The project "Attitudes Towards Jews and Muslims in Norway, 2011 and 2017" is a populati... more The project "Attitudes Towards Jews and Muslims in Norway, 2011 and 2017" is a population survey on attitudes towards Jews, Muslims and other minorities as well as a survey among Jews and Muslims about attitudes and experiences. It presents the findings from two surveys conducted by the Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities: a population survey on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims and a minority study in which Jews and Muslims in Norway were asked about their experiences and attitudes. The surveys have mapped attitudes based on three dimensions: a cognitive dimension (prejudices), an affective dimension (feelings such as sympathy and antipathy) and one that measures degree of social distance. These dimensions are to some extent independent of each other. For example, prejudices against a group will often be more prevalent than antipathy and social distance. Such tendencies are also found in the present study. The findings show that stereotypical vie...
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersokelser gjennomfort av HL-senteret – en befo... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersokelser gjennomfort av HL-senteret – en befolkningsundersokelse om holdninger til joder og muslimer og en minoritetsstudie der joder og muslimer i Norge ble spurt om sine erfaringer og holdninger. Datainnsamlingen ble gjennomfort av Kantar TNS i perioden 11. januar til 6. april 2017. Rapporten presenterer ogsa funn fra kvalitative gruppeintervjuer med jodiske og muslimske informanter, gjennomfort i perioden mai 2016 til mai 2017.
Diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norge, 2023
Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra en studie om diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norg... more Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra en studie om diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norge. Analysene bygger på et bredt materiale. Det er gjennomført 47 kvalitative intervjuer med muslimske informanter i perioden mars–august 2022. I tillegg er det gjort utdypende analyser av data fra to kvantitative spørreundersøkelser gjennomført av HL-senteret i 2017 og 2022 (Hoffmann & Moe, 2017; Moe, 2022). Datainnsamlingen til de kvantitative studiene ble foretatt av Kantar Public. Prosjektet var et samarbeid mellom Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter (HL-senteret) og Likestillingssenteret KUN. Arbeidet er gjennomført på oppdrag fra Integrerings- og mangfoldsdirektoratet (IMDi). Oppdraget er knyttet til Handlingsplan mot diskriminering av og hat mot muslimer.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JEWS AND MUSLIMS IN NORWAY 2022, 2023
This report presents findings from three attitude surveys conducted by a research group at the No... more This report presents findings from three attitude surveys conducted by a research group at the Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies: a population survey, a minority survey among Jews and Muslims, and a youth survey. Data collection was undertaken by Kantar Public between November 2021 and February 2022. The population survey on antisemitism was first conducted in 2011 and was repeated in 2017 in an expanded version that also surveyed attitudes towards Muslims. The Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies was commissioned to undertake the surveys by the Ministry of Culture and Equality in response to a call for proposals announced in 2020. The survey was funded by the Ministry of Culture and Equality, the Ministry of Children and Families, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development and the Ministry of Education and Research.
Holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge 2022, 2022
Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra tre holdningsundersøkelser gjennomført av en forskergruppe v... more Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra tre holdningsundersøkelser gjennomført av en forskergruppe ved Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter: en befolkningsundersøkelse, en minoritetsstudie blant jøder og muslimer og en ungdomsundersøkelse. Datainnsamlingen ble foretatt av Kantar Public i perioden november 2021 til februar 2022. Befolkningsundersøkelsen om antisemittisme ble gjennomført for første gang i 2011, og gjentatt i en utvidet variant som også kartla holdninger til muslimer i 2017. Oppdraget med å gjennomføre undersøkelsene ble gitt HL-senteret av Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet etter en utlysning i 2020. Undersøkelsen er finansiert av Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet, Barne- og familiedepartementet, Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet, Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet og Kunnskapsdepartementet.
The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway, 2020
The following chapter presents findings from group interviews with Muslims and Jews conducted in ... more The following chapter presents findings from group interviews with Muslims and Jews conducted in Norway between May 2016 and May 2017. Six groups were interviewed; three had Jewish participants and three had Muslim participants. The chapter explores interpretative patterns among the interviewees, focusing on the ways in which antisemitism and Islamophobia were expressed or rejected in the conversations, and how antisemitism and Islamophobia were perceived as contemporary societal problems. Photographs were used as visual prompts during the interviews and served as a starting point for the analysis of the social interaction between the interviewees. A central question of the analysis is how intergroup attitudes were negotiated and eventually regulated throughout the conversations. KEYWORDS Latent antisemitism | Islamophobia | group interviews | Muslim-Jewish relations | photo elicitation | Norway CLAUDIA LENZ AND VIBEKE MOE | THE SHIFTING BOUNDARIES OF PREJUDICE 298
The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway, 2020
This chapter explores antisemitism in contemporary Norway through an analysis of data from open-e... more This chapter explores antisemitism in contemporary Norway through an analysis of data from open-ended questions in the population survey Attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway 2017. 1 The chapter investigates the part of the survey that dealt with views on the reasons for negative attitudes towards Jews. By examining the respondents' broad range of explanations, the chapter explores different contexts for antisemitic views in contemporary Norway and possible new forms of expressing such attitudes beyond the limits of fixed-response questions. The chapter thus contributes to the discussion of the current development of antisemitism and the seeming paradox that while surveys show that antisemitic attitudes are decreasing in the general population , Jews around Europe see antisemitism as a serious and increasing problem. The analysis thus simultaneously explores the Norwegian population's understanding of anti-semitism and indicates where the boundaries of what can be said about Jews are drawn. It shows that answers often described antisemitism as something spatially, "ethnically" or historically distant. While few answers expressed classic stereotypes of Jews, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict constitutes a communicative arena where negative views of Jews are more easily tolerated.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JEWS AND MUSLIMS IN NORWAY 2017, 2017
This report presents the findings of two surveys on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway ... more This report presents the findings of two surveys on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway in 2017. In part, it follows up the population survey conducted by the Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities (CHM) on attitudes towards Jews and other minorities conducted in 2011 and published in 2012. Repeating the same study five years later has made it possible to study trends in attitudes over time. The present surveys also contain several new features, including an expanded section dealing with attitudes towards Muslims. Another new feature in the 2017 study is a separate survey of Jews and Muslims. This minority survey covers the same topics as the population survey, but explores the experiences of these minorities in Norway in more depth. In addition to the statistical surveys, group interviews were conducted with Jewish and Muslim informants.
HOLDNINGER TIL JØDER OG MUSLIMER I NORGE 2017, 2017
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersøkelser om holdninger til jøder og muslimer ... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersøkelser om holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge i 2017. Den representerer delvis en oppfølging av HL-senterets befolkningsundersøkelse om holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter fra 2011, publisert 2012. Ved å gjenta den samme studien fem år etter har det vært mulig å se utviklingen av holdninger over tid. De foreliggende undersøkelsene inneholder dessuten flere nye elementer, blant annet en utvidet del om holdninger til muslimer. Nytt for studien i 2017 er også en egen undersøkelse blant jøder og muslimer. Denne minoritetsundersøkelsen dekker de samme temaene som befolkningsundersøkelsen, men går i dybden når det gjelder erfaringer som minoritetene har med å leve i Norge. I tillegg til de statistiske undersøkelsene er det gjennomført gruppeintervjuer med jødiske og muslimske informanter.
This article explores contemporary images of Jews and Muslims in Norway by using qualitative empi... more This article explores contemporary images of Jews and Muslims in Norway by using qualitative empirical data, namely the answers to an open-ended question that was included in a quantitative survey on attitudes towards Jews and other minorities in Norway, conducted in 2012. The target group for the survey consisted of Norwegian residents aged 18 and above. A total of 1522 people answered the questionnaire. The results of the survey can be considered as representative of the Norwegian population with respect to age, gender, education and geographical distribution. Respondents were asked what they regarded to be the reasons for existing negative attitudes towards Jews and Muslims respectively. This article analyzes whether the perceptions reflected in the respondents’ answers represent stereotypical views and partly include traces of conspiracy beliefs. The article also discusses these perceptions within the broader perspective of Norwegian society, asking in which ways the data reflects ideas of inclusion and exclusion. The analysis exposes differences regarding traditional stereotypes and prejudices against the two minorities and the ways in which these prejudices are linked to (perceived) contemporary conflicts and tensions – both within Norwegian society and internationally. Negative attitudes towards Jews are often explained with reference to the role played by Israel in the Middle East conflict, and almost never with specific reference to Norwegian society. The material contains few examples describing Jews as scapegoats for current social problems in Norway. On the contrary, respondents’ answers indicate social distance. Approximately half of the answers claim that negative attitudes towards Jews are due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The images of Jews presented in connection with this conflict are predominantly negative and characterized by topics such as oppression, ruthlessness and power. The analysis shows how these statements serve to reduce complexity by effectively equating “Jews” with “Israelis”. As a consequence Jews seem to be excluded from the notion of the Norwegian national collective. The statements about Muslims show that they are regarded to be citizens and as such part of Norwegian society, but with characteristics perceived as problematic and threatening. Respondents often connected negative attitudes towards Muslims with a “foreign culture”. Many statements describe Muslims as oppressive to women, as harboring undemocratic attitudes or as criminals. The data shows how people develop generalizations, describing something as “typically Muslim” or “typically Jewish”, reflecting current debates and media coverage. Such generalizations derive their strength from placing the speaker in a morally superior position. In the present material these attitudes represent the antithesis of an implicit notion of the Norwegian community as a liberal, egalitarian and peace-loving society. Despite the differences, a clear picture emerges that the characterizations of both Jews and Muslims seem to serve a common function: to provide a contrast to this national self-image. Such polarized notions of “us” and “them”, however, undermine the values generally constructed as “Norwegian”: when “the other” bears problematic features that we do not want to acknowledge in ourselves or our communities, we lose the ability to critically reflect on who we are. While maintaining an idealized notion of “us”, we become increasingly dependent on a rejection and denial of the “other”.
Antisemittisme i Norge? Den norske befolkningens holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter, 2012
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av den første omfattende befolkningsundersøkelsen i Norge... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av den første omfattende befolkningsundersøkelsen i Norge om holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter. Undersøkelsen har blitt gjennomført av Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter (HL-senteret) i perioden august 2010 – mai 2012 på oppdrag fra Barne-, likestillings- og inkluderingsdepartementet (BLD), Utenriksdepartementet og Justisdepartementet. BLD har hatt det administrative ansvaret fra departementenes side. Datainnsamlingen ble foretatt av TNS Gallup i november 2011.
The project "Attitudes Towards Jews and Muslims in Norway, 2011 and 2017" is a populati... more The project "Attitudes Towards Jews and Muslims in Norway, 2011 and 2017" is a population survey on attitudes towards Jews, Muslims and other minorities as well as a survey among Jews and Muslims about attitudes and experiences. It presents the findings from two surveys conducted by the Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities: a population survey on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims and a minority study in which Jews and Muslims in Norway were asked about their experiences and attitudes. The surveys have mapped attitudes based on three dimensions: a cognitive dimension (prejudices), an affective dimension (feelings such as sympathy and antipathy) and one that measures degree of social distance. These dimensions are to some extent independent of each other. For example, prejudices against a group will often be more prevalent than antipathy and social distance. Such tendencies are also found in the present study. The findings show that stereotypical vie...
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersokelser gjennomfort av HL-senteret – en befo... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersokelser gjennomfort av HL-senteret – en befolkningsundersokelse om holdninger til joder og muslimer og en minoritetsstudie der joder og muslimer i Norge ble spurt om sine erfaringer og holdninger. Datainnsamlingen ble gjennomfort av Kantar TNS i perioden 11. januar til 6. april 2017. Rapporten presenterer ogsa funn fra kvalitative gruppeintervjuer med jodiske og muslimske informanter, gjennomfort i perioden mai 2016 til mai 2017.
Diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norge, 2023
Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra en studie om diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norg... more Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra en studie om diskrimineringserfaringer blant muslimer i Norge. Analysene bygger på et bredt materiale. Det er gjennomført 47 kvalitative intervjuer med muslimske informanter i perioden mars–august 2022. I tillegg er det gjort utdypende analyser av data fra to kvantitative spørreundersøkelser gjennomført av HL-senteret i 2017 og 2022 (Hoffmann & Moe, 2017; Moe, 2022). Datainnsamlingen til de kvantitative studiene ble foretatt av Kantar Public. Prosjektet var et samarbeid mellom Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter (HL-senteret) og Likestillingssenteret KUN. Arbeidet er gjennomført på oppdrag fra Integrerings- og mangfoldsdirektoratet (IMDi). Oppdraget er knyttet til Handlingsplan mot diskriminering av og hat mot muslimer.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JEWS AND MUSLIMS IN NORWAY 2022, 2023
This report presents findings from three attitude surveys conducted by a research group at the No... more This report presents findings from three attitude surveys conducted by a research group at the Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies: a population survey, a minority survey among Jews and Muslims, and a youth survey. Data collection was undertaken by Kantar Public between November 2021 and February 2022. The population survey on antisemitism was first conducted in 2011 and was repeated in 2017 in an expanded version that also surveyed attitudes towards Muslims. The Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies was commissioned to undertake the surveys by the Ministry of Culture and Equality in response to a call for proposals announced in 2020. The survey was funded by the Ministry of Culture and Equality, the Ministry of Children and Families, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development and the Ministry of Education and Research.
Holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge 2022, 2022
Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra tre holdningsundersøkelser gjennomført av en forskergruppe v... more Denne rapporten presenterer funn fra tre holdningsundersøkelser gjennomført av en forskergruppe ved Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter: en befolkningsundersøkelse, en minoritetsstudie blant jøder og muslimer og en ungdomsundersøkelse. Datainnsamlingen ble foretatt av Kantar Public i perioden november 2021 til februar 2022. Befolkningsundersøkelsen om antisemittisme ble gjennomført for første gang i 2011, og gjentatt i en utvidet variant som også kartla holdninger til muslimer i 2017. Oppdraget med å gjennomføre undersøkelsene ble gitt HL-senteret av Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet etter en utlysning i 2020. Undersøkelsen er finansiert av Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet, Barne- og familiedepartementet, Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet, Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet og Kunnskapsdepartementet.
The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway, 2020
The following chapter presents findings from group interviews with Muslims and Jews conducted in ... more The following chapter presents findings from group interviews with Muslims and Jews conducted in Norway between May 2016 and May 2017. Six groups were interviewed; three had Jewish participants and three had Muslim participants. The chapter explores interpretative patterns among the interviewees, focusing on the ways in which antisemitism and Islamophobia were expressed or rejected in the conversations, and how antisemitism and Islamophobia were perceived as contemporary societal problems. Photographs were used as visual prompts during the interviews and served as a starting point for the analysis of the social interaction between the interviewees. A central question of the analysis is how intergroup attitudes were negotiated and eventually regulated throughout the conversations. KEYWORDS Latent antisemitism | Islamophobia | group interviews | Muslim-Jewish relations | photo elicitation | Norway CLAUDIA LENZ AND VIBEKE MOE | THE SHIFTING BOUNDARIES OF PREJUDICE 298
The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway, 2020
This chapter explores antisemitism in contemporary Norway through an analysis of data from open-e... more This chapter explores antisemitism in contemporary Norway through an analysis of data from open-ended questions in the population survey Attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway 2017. 1 The chapter investigates the part of the survey that dealt with views on the reasons for negative attitudes towards Jews. By examining the respondents' broad range of explanations, the chapter explores different contexts for antisemitic views in contemporary Norway and possible new forms of expressing such attitudes beyond the limits of fixed-response questions. The chapter thus contributes to the discussion of the current development of antisemitism and the seeming paradox that while surveys show that antisemitic attitudes are decreasing in the general population , Jews around Europe see antisemitism as a serious and increasing problem. The analysis thus simultaneously explores the Norwegian population's understanding of anti-semitism and indicates where the boundaries of what can be said about Jews are drawn. It shows that answers often described antisemitism as something spatially, "ethnically" or historically distant. While few answers expressed classic stereotypes of Jews, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict constitutes a communicative arena where negative views of Jews are more easily tolerated.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JEWS AND MUSLIMS IN NORWAY 2017, 2017
This report presents the findings of two surveys on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway ... more This report presents the findings of two surveys on attitudes towards Jews and Muslims in Norway in 2017. In part, it follows up the population survey conducted by the Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities (CHM) on attitudes towards Jews and other minorities conducted in 2011 and published in 2012. Repeating the same study five years later has made it possible to study trends in attitudes over time. The present surveys also contain several new features, including an expanded section dealing with attitudes towards Muslims. Another new feature in the 2017 study is a separate survey of Jews and Muslims. This minority survey covers the same topics as the population survey, but explores the experiences of these minorities in Norway in more depth. In addition to the statistical surveys, group interviews were conducted with Jewish and Muslim informants.
HOLDNINGER TIL JØDER OG MUSLIMER I NORGE 2017, 2017
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersøkelser om holdninger til jøder og muslimer ... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra to undersøkelser om holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge i 2017. Den representerer delvis en oppfølging av HL-senterets befolkningsundersøkelse om holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter fra 2011, publisert 2012. Ved å gjenta den samme studien fem år etter har det vært mulig å se utviklingen av holdninger over tid. De foreliggende undersøkelsene inneholder dessuten flere nye elementer, blant annet en utvidet del om holdninger til muslimer. Nytt for studien i 2017 er også en egen undersøkelse blant jøder og muslimer. Denne minoritetsundersøkelsen dekker de samme temaene som befolkningsundersøkelsen, men går i dybden når det gjelder erfaringer som minoritetene har med å leve i Norge. I tillegg til de statistiske undersøkelsene er det gjennomført gruppeintervjuer med jødiske og muslimske informanter.
This article explores contemporary images of Jews and Muslims in Norway by using qualitative empi... more This article explores contemporary images of Jews and Muslims in Norway by using qualitative empirical data, namely the answers to an open-ended question that was included in a quantitative survey on attitudes towards Jews and other minorities in Norway, conducted in 2012. The target group for the survey consisted of Norwegian residents aged 18 and above. A total of 1522 people answered the questionnaire. The results of the survey can be considered as representative of the Norwegian population with respect to age, gender, education and geographical distribution. Respondents were asked what they regarded to be the reasons for existing negative attitudes towards Jews and Muslims respectively. This article analyzes whether the perceptions reflected in the respondents’ answers represent stereotypical views and partly include traces of conspiracy beliefs. The article also discusses these perceptions within the broader perspective of Norwegian society, asking in which ways the data reflects ideas of inclusion and exclusion. The analysis exposes differences regarding traditional stereotypes and prejudices against the two minorities and the ways in which these prejudices are linked to (perceived) contemporary conflicts and tensions – both within Norwegian society and internationally. Negative attitudes towards Jews are often explained with reference to the role played by Israel in the Middle East conflict, and almost never with specific reference to Norwegian society. The material contains few examples describing Jews as scapegoats for current social problems in Norway. On the contrary, respondents’ answers indicate social distance. Approximately half of the answers claim that negative attitudes towards Jews are due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The images of Jews presented in connection with this conflict are predominantly negative and characterized by topics such as oppression, ruthlessness and power. The analysis shows how these statements serve to reduce complexity by effectively equating “Jews” with “Israelis”. As a consequence Jews seem to be excluded from the notion of the Norwegian national collective. The statements about Muslims show that they are regarded to be citizens and as such part of Norwegian society, but with characteristics perceived as problematic and threatening. Respondents often connected negative attitudes towards Muslims with a “foreign culture”. Many statements describe Muslims as oppressive to women, as harboring undemocratic attitudes or as criminals. The data shows how people develop generalizations, describing something as “typically Muslim” or “typically Jewish”, reflecting current debates and media coverage. Such generalizations derive their strength from placing the speaker in a morally superior position. In the present material these attitudes represent the antithesis of an implicit notion of the Norwegian community as a liberal, egalitarian and peace-loving society. Despite the differences, a clear picture emerges that the characterizations of both Jews and Muslims seem to serve a common function: to provide a contrast to this national self-image. Such polarized notions of “us” and “them”, however, undermine the values generally constructed as “Norwegian”: when “the other” bears problematic features that we do not want to acknowledge in ourselves or our communities, we lose the ability to critically reflect on who we are. While maintaining an idealized notion of “us”, we become increasingly dependent on a rejection and denial of the “other”.
Antisemittisme i Norge? Den norske befolkningens holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter, 2012
Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av den første omfattende befolkningsundersøkelsen i Norge... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene av den første omfattende befolkningsundersøkelsen i Norge om holdninger til jøder og andre minoriteter. Undersøkelsen har blitt gjennomført av Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter (HL-senteret) i perioden august 2010 – mai 2012 på oppdrag fra Barne-, likestillings- og inkluderingsdepartementet (BLD), Utenriksdepartementet og Justisdepartementet. BLD har hatt det administrative ansvaret fra departementenes side. Datainnsamlingen ble foretatt av TNS Gallup i november 2011.
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Papers by Vibeke Moe
The Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies was commissioned to undertake the surveys by the Ministry of Culture and Equality in response to a call for proposals announced in 2020. The survey was funded by the Ministry of Culture and Equality, the Ministry of Children and Families, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development and the Ministry of Education and Research.
Books by Vibeke Moe
The Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Minority Studies was commissioned to undertake the surveys by the Ministry of Culture and Equality in response to a call for proposals announced in 2020. The survey was funded by the Ministry of Culture and Equality, the Ministry of Children and Families, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development and the Ministry of Education and Research.