Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1992
High temperature corrosion and fuel system fouling are major concerns that confront gas turbine u... more High temperature corrosion and fuel system fouling are major concerns that confront gas turbine users. Fuel treatment is a critical requirement for gas turbine operators burning alternative fuels and even so called “clean fuels”. Spectrometric fuel analysis is used to determine the amount of treatment required as well as the efficiency of the treatment. In most cases, analytical techniques developed by chemists for use in laboratory environments have been adopted for field use. This paper describes the various spectrometric techniques available to the gas turbine user to analyze fuels for contaminants such as sodium, potassium, vanadium, lead, calcium, silicon etc. and additives such as magnesium compounds. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and various atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) techniques will be discussed and compared.
A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the long-range variations of vertical t... more A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the long-range variations of vertical temperature, density, and salinity profiles in the Dead Sea, which is a highly saline large water body. The model utilizes the continuity, momentum, energy, and mass transfer equations, while taking into account the influence of the wind. The partial differential equations were solved numerically by means of explicit finite differences method. Simulation results were verified by comparison to measured data. In addition, the algorithm evaluates the evaporation rate from the Dead Sea which is an important parameter in several engineering projects under planning, such as the Mediterranean-Dead Sea conduit and the construction of floating salt gradient solar ponds for power generation.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1991
This paper presents the results of a project performed for the Israel Electric Corporation, Ltd. ... more This paper presents the results of a project performed for the Israel Electric Corporation, Ltd. (IEC), with the objective of developing the most cost-effective and technically feasible 300-MW CAES-plant concept with underground storage in an aquiferous reservoir. Three conceptually different turbomachinery trains are analyzed, including one based on the use of state-of-the-art combustion turbine components with high firing temperatures. The results are reported for each turbomachinery train concept, optimized for the geological conditions of two alternative underground-storage sites. Along with other generic findings, the paper concludes with the selection of a turbomachinery train, its cycle parameters and configuration, and underground storage site to be used for further preliminary engineering and cost estimates. The results are generalized for use in future CAES projects.
Intercooling of compressors is necessary for an efficient process. Among the optimal criteria req... more Intercooling of compressors is necessary for an efficient process. Among the optimal criteria required, minimizing the compression-specific work is one of the more commonly used. Upon ideal conditions, such a criterion leads to an isothermal compression whose importance is purely theoretical, since it requires an infinite number of intercoolers. In this paper the evaluation of correction factors to the well-known relations of the optimal location of intercoolers in a compression process and its corresponding work of compression was performed for a general compression process which accounts for pressure losses and other irreversibilities as well. As a result of including the pressure losses in the equations, a finite number of intercoolers is evaluated as optimum. The results, although qualitatively expected, show a quantitative nonempirical figure of the optimal number of intercoolers as a function of the terminal pressure ratio and as a function of the relative pressure losses. The...
A method of evaluation for peak/off-peak price functions in energy storage technologies is presen... more A method of evaluation for peak/off-peak price functions in energy storage technologies is presented. The method is particularly useful in statical optimization of the fundamental parameters required for planning energy storage plants. Its application permits to transform the original dynamic optimization problem into a statical equivalent problem, thus reducing considerably the computing time needed. This transformation introduces two additional parameters to be optimized using statical optimization methods, i.e., charging and discharging duration.
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 1989
A mathematical model is derived, simulating the dynamic behavior of a cavern-type (constant volum... more A mathematical model is derived, simulating the dynamic behavior of a cavern-type (constant volume) compressed air energy storage system (CAES). With the aid of the model, optimal control of the system decision variables, namely: charging and discharging timing and duration as well as the fuel injection policy are determined by periodic dynamic programming method. The performance criterion is maximizing the net benefits over the operation cycle. An algorithm for numerical solution of the problem is presented and computational results for an example representing a real plant are given.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1988
Topping cycle cogeneration plants, consisting of a relatively small gas turbine generator (3–5 MW... more Topping cycle cogeneration plants, consisting of a relatively small gas turbine generator (3–5 MW) and a supplementary fired heat recovery steam generator designed to maximize steam production, are becoming a very attractive system design. Special burners designed to fire into water wall furnaces can add substantial steam production capability to the system in a very efficient manner, utilizing the oxygen available in the turbine exhaust. This paper examines recent operating experience at two U.S. installations, using gas turbines rated at 3.3 MW (Iso) and 4. 8 MW (Iso). Gas fired burner designs are presented. Performance parameters such as response to load, maximum steam production, burner rangeability, and emissions of NOx and CO are discussed.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1995
An existing three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code (Arnone et al., 1991), modified to include film ... more An existing three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code (Arnone et al., 1991), modified to include film cooling considerations (Garg and Gaugler, 1994), has been used to study the effect of coolant velocity and temperature distribution at the hole exit on the heat transfer coefficient on three film-cooled turbine blades, namely, the C3X vane, the VKI rotor, and the ACE rotor. Results are also compared with the experimental data for all the blades. Moreover, Mayle’s transition criterion (Mayle, 1991), Forest’s model for augmentation of leading edge heat transfer due to free-stream turbulence (Forest, 1977), and Crawford’s model for augmentation of eddy viscosity due to film cooling (Crawford et al., 1980) are used. Use of Mayle’s and Forest’s models is relevant only for the ACE rotor due to the absence of shower-head cooling on this rotor. It is found that, in some cases, the effect of distribution of coolant velocity and temperature at the hole exit can be as much as 60% on the heat transf...
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1989
The different aspects of the CW251B12 compressor redesign intended for possible upgrading of curr... more The different aspects of the CW251B12 compressor redesign intended for possible upgrading of currently installed B10 engines and for the B12 model are described in this paper. The design philosophy is based upon experience with previous compressor upratings. Aerodynamic and mechanical considerations as well as description of the new features introduced into the redesigned compressor are included in the paper. Generalized compressor design rules are also presented.
This paper suggests how nonlinear periodic optimal control of a pumped storage plant can be reali... more This paper suggests how nonlinear periodic optimal control of a pumped storage plant can be realized. The control problem consists in maximization of the plant benefits over an operational period. An optimal control law is proposed, yielding a bang-off-bang mode of operation. An algorithm for numerical solution of the problem was developed, and its effectiveness was demonstrated by simulation experiments.
The Dead Sea, part of the Jordon Rift Valley, lies at an elevation of about 400 m below sea level... more The Dead Sea, part of the Jordon Rift Valley, lies at an elevation of about 400 m below sea level at a distance of only 70 km from the Mediterranean. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived simulating the dynamic behavior of a solar-hydroelectric power plant, utilizing the difference in elevation between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea by conducting Mediterranean water to the Dead Sea, partly by tunnel. This model was applied to determine the optimal control of inlet water to the evaporation basin of the Dead Sea, through the entire life of the plant, by dynamic programming methods. The optimization results were also utilized for determination of plant engineering parameters such as the diameter and gradient of the sea water tunnel.
... it is known in all European languages.2 It is no wonder that, isolated as it is between steep... more ... it is known in all European languages.2 It is no wonder that, isolated as it is between steep cliffs, in a hot and arid ... The lake is mainly fed by the Jordan River and its tributaries, with much smaller contributions by rain-fall, floods and springs. ... still at the stage of basic research. ...
The present work outlines the designing, erection and operation process of a stand-alone desalina... more The present work outlines the designing, erection and operation process of a stand-alone desalination plant powered by both solar photovoltaic and wind energy. Such a plant will serve small isolated communities in remote areas devoid of water resources. A specially ...
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1992
High temperature corrosion and fuel system fouling are major concerns that confront gas turbine u... more High temperature corrosion and fuel system fouling are major concerns that confront gas turbine users. Fuel treatment is a critical requirement for gas turbine operators burning alternative fuels and even so called “clean fuels”. Spectrometric fuel analysis is used to determine the amount of treatment required as well as the efficiency of the treatment. In most cases, analytical techniques developed by chemists for use in laboratory environments have been adopted for field use. This paper describes the various spectrometric techniques available to the gas turbine user to analyze fuels for contaminants such as sodium, potassium, vanadium, lead, calcium, silicon etc. and additives such as magnesium compounds. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and various atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) techniques will be discussed and compared.
A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the long-range variations of vertical t... more A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to predict the long-range variations of vertical temperature, density, and salinity profiles in the Dead Sea, which is a highly saline large water body. The model utilizes the continuity, momentum, energy, and mass transfer equations, while taking into account the influence of the wind. The partial differential equations were solved numerically by means of explicit finite differences method. Simulation results were verified by comparison to measured data. In addition, the algorithm evaluates the evaporation rate from the Dead Sea which is an important parameter in several engineering projects under planning, such as the Mediterranean-Dead Sea conduit and the construction of floating salt gradient solar ponds for power generation.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1991
This paper presents the results of a project performed for the Israel Electric Corporation, Ltd. ... more This paper presents the results of a project performed for the Israel Electric Corporation, Ltd. (IEC), with the objective of developing the most cost-effective and technically feasible 300-MW CAES-plant concept with underground storage in an aquiferous reservoir. Three conceptually different turbomachinery trains are analyzed, including one based on the use of state-of-the-art combustion turbine components with high firing temperatures. The results are reported for each turbomachinery train concept, optimized for the geological conditions of two alternative underground-storage sites. Along with other generic findings, the paper concludes with the selection of a turbomachinery train, its cycle parameters and configuration, and underground storage site to be used for further preliminary engineering and cost estimates. The results are generalized for use in future CAES projects.
Intercooling of compressors is necessary for an efficient process. Among the optimal criteria req... more Intercooling of compressors is necessary for an efficient process. Among the optimal criteria required, minimizing the compression-specific work is one of the more commonly used. Upon ideal conditions, such a criterion leads to an isothermal compression whose importance is purely theoretical, since it requires an infinite number of intercoolers. In this paper the evaluation of correction factors to the well-known relations of the optimal location of intercoolers in a compression process and its corresponding work of compression was performed for a general compression process which accounts for pressure losses and other irreversibilities as well. As a result of including the pressure losses in the equations, a finite number of intercoolers is evaluated as optimum. The results, although qualitatively expected, show a quantitative nonempirical figure of the optimal number of intercoolers as a function of the terminal pressure ratio and as a function of the relative pressure losses. The...
A method of evaluation for peak/off-peak price functions in energy storage technologies is presen... more A method of evaluation for peak/off-peak price functions in energy storage technologies is presented. The method is particularly useful in statical optimization of the fundamental parameters required for planning energy storage plants. Its application permits to transform the original dynamic optimization problem into a statical equivalent problem, thus reducing considerably the computing time needed. This transformation introduces two additional parameters to be optimized using statical optimization methods, i.e., charging and discharging duration.
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 1989
A mathematical model is derived, simulating the dynamic behavior of a cavern-type (constant volum... more A mathematical model is derived, simulating the dynamic behavior of a cavern-type (constant volume) compressed air energy storage system (CAES). With the aid of the model, optimal control of the system decision variables, namely: charging and discharging timing and duration as well as the fuel injection policy are determined by periodic dynamic programming method. The performance criterion is maximizing the net benefits over the operation cycle. An algorithm for numerical solution of the problem is presented and computational results for an example representing a real plant are given.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1988
Topping cycle cogeneration plants, consisting of a relatively small gas turbine generator (3–5 MW... more Topping cycle cogeneration plants, consisting of a relatively small gas turbine generator (3–5 MW) and a supplementary fired heat recovery steam generator designed to maximize steam production, are becoming a very attractive system design. Special burners designed to fire into water wall furnaces can add substantial steam production capability to the system in a very efficient manner, utilizing the oxygen available in the turbine exhaust. This paper examines recent operating experience at two U.S. installations, using gas turbines rated at 3.3 MW (Iso) and 4. 8 MW (Iso). Gas fired burner designs are presented. Performance parameters such as response to load, maximum steam production, burner rangeability, and emissions of NOx and CO are discussed.
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1995
An existing three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code (Arnone et al., 1991), modified to include film ... more An existing three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code (Arnone et al., 1991), modified to include film cooling considerations (Garg and Gaugler, 1994), has been used to study the effect of coolant velocity and temperature distribution at the hole exit on the heat transfer coefficient on three film-cooled turbine blades, namely, the C3X vane, the VKI rotor, and the ACE rotor. Results are also compared with the experimental data for all the blades. Moreover, Mayle’s transition criterion (Mayle, 1991), Forest’s model for augmentation of leading edge heat transfer due to free-stream turbulence (Forest, 1977), and Crawford’s model for augmentation of eddy viscosity due to film cooling (Crawford et al., 1980) are used. Use of Mayle’s and Forest’s models is relevant only for the ACE rotor due to the absence of shower-head cooling on this rotor. It is found that, in some cases, the effect of distribution of coolant velocity and temperature at the hole exit can be as much as 60% on the heat transf...
Volume 4: Heat Transfer; Electric Power; Industrial and Cogeneration, 1989
The different aspects of the CW251B12 compressor redesign intended for possible upgrading of curr... more The different aspects of the CW251B12 compressor redesign intended for possible upgrading of currently installed B10 engines and for the B12 model are described in this paper. The design philosophy is based upon experience with previous compressor upratings. Aerodynamic and mechanical considerations as well as description of the new features introduced into the redesigned compressor are included in the paper. Generalized compressor design rules are also presented.
This paper suggests how nonlinear periodic optimal control of a pumped storage plant can be reali... more This paper suggests how nonlinear periodic optimal control of a pumped storage plant can be realized. The control problem consists in maximization of the plant benefits over an operational period. An optimal control law is proposed, yielding a bang-off-bang mode of operation. An algorithm for numerical solution of the problem was developed, and its effectiveness was demonstrated by simulation experiments.
The Dead Sea, part of the Jordon Rift Valley, lies at an elevation of about 400 m below sea level... more The Dead Sea, part of the Jordon Rift Valley, lies at an elevation of about 400 m below sea level at a distance of only 70 km from the Mediterranean. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived simulating the dynamic behavior of a solar-hydroelectric power plant, utilizing the difference in elevation between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea by conducting Mediterranean water to the Dead Sea, partly by tunnel. This model was applied to determine the optimal control of inlet water to the evaporation basin of the Dead Sea, through the entire life of the plant, by dynamic programming methods. The optimization results were also utilized for determination of plant engineering parameters such as the diameter and gradient of the sea water tunnel.
... it is known in all European languages.2 It is no wonder that, isolated as it is between steep... more ... it is known in all European languages.2 It is no wonder that, isolated as it is between steep cliffs, in a hot and arid ... The lake is mainly fed by the Jordan River and its tributaries, with much smaller contributions by rain-fall, floods and springs. ... still at the stage of basic research. ...
The present work outlines the designing, erection and operation process of a stand-alone desalina... more The present work outlines the designing, erection and operation process of a stand-alone desalination plant powered by both solar photovoltaic and wind energy. Such a plant will serve small isolated communities in remote areas devoid of water resources. A specially ...
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