spatial distribution of Turanian psammofilic species in the region. Ph. mystaceus, Crossobamon eversmanni and Teratoscincus scincus penetrate the local isolated sands of the Ustyurt Plateu and Mangyshlak Upland while Ph. interscapularis, E. lineolata and E. scripta come close to the southern limits of AKW, inhabit the sands north of the region but are absent in the sands of the Ustyurt and Mangyshlak.
We have presented the known data on distribution of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis (... more We have presented the known data on distribution of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Kazakhstan where the most eastern part of species range is located. E. orbicularis is widely spread in the northern coast of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River Valley. It inhabits the Ural and Emba rivers interfluve, the Turgay and Irgiz river basins and penetrates as far north as upper flow of Tobol River. Recent studies confirmed the old and quite dubious species records from the Mangyshlak Peninsula and the Syrdaria River Valley where peripheral, isolated and vulnerable turtle populations are still preserved.
The article presents the examples of range change in several amphibians and reptiles of Kazakhsta... more The article presents the examples of range change in several amphibians and reptiles of Kazakhstan for past century, proposes understandings on possible reasons of such phenomena and extrapolates some tendencies of future alterations in herpetological complexes of Kazakhstan.
We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mount... more We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains using GIS (Geographic Information System) modeling, and interpretation of orographic and climatic variables. We analyzed the impact of each variable and evaluated the results to discern the most important (key) variables describing the ecological niche. Six orographic and 26 climatic variables were selected as key variables. The analysis of relief and climate contribution to ENM formation reveals a close interrelation between the two factors. The origin of every watercourse, its hydrological parameters, and microhabitat diversity are determined by local microrelief and microclimate. The mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation during the wettest quarter, annual precipitation , and precipitation in the winter months indirectly confirmed the important role of glaciers in maintaining the water balance in streams inhabited by the amphibian. The data acquired allow the new interpretation of the previously proposed idea of introducing the salamander into some regions of Dzungarian Alatau and Northern Tien Shan.
At present time, most of the landscapes in Southeastern Kazakhstan are exposed to anthropogenic i... more At present time, most of the landscapes in Southeastern Kazakhstan are exposed to anthropogenic impact. Of 16 administrative districts of Almaty Province, 7 districts are characterized by strong level of nature destabilization; 6 - by moderate and only 2 districts by weak level. We used own field observations (2000-2016), literature sources and museum collections to determine the main types of anthropogenic territories inhabited with lizards and to define the species themselves. The Southeastern Kazakhstan inhabited with 18 lizard species, which belong to the herpetological complexes of mountain steppes and deserts. All anthropogenic habitats where the lizards were registered we classified into 23 types and combined in 3 groups. The group of slightly disturbed habitats included the nature trails, parking tourist destinations, beaches and such microbiotopes as freestanding buildings of anglers and huntsmen, shrines and kumbez, pits formed after taking soil as well. The urban parks, botanical gardens, orchards, forest belts, cemeteries, banks of canals and roadsides resembled in general the natural ecosystems but certainly differed in plant community composition and microrelief we allocated to the group of moderately disturbed habitats. The towns, orchards, farms, plowing areas, suburban territories and other urban buildings we combined into the group of transformed habitats. Analysis of lizards occurrence has shown that the mountain steppe species were more common in the anthropogenic habitats (20 types) that the desert ones (18 types). The bigger number of species was registered in slightly disturbed habitats (10). This group consisted of mountain steppe and desert species as well including so typical psammophilic lizards as Eremias grammica and Phrynocephalus mystaceus. The lowest number of species was observed in the group of transformed habitats. Of 18 species, only seven were resistant to significant habitat transformation: Lacerta agilis, Eremias velox, E. arguta, E. stummeri, Ablepharus deserti, Asymblepharus alaicus, Phrynocephalus helioscopus. Of mountain steppe species, L. agilis not only successfully adapted to anthropogenic impact, but also used the farmlands, canals and roads to penetrate deeply to the deserts. Such species as A. ablepharus, E. arguta and E. stummeri only adapted to habitat destabilization but rarely expanded their individual territories. The desert species retained near human separate buildings or at constant moderate grazing. The psammophilic E. grammica expanded its habitats under breaking of sands; hard substrate adapted Ph. helioscopus – under trampling and rarefaction of vegetation in clay deserts and A. deserti – under appearance of microrelief suitable for shelters or increasing of moisture in the abandoned fields and irrigation systems. Nevertheless, these species decreased in number or disappeared completely under significant and long-tim time landscape transformation. Of desert species, E. velox was most resistant to anthropogenic changes of its habitats.
Tetraploid populations of green toads are widespread in Central Asia. Since these regions are als... more Tetraploid populations of green toads are widespread in Central Asia. Since these regions are also inhabited by green toad populations with a normal diploid karyotype, it appears important to find a criterion permitting to distinguish between the two karyological forms on the basis of easy measurable phenotypic characters. For this reason, in the present paper we show results from a morphometrical comparison between diploid and tetraploid female green toads from 9 populations of northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. Univariate and multivariate analyses show highly significant differences between diploid and tetraploid females. Morphometrical differences not only concern body size (diploids are larger than tetraploids), but also body shape. In particular, diploid females have proportionally larger head and parotoid glands, and proportionally smaller limbs than tetraploid females. Since the canonical discriminant function permits to attribute all females to their own karyological group, we conclude that morphometrical characters can be effectively employed on adult females to infer their ploidy level.
The article contains a short review of a history of herpetological studies in Mangishlak Peninsul... more The article contains a short review of a history of herpetological studies in Mangishlak Peninsula and Ustyurt Plateau (Kazakhstan) and a recent checklist of amphibians and reptiles known for these regions. The article includes a classification of the species based оn their spatial and numerical distribution and zoogeographic accessory as well as the data оn species endemism and ecology .
The new records of the Slender Racer, Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan collected in ... more The new records of the Slender Racer, Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan collected in 2000-2004 as well as unpublished old museum and personal data are presented in the article and accompanied with some details of morphology and ecology of the specimens. New finds of the species near Bukhtarma Reservour (Bukhtarma River) in the southwestern spurs of Ulbinsky Ridge (Western Altai Mountains) visibly expend the species range known earlier.
The topography, morphology and numerical distribution of skin sense organs in Sphenodon punctatus... more The topography, morphology and numerical distribution of skin sense organs in Sphenodon punctatus integu-ment are studied. Skin sense organs of different diameter are recorded for all the scales from the head and body. The scales of the body, tail and limbs bear, as a rule 1, rarely 2, receptors per scale. Maximal number of skin sense organs (1 – 3 per scale) is shown for the labial shield and scales. The reduced state of skin sense organ number in Sphenodon punctatus is discussed for evaluation of this character state and with regards to the present interpretation of primitive metameric condition of these structures.
Chinese populations of the endangered Siberian salamander Ranodon sibiricus are reported to have ... more Chinese populations of the endangered Siberian salamander Ranodon sibiricus are reported to have diverged only about 120 years ago, and to have the lowest genetic diversity of any amphibian. However, these conclusions require verification, as the main range of the species is in Kazakhstan. Moreover, the generation time used for estimating divergence time has a weak ground. In order to clarify these problems, we investigated the molecular phylogenetic relationship and historical demography of the species covering its whole distribution range using the mitochondrial DNA region reported for Chinese population (1072 bp sequences of the control region), while conducting skeletochronological analysis to estimate accurate generation time. As a result, the range expansion was estimated at 88,000–50,000 YA, based on the generation time of 6–10 years. Degree of intraspecific genetic differentiation is actually very small, but, as a single species, is not so small as had been reported for Chinese population alone.
The topography and numerical distribution of the skin receptors in 29 lizard species including 18... more The topography and numerical distribution of the skin receptors in 29 lizard species including 18 agamids, eight iguanids and three gekkonids, are compared and contrasted. There are no marked differences in the number of receptors in the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body in the different groups. The maximal density of the receptors occurs on the head and decreases in the caudal direction. Iguanids and gekkonids have 5-6 times more receptors than agamids. Agamids Gonocephalus grandis from S.E. Asia, Pogona barbata, Diporiphora bilineata from Australia and Ceratophora tennentii from Sri-Lanka, however, are distinguished by their high density of receptors, especially on the head. Species of Physignathus are similar to iguanids in this way. The agamid Phrynocephalus mystaceus shows considerable differences, in receptor number, from other species of this genus. There is a high density of receptors on the caudal scales of the Madagascan iguanid Oplurus, and a similar high density of receptors on the ventral surface of the gecko Teratoscincus scincus.
The structure and topography of cutaneous receptors of 21 species of iguanian lizards were studie... more The structure and topography of cutaneous receptors of 21 species of iguanian lizards were studied using histology and scanning electron microscopy. Sense organs with “hair” are found in the integument of Ceratophora, Draco, Phrynocephalus, Stellio, and Trapelus (agamids), and in Anolis, Chalarodon and Oplurus (iguanids). Sense organs without “hair” are found in the integument of Physignathus (agamid) and Sceloporus (iguanid). The chameleons have generalized epidermal receptors with simplified structure. Familial differences were observed in the number of receptors on the scales of the head and the tail: iguanids have 5-7 times more receptors than agamids. Physignathus differs from other agamids in the morphology, size, and number of receptors. These receptors are hypothesized to serve several functions (as mechano- and thermoreceptors, and possibly sensitivity to humidity).
The distribution and habitat characteristics of two Eremias species (E. arguta and E. stummeri) f... more The distribution and habitat characteristics of two Eremias species (E. arguta and E. stummeri) from contiguous areas of southeastern Kazakhstan, northeastern Kyrgyzstan, and western Xinjiang, China, were analyzed using GIS modeling. We show that both species are dry-steppe-adapted xerophilous lizards with sclerophilic and partially petrophilic specialization. In spite of the visible similarity of the ecological niches (ENs) occupied by E. ar-guta and E. stummeri, the latter differs in a number of key variables. While most of the precipitation variables, the radiation of the winter and off-season months, and afternoon (PM) humidity are most important for E. arguta habitats , the habitats suitable for E. stummeri are limited by temperature variables, radiation during most of the year, and morning (AM) humidity. Differences on this scale indicate the way in which these lizards are adapted to different ecosystems-E. arguta to the plains and E. stummeri to the mountains-and support the views on their different zoogeographical accessory. A visible correspondence of the distributional pattern of the two Eremias species to the mountain piedmonts and low foothills, with Pliocene-Quaternary concreted pebble deposits and the loess strata, permit us to consider mountain trails as the most likely means by which the species expanded in the Late Cenozoic period. Pronounced isolation of the populations in the Northern and the Central Tien Shan intra-montane depressions appears as a factor from at least the Late Pliocene (E. stummeri) and the Middle Pleistocene (E. arguta) periods; and the association of the lizard habitats with loess deposits has given rise to the suggestion that there was an absence of serious change in their ranges during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Low precipitation , a high annual temperature range and the high aridity of the climate in general beyond the ENM optimum of E. arguta all point to severe conditions for lizards surviving already in the eastern part of the Ily Basin and explain the limited species distribution in the highly arid deserts of Xinjiang. In terms of methodology, our data highlights the lack of a 'generalized set' of BIOCLIM parameters in the ecological niche modeling of the mountain species. In particular, moisture and solar radiation as well as the relief variables play an important role in the ecological health of the poikilothermic xerophilous species inhabiting mountain areas.
University proceedings. Volga region. Natural Sciences, 2019
Background. The use of GIS in zoology gives an opportunity for wide and extended study of isolate... more Background. The use of GIS in zoology gives an opportunity for wide and extended study of isolated populations existing within complex terrain areas. We attempted GIS-based comparative analysis of the distribution and habitat conditions for two lizard’s species of the genus Eremias. The species analyzed inhabit the intermountain depressions of Tien-Shen. Material and methods. The ground data on distribution of the “Ily form” of Eremias arguta and the Tien-Shan Racerunner Eremias stummeri were collected during numerous field surveys. In addition, we used museum collections and previously published data to collect as much as possible ground observations of both species. The model was developed in ESRI ArcGIS software using the original methodology based on the use of abiotic variables, taken from Digital Elevation Model, BIOCLIM, WORLDCLIM, CLIMOND and Global-PET datasets. Results. The model revealed the different sets of the key variables for each species analyzed, in spite of the close resemblance of their habitats. The list of the key variables for E. arguta comprised precipitation, solar radiation of cold season and relative post meridiem air humidity. Among the key variables of E. stummeri’s model, there were the sets of temperature and solar radiation, the orographic variables and the ante meridiem relative humidity. Such a diversification indicated to different zoogeographical affiliation of studied species and attributed different ecological preferences of each species. E. arguta had rather flatland prehistory, whereas E. stummeri demonstrated undoubtedly the mountain origin. Conclusions. From the theoretical point of view, the prospects of GIS-based ecological modeling were demonstrated as a tool to determine the ecosystem and zoogeographical affiliations of living species. The importance of the extended set of variables implementation along with basic geomorphological parameters is confirmed as a major prerequisite of the ecological modeling of mountain species niches. Keywords: Lacertidae, Eremias arguta, Eremias stummeri, ecological niche, GIS model, Tien Shan.
University proceedings. Volga region. Natural Sciences., 2019
Background. In spite of widespread use of a GIS modeling in the zoological studies, a question of... more Background. In spite of widespread use of a GIS modeling in the zoological studies, a question of whether a model matches an actual or potential range of an animal remains relevant. A goal of our work was the GIS-modeling of the range and habitat suitability of the European Marsh Turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) using different software, different sets of environment variables and different amount of the ground data. Materials and methods. The ground data on distribution of E. o. orbicularis (genetic lineage I) were collected during numerous field surveys, revision of literature and museum collections. The models were developed in MaxEnt and ESRI ArcGIS software using BIOCLIM dataset and the ground data from the whole taxon range (for both programs); WORLDCLIM, DEM, Global-PET and CLIMOND datasets and the ground data from the whole range and only its eastern part (for ArcGIS). Results. The models in MaxEnt and ArcGIS, which covered all the ground data, were similar with respect to the core range and its western borders. However, they gave the different patterns of climatic well-being for the northern, eastern and southern limits of E. o. orbicularis distribution as well as different number of the keybioclimatic variables. The large number of the key variables shown by ArcGIS may indicate a certain ecological differentiation of the taxon, which has an intrazonal distribution and occupies the territory with high diversity of the landscape and climatic conditions. A lack of input data seriously affects the spatial pattern of the model and a type of the key variables that limit the taxon distribution. Conclusions. For successful GIS modeling, the following is required: maximum coverage of the taxon range with the ground data; a selection of the initial variables taking into account the basic characteristics of natural zones and landscapes occupied by taxon, and its ecological peculiarities; the modeling using different software with subsequent comparative analysis of the results.
The temperatures in the potential wintering shelters of Ranodon sibiricus Kessler 1866 in the Dzu... more The temperatures in the potential wintering shelters of Ranodon sibiricus Kessler 1866 in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains were determined using electronic autonomic registers (loggers). The loggers were placed at the bottom and in bank niches of water streams of various capacity. The minimal temperatures (0.5–1.5°С) for the cold season were registered in the second half of March to the first half of April, e.g. shortly before spring heating. The positive temperature during the cold season of the year and its diurnal variations indicated neither freezing nor drying out of streams. The experimental data, combined with literature information allow us to conclude that the habitats and activities of R. sibiricus in streams are year-round.
Herpetological and ornithological research: current aspects. Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of A.K. Rustamov (1917–2005). St. Petersburg − Moscow: KMK Scientifi c Press., 2018
In this article, a list of lizards of fauna of Kazakhstan, compiled according to the latest taxon... more In this article, a list of lizards of fauna of Kazakhstan, compiled according to the latest taxonomic revisions with the aim of unifying the taxonomy is presented, and a short outline of the history of views on the composition of fauna of Kazakhstan lizards are presented. The tasks of this work are explained by a significant increase in the number of special publications and frequent changes in views on the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of species.
Phylogenetic relationships of the agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus are described in the context... more Phylogenetic relationships of the agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus are described in the context of plate tectonics. A near comprehensive taxon sampling reports three data sets: (1) mitochondrial DNA from ND1 to COI (3’ end of ND1, tRNAGln, tRNAIle, tRNAMet, ND2, tRNATrp, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNATyr, and the 5’ end of COI) with 1761 aligned positional sites (1595 included, 839 informative), (2) nuclear RAG-1 DNA with 2760 aligned positional sites (342 informative), and (3) 25 informative allozyme loci with 213 alleles (107 informative when coded as presence/absence). It is hypothesized that Phrynocephalus phyletic patterns and speciation reflect fault lines of ancient plates now in Asia rejuvenated by the more recent Indian and Arabian plate collisions. Molecular estimates of lineage splits are highly congruent with geologic dates from the literature. A southern origin for the genus in Southwest Asia is resolved in phylogenetic estimates and a northern origin is statistically rejected. On the basis of monophyly and molecular evidence several taxa previously recognized as subspecies are recognized as species: P. hongyuanensis, P. sogdianus, and P. strauchi as “Current Status”; Phrynocephalus bannikovi, Phrynocephalus longicaudatus, Phrynocephalus turcomanus, and Phrynocephalus vindumi are formally “New Status”. Phylogenetic evaluation indicates a soft substrate habitat of sand for the shared ancestor of modern Phrynocephalus. Size diversity maximally overlaps in the Caspian Basin and northwestern Iranian Plateau. The greatest species numbers of six in sympatry and regional allopatry are found in the southern Caspian Basin and southern Helmand Basin, both from numerous phylogenetic lineages in close proximity attributed to tectonic induced events.
We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mount... more We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains using GIS (Geographic Information System) modeling, and interpretation of orographic and climatic variables. We analyzed the impact of each variable and evaluated the results to discern the most important (key) variables describing the ecological niche. Six orographic and 26 climatic variables were selected as key variables. The analysis of relief and climate contribution to ENM formation reveals a close interrelation between the two factors. The origin of every watercourse, its hydrological parameters, and microhabitat diversity are determined by local microrelief and microclimate. The mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation during the wettest quarter, annual precipitation , and precipitation in the winter months indirectly confirmed the important role of glaciers in maintaining the water balance in streams inhabited by the amphibian. The data acquired allow the new interpretation of the previously proposed idea of introducing the salamander into some regions of Dzungarian Alatau and Northern
We present the data on distribution of rare lizard species in the Aralo-Caspian Watershed (AKW). ... more We present the data on distribution of rare lizard species in the Aralo-Caspian Watershed (AKW). The rare species belong to five families – Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae, Varanidae and most of them are endemics of the Turanian Plain. Two subspecies – Phrynocephalus guttatus salsatus and Ph. ocellatus bannikovi belong to rarities of the World fauna. There are few types of lizard spatial distribution in the region: local, mosaic, range margin, and single records. We have distinguished two different patterns of spatial distribution of Turanian psammofilic species in the region. Ph. mystaceus, Crossobamon eversmanni and Teratoscincus scincus penetrate the local isolated sands of the Ustyurt Plateu and Mangyshlak Upland while Ph. interscapularis, E. lineolata and E. scripta come close to the southern limits of AKW, inhabit the sands north of the region but are absent in the sands of the Ustyurt and Mangyshlak.
We have presented the known data on distribution of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis (... more We have presented the known data on distribution of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Kazakhstan where the most eastern part of species range is located. E. orbicularis is widely spread in the northern coast of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River Valley. It inhabits the Ural and Emba rivers interfluve, the Turgay and Irgiz river basins and penetrates as far north as upper flow of Tobol River. Recent studies confirmed the old and quite dubious species records from the Mangyshlak Peninsula and the Syrdaria River Valley where peripheral, isolated and vulnerable turtle populations are still preserved.
The article presents the examples of range change in several amphibians and reptiles of Kazakhsta... more The article presents the examples of range change in several amphibians and reptiles of Kazakhstan for past century, proposes understandings on possible reasons of such phenomena and extrapolates some tendencies of future alterations in herpetological complexes of Kazakhstan.
We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mount... more We developed the ecological niche model (ENM) of Ranodon sibiricus in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains using GIS (Geographic Information System) modeling, and interpretation of orographic and climatic variables. We analyzed the impact of each variable and evaluated the results to discern the most important (key) variables describing the ecological niche. Six orographic and 26 climatic variables were selected as key variables. The analysis of relief and climate contribution to ENM formation reveals a close interrelation between the two factors. The origin of every watercourse, its hydrological parameters, and microhabitat diversity are determined by local microrelief and microclimate. The mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation during the wettest quarter, annual precipitation , and precipitation in the winter months indirectly confirmed the important role of glaciers in maintaining the water balance in streams inhabited by the amphibian. The data acquired allow the new interpretation of the previously proposed idea of introducing the salamander into some regions of Dzungarian Alatau and Northern Tien Shan.
At present time, most of the landscapes in Southeastern Kazakhstan are exposed to anthropogenic i... more At present time, most of the landscapes in Southeastern Kazakhstan are exposed to anthropogenic impact. Of 16 administrative districts of Almaty Province, 7 districts are characterized by strong level of nature destabilization; 6 - by moderate and only 2 districts by weak level. We used own field observations (2000-2016), literature sources and museum collections to determine the main types of anthropogenic territories inhabited with lizards and to define the species themselves. The Southeastern Kazakhstan inhabited with 18 lizard species, which belong to the herpetological complexes of mountain steppes and deserts. All anthropogenic habitats where the lizards were registered we classified into 23 types and combined in 3 groups. The group of slightly disturbed habitats included the nature trails, parking tourist destinations, beaches and such microbiotopes as freestanding buildings of anglers and huntsmen, shrines and kumbez, pits formed after taking soil as well. The urban parks, botanical gardens, orchards, forest belts, cemeteries, banks of canals and roadsides resembled in general the natural ecosystems but certainly differed in plant community composition and microrelief we allocated to the group of moderately disturbed habitats. The towns, orchards, farms, plowing areas, suburban territories and other urban buildings we combined into the group of transformed habitats. Analysis of lizards occurrence has shown that the mountain steppe species were more common in the anthropogenic habitats (20 types) that the desert ones (18 types). The bigger number of species was registered in slightly disturbed habitats (10). This group consisted of mountain steppe and desert species as well including so typical psammophilic lizards as Eremias grammica and Phrynocephalus mystaceus. The lowest number of species was observed in the group of transformed habitats. Of 18 species, only seven were resistant to significant habitat transformation: Lacerta agilis, Eremias velox, E. arguta, E. stummeri, Ablepharus deserti, Asymblepharus alaicus, Phrynocephalus helioscopus. Of mountain steppe species, L. agilis not only successfully adapted to anthropogenic impact, but also used the farmlands, canals and roads to penetrate deeply to the deserts. Such species as A. ablepharus, E. arguta and E. stummeri only adapted to habitat destabilization but rarely expanded their individual territories. The desert species retained near human separate buildings or at constant moderate grazing. The psammophilic E. grammica expanded its habitats under breaking of sands; hard substrate adapted Ph. helioscopus – under trampling and rarefaction of vegetation in clay deserts and A. deserti – under appearance of microrelief suitable for shelters or increasing of moisture in the abandoned fields and irrigation systems. Nevertheless, these species decreased in number or disappeared completely under significant and long-tim time landscape transformation. Of desert species, E. velox was most resistant to anthropogenic changes of its habitats.
Tetraploid populations of green toads are widespread in Central Asia. Since these regions are als... more Tetraploid populations of green toads are widespread in Central Asia. Since these regions are also inhabited by green toad populations with a normal diploid karyotype, it appears important to find a criterion permitting to distinguish between the two karyological forms on the basis of easy measurable phenotypic characters. For this reason, in the present paper we show results from a morphometrical comparison between diploid and tetraploid female green toads from 9 populations of northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. Univariate and multivariate analyses show highly significant differences between diploid and tetraploid females. Morphometrical differences not only concern body size (diploids are larger than tetraploids), but also body shape. In particular, diploid females have proportionally larger head and parotoid glands, and proportionally smaller limbs than tetraploid females. Since the canonical discriminant function permits to attribute all females to their own karyological group, we conclude that morphometrical characters can be effectively employed on adult females to infer their ploidy level.
The article contains a short review of a history of herpetological studies in Mangishlak Peninsul... more The article contains a short review of a history of herpetological studies in Mangishlak Peninsula and Ustyurt Plateau (Kazakhstan) and a recent checklist of amphibians and reptiles known for these regions. The article includes a classification of the species based оn their spatial and numerical distribution and zoogeographic accessory as well as the data оn species endemism and ecology .
The new records of the Slender Racer, Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan collected in ... more The new records of the Slender Racer, Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan collected in 2000-2004 as well as unpublished old museum and personal data are presented in the article and accompanied with some details of morphology and ecology of the specimens. New finds of the species near Bukhtarma Reservour (Bukhtarma River) in the southwestern spurs of Ulbinsky Ridge (Western Altai Mountains) visibly expend the species range known earlier.
The topography, morphology and numerical distribution of skin sense organs in Sphenodon punctatus... more The topography, morphology and numerical distribution of skin sense organs in Sphenodon punctatus integu-ment are studied. Skin sense organs of different diameter are recorded for all the scales from the head and body. The scales of the body, tail and limbs bear, as a rule 1, rarely 2, receptors per scale. Maximal number of skin sense organs (1 – 3 per scale) is shown for the labial shield and scales. The reduced state of skin sense organ number in Sphenodon punctatus is discussed for evaluation of this character state and with regards to the present interpretation of primitive metameric condition of these structures.
Chinese populations of the endangered Siberian salamander Ranodon sibiricus are reported to have ... more Chinese populations of the endangered Siberian salamander Ranodon sibiricus are reported to have diverged only about 120 years ago, and to have the lowest genetic diversity of any amphibian. However, these conclusions require verification, as the main range of the species is in Kazakhstan. Moreover, the generation time used for estimating divergence time has a weak ground. In order to clarify these problems, we investigated the molecular phylogenetic relationship and historical demography of the species covering its whole distribution range using the mitochondrial DNA region reported for Chinese population (1072 bp sequences of the control region), while conducting skeletochronological analysis to estimate accurate generation time. As a result, the range expansion was estimated at 88,000–50,000 YA, based on the generation time of 6–10 years. Degree of intraspecific genetic differentiation is actually very small, but, as a single species, is not so small as had been reported for Chinese population alone.
The topography and numerical distribution of the skin receptors in 29 lizard species including 18... more The topography and numerical distribution of the skin receptors in 29 lizard species including 18 agamids, eight iguanids and three gekkonids, are compared and contrasted. There are no marked differences in the number of receptors in the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body in the different groups. The maximal density of the receptors occurs on the head and decreases in the caudal direction. Iguanids and gekkonids have 5-6 times more receptors than agamids. Agamids Gonocephalus grandis from S.E. Asia, Pogona barbata, Diporiphora bilineata from Australia and Ceratophora tennentii from Sri-Lanka, however, are distinguished by their high density of receptors, especially on the head. Species of Physignathus are similar to iguanids in this way. The agamid Phrynocephalus mystaceus shows considerable differences, in receptor number, from other species of this genus. There is a high density of receptors on the caudal scales of the Madagascan iguanid Oplurus, and a similar high density of receptors on the ventral surface of the gecko Teratoscincus scincus.
The structure and topography of cutaneous receptors of 21 species of iguanian lizards were studie... more The structure and topography of cutaneous receptors of 21 species of iguanian lizards were studied using histology and scanning electron microscopy. Sense organs with “hair” are found in the integument of Ceratophora, Draco, Phrynocephalus, Stellio, and Trapelus (agamids), and in Anolis, Chalarodon and Oplurus (iguanids). Sense organs without “hair” are found in the integument of Physignathus (agamid) and Sceloporus (iguanid). The chameleons have generalized epidermal receptors with simplified structure. Familial differences were observed in the number of receptors on the scales of the head and the tail: iguanids have 5-7 times more receptors than agamids. Physignathus differs from other agamids in the morphology, size, and number of receptors. These receptors are hypothesized to serve several functions (as mechano- and thermoreceptors, and possibly sensitivity to humidity).
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Papers by Tatjana Dujsebayeva
Material and methods. The ground data on distribution of the “Ily form” of Eremias arguta and the Tien-Shan Racerunner Eremias stummeri were collected during numerous field surveys. In addition, we used museum collections and previously published data to collect as much as possible ground observations of both species. The model was developed in ESRI ArcGIS software using the original methodology based on the use of abiotic variables, taken from Digital Elevation Model, BIOCLIM, WORLDCLIM, CLIMOND and Global-PET datasets.
Results. The model revealed the different sets of the key variables for each species analyzed, in spite of the close resemblance of their habitats. The list of the key variables for E. arguta comprised precipitation, solar radiation of cold season and relative post meridiem air humidity. Among the key variables of E. stummeri’s model, there were the sets of temperature and solar radiation, the orographic variables
and the ante meridiem relative humidity. Such a diversification indicated to different zoogeographical affiliation of studied species and attributed different ecological preferences of each species. E. arguta had rather flatland prehistory, whereas E. stummeri demonstrated undoubtedly the mountain origin.
Conclusions. From the theoretical point of view, the prospects of GIS-based ecological modeling were demonstrated as a tool to determine the ecosystem and zoogeographical affiliations of living species. The importance of the extended set of variables implementation along with basic geomorphological parameters is confirmed as a major prerequisite of the ecological modeling of mountain species niches.
Keywords: Lacertidae, Eremias arguta, Eremias stummeri, ecological niche, GIS model, Tien Shan.
Materials and methods. The ground data on distribution of E. o. orbicularis (genetic lineage I) were collected during numerous field surveys, revision of literature and museum collections. The models were developed in MaxEnt and ESRI ArcGIS software using BIOCLIM dataset and the ground data from the whole taxon range (for both programs); WORLDCLIM, DEM, Global-PET and CLIMOND datasets and the ground data from the whole range and only its eastern part (for ArcGIS).
Results. The models in MaxEnt and ArcGIS, which covered all the ground data, were similar with respect to the core range and its western borders. However, they gave the different patterns of climatic well-being for the northern, eastern and southern limits of E. o. orbicularis distribution as well as different number of the keybioclimatic variables. The large number of the key variables shown by ArcGIS may indicate a certain ecological differentiation of the taxon, which has an intrazonal distribution and occupies the territory with high diversity of the landscape and climatic conditions. A lack of input data seriously affects the spatial pattern of the model and a type of the key variables that limit the taxon distribution.
Conclusions. For successful GIS modeling, the following is required: maximum coverage of the taxon range with the ground data; a selection of the initial variables taking into account the basic characteristics of natural zones and landscapes occupied by taxon, and its ecological peculiarities; the modeling using different software with subsequent comparative analysis of the results.
at the bottom and in bank niches of water streams of various capacity. The minimal temperatures (0.5–1.5°С) for the cold season were registered in the second half of March to the first half of April, e.g. shortly before spring heating. The positive temperature during the cold season of the year and its diurnal variations indicated neither freezing nor drying out of streams. The experimental data, combined with literature information allow us to conclude that the habitats and activities of R. sibiricus in streams are year-round.
and (3) 25 informative allozyme loci with 213 alleles (107 informative when coded as presence/absence). It is hypothesized that Phrynocephalus phyletic patterns and speciation reflect fault lines of ancient plates now in Asia rejuvenated by the more recent Indian and Arabian plate collisions. Molecular estimates of lineage splits are highly congruent with geologic dates from the literature. A southern origin for the genus in Southwest Asia is resolved in phylogenetic estimates and a northern origin is statistically rejected. On the basis of monophyly and molecular evidence several taxa previously recognized as subspecies are recognized as species: P. hongyuanensis, P. sogdianus, and P. strauchi as “Current Status”; Phrynocephalus bannikovi, Phrynocephalus longicaudatus, Phrynocephalus turcomanus, and Phrynocephalus
vindumi are formally “New Status”. Phylogenetic evaluation indicates a soft substrate habitat of sand for the shared ancestor of modern Phrynocephalus. Size diversity maximally overlaps in the Caspian Basin and northwestern Iranian Plateau. The greatest species numbers of six in sympatry and regional allopatry are found in the southern Caspian Basin and southern Helmand Basin, both from numerous phylogenetic lineages in close proximity attributed to tectonic induced events.
destabilization; 6 - by moderate and only 2 districts by weak level. We used own field observations (2000-2016), literature sources and museum collections to determine the main types of anthropogenic territories inhabited with lizards and to define the species themselves.
The Southeastern Kazakhstan inhabited with 18 lizard species, which belong to the herpetological complexes of mountain steppes and deserts. All anthropogenic habitats where the lizards were registered we classified into 23 types and combined in 3 groups. The group of slightly disturbed habitats included the nature trails, parking tourist destinations, beaches and such microbiotopes as freestanding buildings of anglers and huntsmen, shrines and kumbez, pits formed after taking soil as well. The urban parks, botanical gardens, orchards, forest belts, cemeteries,
banks of canals and roadsides resembled in general the natural ecosystems but certainly differed in plant community composition and microrelief we allocated to the group of moderately disturbed habitats. The towns, orchards, farms, plowing areas, suburban territories and other urban buildings we combined into the group of transformed habitats. Analysis of lizards occurrence has shown that the mountain steppe species were more common in the anthropogenic habitats (20 types) that the desert ones (18 types). The bigger number of species was registered in slightly disturbed habitats (10). This group consisted of mountain steppe and desert species as well including so typical psammophilic lizards as Eremias grammica and Phrynocephalus mystaceus. The lowest number of species was observed in the group of transformed habitats. Of 18 species, only seven were resistant to significant habitat transformation: Lacerta agilis, Eremias velox, E. arguta, E. stummeri, Ablepharus deserti, Asymblepharus alaicus,
Phrynocephalus helioscopus. Of mountain steppe species, L. agilis not only successfully adapted to anthropogenic impact, but also used the
farmlands, canals and roads to penetrate deeply to the deserts. Such species as A. ablepharus, E. arguta and E. stummeri only adapted to habitat destabilization but rarely expanded their individual territories.
The desert species retained near human separate buildings or at constant moderate grazing. The psammophilic E. grammica expanded its habitats under breaking of sands; hard substrate adapted Ph. helioscopus – under trampling and rarefaction of vegetation in clay deserts and A. deserti – under appearance of microrelief suitable for shelters or increasing of moisture in the abandoned fields and irrigation systems. Nevertheless, these species decreased in number or disappeared completely under significant and long-tim time landscape transformation. Of desert species, E. velox was most resistant to anthropogenic changes of its habitats.
Materials on Slender Racer Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316999389_Materials_on_Slender_Racer_Coluber_spinalis_Peters_1866_in_Kazakhstan [accessed May 18, 2017].
demography of the species covering its whole distribution range using the mitochondrial DNA region reported for Chinese population (1072 bp sequences of the control region), while conducting skeletochronological analysis to estimate accurate generation time. As a result, the range expansion was estimated at 88,000–50,000 YA, based on the generation time of 6–10 years. Degree of intraspecific genetic differentiation is actually very small, but, as a single species, is not so small as had been reported for Chinese population alone.
Material and methods. The ground data on distribution of the “Ily form” of Eremias arguta and the Tien-Shan Racerunner Eremias stummeri were collected during numerous field surveys. In addition, we used museum collections and previously published data to collect as much as possible ground observations of both species. The model was developed in ESRI ArcGIS software using the original methodology based on the use of abiotic variables, taken from Digital Elevation Model, BIOCLIM, WORLDCLIM, CLIMOND and Global-PET datasets.
Results. The model revealed the different sets of the key variables for each species analyzed, in spite of the close resemblance of their habitats. The list of the key variables for E. arguta comprised precipitation, solar radiation of cold season and relative post meridiem air humidity. Among the key variables of E. stummeri’s model, there were the sets of temperature and solar radiation, the orographic variables
and the ante meridiem relative humidity. Such a diversification indicated to different zoogeographical affiliation of studied species and attributed different ecological preferences of each species. E. arguta had rather flatland prehistory, whereas E. stummeri demonstrated undoubtedly the mountain origin.
Conclusions. From the theoretical point of view, the prospects of GIS-based ecological modeling were demonstrated as a tool to determine the ecosystem and zoogeographical affiliations of living species. The importance of the extended set of variables implementation along with basic geomorphological parameters is confirmed as a major prerequisite of the ecological modeling of mountain species niches.
Keywords: Lacertidae, Eremias arguta, Eremias stummeri, ecological niche, GIS model, Tien Shan.
Materials and methods. The ground data on distribution of E. o. orbicularis (genetic lineage I) were collected during numerous field surveys, revision of literature and museum collections. The models were developed in MaxEnt and ESRI ArcGIS software using BIOCLIM dataset and the ground data from the whole taxon range (for both programs); WORLDCLIM, DEM, Global-PET and CLIMOND datasets and the ground data from the whole range and only its eastern part (for ArcGIS).
Results. The models in MaxEnt and ArcGIS, which covered all the ground data, were similar with respect to the core range and its western borders. However, they gave the different patterns of climatic well-being for the northern, eastern and southern limits of E. o. orbicularis distribution as well as different number of the keybioclimatic variables. The large number of the key variables shown by ArcGIS may indicate a certain ecological differentiation of the taxon, which has an intrazonal distribution and occupies the territory with high diversity of the landscape and climatic conditions. A lack of input data seriously affects the spatial pattern of the model and a type of the key variables that limit the taxon distribution.
Conclusions. For successful GIS modeling, the following is required: maximum coverage of the taxon range with the ground data; a selection of the initial variables taking into account the basic characteristics of natural zones and landscapes occupied by taxon, and its ecological peculiarities; the modeling using different software with subsequent comparative analysis of the results.
at the bottom and in bank niches of water streams of various capacity. The minimal temperatures (0.5–1.5°С) for the cold season were registered in the second half of March to the first half of April, e.g. shortly before spring heating. The positive temperature during the cold season of the year and its diurnal variations indicated neither freezing nor drying out of streams. The experimental data, combined with literature information allow us to conclude that the habitats and activities of R. sibiricus in streams are year-round.
and (3) 25 informative allozyme loci with 213 alleles (107 informative when coded as presence/absence). It is hypothesized that Phrynocephalus phyletic patterns and speciation reflect fault lines of ancient plates now in Asia rejuvenated by the more recent Indian and Arabian plate collisions. Molecular estimates of lineage splits are highly congruent with geologic dates from the literature. A southern origin for the genus in Southwest Asia is resolved in phylogenetic estimates and a northern origin is statistically rejected. On the basis of monophyly and molecular evidence several taxa previously recognized as subspecies are recognized as species: P. hongyuanensis, P. sogdianus, and P. strauchi as “Current Status”; Phrynocephalus bannikovi, Phrynocephalus longicaudatus, Phrynocephalus turcomanus, and Phrynocephalus
vindumi are formally “New Status”. Phylogenetic evaluation indicates a soft substrate habitat of sand for the shared ancestor of modern Phrynocephalus. Size diversity maximally overlaps in the Caspian Basin and northwestern Iranian Plateau. The greatest species numbers of six in sympatry and regional allopatry are found in the southern Caspian Basin and southern Helmand Basin, both from numerous phylogenetic lineages in close proximity attributed to tectonic induced events.
destabilization; 6 - by moderate and only 2 districts by weak level. We used own field observations (2000-2016), literature sources and museum collections to determine the main types of anthropogenic territories inhabited with lizards and to define the species themselves.
The Southeastern Kazakhstan inhabited with 18 lizard species, which belong to the herpetological complexes of mountain steppes and deserts. All anthropogenic habitats where the lizards were registered we classified into 23 types and combined in 3 groups. The group of slightly disturbed habitats included the nature trails, parking tourist destinations, beaches and such microbiotopes as freestanding buildings of anglers and huntsmen, shrines and kumbez, pits formed after taking soil as well. The urban parks, botanical gardens, orchards, forest belts, cemeteries,
banks of canals and roadsides resembled in general the natural ecosystems but certainly differed in plant community composition and microrelief we allocated to the group of moderately disturbed habitats. The towns, orchards, farms, plowing areas, suburban territories and other urban buildings we combined into the group of transformed habitats. Analysis of lizards occurrence has shown that the mountain steppe species were more common in the anthropogenic habitats (20 types) that the desert ones (18 types). The bigger number of species was registered in slightly disturbed habitats (10). This group consisted of mountain steppe and desert species as well including so typical psammophilic lizards as Eremias grammica and Phrynocephalus mystaceus. The lowest number of species was observed in the group of transformed habitats. Of 18 species, only seven were resistant to significant habitat transformation: Lacerta agilis, Eremias velox, E. arguta, E. stummeri, Ablepharus deserti, Asymblepharus alaicus,
Phrynocephalus helioscopus. Of mountain steppe species, L. agilis not only successfully adapted to anthropogenic impact, but also used the
farmlands, canals and roads to penetrate deeply to the deserts. Such species as A. ablepharus, E. arguta and E. stummeri only adapted to habitat destabilization but rarely expanded their individual territories.
The desert species retained near human separate buildings or at constant moderate grazing. The psammophilic E. grammica expanded its habitats under breaking of sands; hard substrate adapted Ph. helioscopus – under trampling and rarefaction of vegetation in clay deserts and A. deserti – under appearance of microrelief suitable for shelters or increasing of moisture in the abandoned fields and irrigation systems. Nevertheless, these species decreased in number or disappeared completely under significant and long-tim time landscape transformation. Of desert species, E. velox was most resistant to anthropogenic changes of its habitats.
Materials on Slender Racer Coluber spinalis (Peters, 1866) in Kazakhstan. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316999389_Materials_on_Slender_Racer_Coluber_spinalis_Peters_1866_in_Kazakhstan [accessed May 18, 2017].
demography of the species covering its whole distribution range using the mitochondrial DNA region reported for Chinese population (1072 bp sequences of the control region), while conducting skeletochronological analysis to estimate accurate generation time. As a result, the range expansion was estimated at 88,000–50,000 YA, based on the generation time of 6–10 years. Degree of intraspecific genetic differentiation is actually very small, but, as a single species, is not so small as had been reported for Chinese population alone.