The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group ... more The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group (J) is the proposed “His-toric, for development of geological sciences” group. Since this group, which we propose to define as the “Anthropogenic Geosite Group”, contains a very wide content, we focused on the subgroups of this group and tried to give examples from Turkey for each subgroup. The main subject of this article is the civilization traces left by human beings, starting from their shelters in the hunter-gatherer period, before moving to settled life, to the periods when they created advanced archi-tectural works such as the Zeus Altar in Pergamum, Hierapolis, the Ancient city of Ephesus, underground cities/castles of Cappadoccia and the Alexander Sarcophagus, and their geological counterparts. This geosite class has been defined in detail for the first time in this article by dividing it into subclasses, and all cultural geology remains within this 10th Group are collectively called “Anthropogenic Geosite”. These locations, which are concrete evidence and “legacies” of human/nature interaction, are of great importance in terms of geological culture/cultural geology as well as the archaeological and anthropological values they carry. Anthropogenic Geosites prove that “Cultural Heritage” sites can also be “Geological Heritage” sites and serve “Cultural Geology”.
The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group ... more The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group (J) is the proposed “His-toric, for development of geological sciences” group. Since this group, which we propose to define as the “Anthropogenic Geosite Group”, contains a very wide content, we focused on the subgroups of this group and tried to give examples from Turkey for each subgroup. The main subject of this article is the civilization traces left by human beings, starting from their shelters in the hunter-gatherer period, before moving to settled life, to the periods when they created advanced archi-tectural works such as the Zeus Altar in Pergamum, Hierapolis, the Ancient city of Ephesus, underground cities/castles of Cappadoccia and the Alexander Sarcophagus, and their geological counterparts. This geosite class has been defined in detail for the first time in this article by dividing it into subclasses, and all cultural geology remains within this 10th Group are collectively called “Anthropogenic Geosite”. These locations, which are concrete evidence and “legacies” of human/nature interaction, are of great importance in terms of geological culture/cultural geology as well as the archaeological and anthropological values they carry. Anthropogenic Geosites prove that “Cultural Heritage” sites can also be “Geological Heritage” sites and serve “Cultural Geology”.
ÖZ Bu çalışmada, Biga Yarımadası'nın orta bölümünde yer alan Kazdağ Masifi içinde, masifin oluşum... more ÖZ Bu çalışmada, Biga Yarımadası'nın orta bölümünde yer alan Kazdağ Masifi içinde, masifin oluşumuna ışık tutacak şekilde, farklı jeolojik/jeotektonik özellikleri karakterize eden 4 jeorota oluşturulmuş ve bu jeorotalar üzerinde toplam 86 adet jeosit belirlenmiştir. Söz konusu jeorotalar boyunca, hem Kazdağ Masifi'nin oluşumuna ışık tutan ve masifin temelini oluşturan metamorfik kayaçlar ile bu jeolojik süreç boyunca söz konusu metamorfik kayaçların içine yerleşen mağmatik/ plütonik kayaçlardan, hem de neotektonik olaylar sonucunda masifin yükselmesine eşlik eden ve bu masifin örtü kayaçlarını oluşturan volkanik kayaçlardan çok sayıda yeni jeosit önerilmiştir. Ayrıca, Miyosen-Pliyosen döneminden itibaren Kazdağ Masifi'ni yükselten kenar fayları ile onu kesen Türkiye'nin en büyük doğrultu atımlı fayının bir bölümü de bu alanın neotektonik yapılarını oluşturur ve birer jeosit değeri taşırlar. Tüm bu jeoçeşitliliğe rağmen, yaklaşık 17.000 km 2 alana yayılmış olan mevcut jeopark içinde belirlenmiş olan jeositler ve "odak noktası" bağlamı, jeoparkın jeolojik olarak tanıtımında yetersiz kalmaktadır. İda-Madra Jeoparkı henüz kurulma aşamasındadır. Ulusal Jeopark olarak ilan edilmiş olan bu jeoparkın UNESCO onay süreci devam etmektedir. Çok geniş bir alana yayılmış olduğundan ana bağlamı belirlenememiş olan İda-Madra Jeoparkı'nın Kazdağı bölümü, bu jeorotaların hayata geçmesi ile birlikte, kendi içinde "Metamorfik Masif" bağlamında tanımlanmış olacak ve İda-Madra Jeoparkı'na önemli bir bilimsel katkıda bulunulmuş olacaktır.
Some parts of the Tethyan ophiolites of Alpine-Himalayan suture belt are located within Turkey. T... more Some parts of the Tethyan ophiolites of Alpine-Himalayan suture belt are located within Turkey. The Tethyan belt splits into two branches in Turkey. The northern branch follows the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Zone, while the southern branch extends along the Anatolide-Tauride and Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. The subsections of the latter reach Iran in the east and Oman ophiolites in the south east. These ophiolites are also the only environments in which chromitite deposits occur. Consequently, the ophiolites in Turkey are significantly rich in terms of Alpine type chromitite occurrences and they are the oldest metallic mine products.
The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group ... more The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group (J) is the proposed “His-toric, for development of geological sciences” group. Since this group, which we propose to define as the “Anthropogenic Geosite Group”, contains a very wide content, we focused on the subgroups of this group and tried to give examples from Turkey for each subgroup. The main subject of this article is the civilization traces left by human beings, starting from their shelters in the hunter-gatherer period, before moving to settled life, to the periods when they created advanced archi-tectural works such as the Zeus Altar in Pergamum, Hierapolis, the Ancient city of Ephesus, underground cities/castles of Cappadoccia and the Alexander Sarcophagus, and their geological counterparts. This geosite class has been defined in detail for the first time in this article by dividing it into subclasses, and all cultural geology remains within this 10th Group are collectively called “Anthropogenic Geosite”. These locations, which are concrete evidence and “legacies” of human/nature interaction, are of great importance in terms of geological culture/cultural geology as well as the archaeological and anthropological values they carry. Anthropogenic Geosites prove that “Cultural Heritage” sites can also be “Geological Heritage” sites and serve “Cultural Geology”.
The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group ... more The focus of this article is on the 10th grade of the geosite classification by ProGEO-98. Group (J) is the proposed “His-toric, for development of geological sciences” group. Since this group, which we propose to define as the “Anthropogenic Geosite Group”, contains a very wide content, we focused on the subgroups of this group and tried to give examples from Turkey for each subgroup. The main subject of this article is the civilization traces left by human beings, starting from their shelters in the hunter-gatherer period, before moving to settled life, to the periods when they created advanced archi-tectural works such as the Zeus Altar in Pergamum, Hierapolis, the Ancient city of Ephesus, underground cities/castles of Cappadoccia and the Alexander Sarcophagus, and their geological counterparts. This geosite class has been defined in detail for the first time in this article by dividing it into subclasses, and all cultural geology remains within this 10th Group are collectively called “Anthropogenic Geosite”. These locations, which are concrete evidence and “legacies” of human/nature interaction, are of great importance in terms of geological culture/cultural geology as well as the archaeological and anthropological values they carry. Anthropogenic Geosites prove that “Cultural Heritage” sites can also be “Geological Heritage” sites and serve “Cultural Geology”.
ÖZ Bu çalışmada, Biga Yarımadası'nın orta bölümünde yer alan Kazdağ Masifi içinde, masifin oluşum... more ÖZ Bu çalışmada, Biga Yarımadası'nın orta bölümünde yer alan Kazdağ Masifi içinde, masifin oluşumuna ışık tutacak şekilde, farklı jeolojik/jeotektonik özellikleri karakterize eden 4 jeorota oluşturulmuş ve bu jeorotalar üzerinde toplam 86 adet jeosit belirlenmiştir. Söz konusu jeorotalar boyunca, hem Kazdağ Masifi'nin oluşumuna ışık tutan ve masifin temelini oluşturan metamorfik kayaçlar ile bu jeolojik süreç boyunca söz konusu metamorfik kayaçların içine yerleşen mağmatik/ plütonik kayaçlardan, hem de neotektonik olaylar sonucunda masifin yükselmesine eşlik eden ve bu masifin örtü kayaçlarını oluşturan volkanik kayaçlardan çok sayıda yeni jeosit önerilmiştir. Ayrıca, Miyosen-Pliyosen döneminden itibaren Kazdağ Masifi'ni yükselten kenar fayları ile onu kesen Türkiye'nin en büyük doğrultu atımlı fayının bir bölümü de bu alanın neotektonik yapılarını oluşturur ve birer jeosit değeri taşırlar. Tüm bu jeoçeşitliliğe rağmen, yaklaşık 17.000 km 2 alana yayılmış olan mevcut jeopark içinde belirlenmiş olan jeositler ve "odak noktası" bağlamı, jeoparkın jeolojik olarak tanıtımında yetersiz kalmaktadır. İda-Madra Jeoparkı henüz kurulma aşamasındadır. Ulusal Jeopark olarak ilan edilmiş olan bu jeoparkın UNESCO onay süreci devam etmektedir. Çok geniş bir alana yayılmış olduğundan ana bağlamı belirlenememiş olan İda-Madra Jeoparkı'nın Kazdağı bölümü, bu jeorotaların hayata geçmesi ile birlikte, kendi içinde "Metamorfik Masif" bağlamında tanımlanmış olacak ve İda-Madra Jeoparkı'na önemli bir bilimsel katkıda bulunulmuş olacaktır.
Some parts of the Tethyan ophiolites of Alpine-Himalayan suture belt are located within Turkey. T... more Some parts of the Tethyan ophiolites of Alpine-Himalayan suture belt are located within Turkey. The Tethyan belt splits into two branches in Turkey. The northern branch follows the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Zone, while the southern branch extends along the Anatolide-Tauride and Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. The subsections of the latter reach Iran in the east and Oman ophiolites in the south east. These ophiolites are also the only environments in which chromitite deposits occur. Consequently, the ophiolites in Turkey are significantly rich in terms of Alpine type chromitite occurrences and they are the oldest metallic mine products.
Çevirisi yapılan eser, 1887 yılında Almanca olarak yayımlanmıştır. Yazarın bu eseri, yaklaşık 184... more Çevirisi yapılan eser, 1887 yılında Almanca olarak yayımlanmıştır. Yazarın bu eseri, yaklaşık 1845 ile 1860 yılları arasındaki 15 yıl boyunca İstanbul ve Anadolu’nun tamamında yaptığı çok ayrıntılı seyahatlerin sonuçlarını yayımladığı toplam 11 ciltlik külliyatın bir özeti niteliğini taşımaktadır.
Yeraltı jeolojisi, uygulamalı jeolojinin ana faaliyet alanıdır. Bu bilim dalında gerek sığ yeralt... more Yeraltı jeolojisi, uygulamalı jeolojinin ana faaliyet alanıdır. Bu bilim dalında gerek sığ yeraltı koşullarının mühendislik özelliklerinin saptanması ve sınıflandırılması amacıyla, gerekse doğal yeraltı kaynaklarının belirlenmesi ve işletme koşullarının araştırılması amacıyla yeraltının jeolojik özellikleri doğrudan (sondaj kuyusu, galeri, yarma, kuyu, vb.) veya dolaylı (Jeofiziksel) araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak aydınlatılmaya çalışılır. Ayrıca, hem aktif tektonik yapıların yüzeye yakın kesimlerdeki özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde hem de yeraltı veya açık maden işletmelerindeki yapısal sorunları çözümlemek amacıyla yeraltı jeolojisi çalışmaları yürütülür. Doğrudan araştırma yöntemlerinde elde edilen veriler genellikle noktasal veriler olduklarından, bu noktasal verilerden hareketle düzlemsel veriler üretebilmek amacıyla jeofiziksel araştırma yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu jeofiziksel araştırma yöntemleri günümüzde oldukça çeşitlenmiş olmakla birlikte, bu kitapta bunlardan sadece üçüne yer verilmiştir; bunlar, Sismik Yansıma Yöntemi, Elektromanyetik Profilleme Cihazı (EMProfiler) ve Yer Radarıdır.
INTRODUCTION
The results of the “Project of the Investigation of Structural Problems of West Ana... more INTRODUCTION
The results of the “Project of the Investigation of Structural Problems of West Anatolia by Magnetic Method” which was completed in 2008 have been found interesting and then this study has come out by the application of this method on to the geography of the whole Turkey using regional gravity and magnetic data. This study is in character of being the first study in regional scale covering the whole geography of our country in terms of applied method sequence.
The N-S trending compressional-contractional regime started in Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene times and continued after the continent to continent collision which developed in Miocene. This main tectonic regime has later turned into variable vectorial movements on continental parts in Anatolia. So; the Anatolia has reached its recent structural position as a result of these processes. The pre Upper Cretaceous positions and kinematical evolutions of tectonic units of Anatolia are still being discussed. Nonetheless, the rock unit (ophiolite belts) with the component of two subducting oceanic crusts extending approximately in E-W trends at south and north define the main structural suture belts of Anatolia. The present geometry of these belts is not regular (non linear) and gives important clues about the intensity of post subduction and post collision. This structural complexity creates important difficulties especially at the stage of underground resource modeling. Since the young tectonism of Anatolia has different effects on structural units, the structural models too remain as limited within these blocks. So, to create only one structural model for large provinces becomes almost impossible or generally insufficient. It seems possible to overcome these difficulties by producing boundary maps from regional gravity and magnetic data and providing data on local variations.
This study has been conducted in order to check the compatibility of gravitational and magnetic data produced in regional scale with structural discontinuities of Turkey and to search for the usability of structural problems of these data in more local areas. After data processing stage which hwas applied on to potential data, the result obtained was matched with geological data and the relation between structural discontinuities of Anatolia and the gravitational and magnetic boundaries were interpreted. Thus, the geological data available in database were digitized and expressed as graphically. Undoubtedly; structural analyses produced could also be interpreted in different ways by various investigators. Taking this possibility into consideration firstly; to form a basic data set was planned in the study and another chapter was opened for the interpretation.
Another target of this study is to investigate at what portion regional geophysical data (gravitational and magnetic) could be used in the solution of geological problems. Thus, some important data were obtained in determining some probable discontinuities which their traces were not detectable at the surface could be determined in sections where the recent alluvial cover is thick.
Bearing always in mind that, there is no complete study in science, we would like to express that all kinds of lacks and mistakes are under the liability of authors and all criticisms would contribute to the formation of new investigations which are more comprehensive and closer to the reality. It is our basic desire that this study would contribute to the solution of geological problems of our country.
This study covers the whole geography of Turkey that lies between the longitudes of 26° - 45° and latittudes of 36° - 42°. This area was totally divided into 18 sheets as İstanbul, Zonguldak, Sinop, Samsun, Trabzon, Kars, İzmir, Ankara, Kayseri, Sivas, Erzurum, Van, Denizli, Konya, Adana, Hatay, Diyarbakır and Cizre sheets in 1/500.000 scale (Figure 1.1).
The first Chapter of this book was allocated to the introduction of geophysical methods applied in the study. Firstly; the theory of gravitational and magnetic techniques was briefly mentioned (the potential areas). Later on; the “Boundary Analysis” applied on these methods was introduced and explained based on a theoretical example.
In the second Chapter; some sample studies from our country and in the world made by using gravitational and magnetic methods were mentioned and it was emphasized that the technique used is theoretically acceptable and gradually develops. In this chapter; besides, statistical methods applied and data set being used were introduced.
In the third Chapter of the book, findings were presented that had been obtained as a result of the statistical studies. These statistical studies were applied on 18 sheets in 1/500 000 scale and these findings were evaluated in two subdivisions. In the first subdivision, only the results were shown but no interpretation has been made except brief explanations. At the end of this subdivision, graphics made for the geography of the whole Turkey were presented and a brief assessment was made. And in the second subdivision, relations of all graphical data with each other were discussed in all sheets and these were then put in to the geography of Turkey and spatial relations were interpreted.
The fourth Chapter starts with a subdivision involving the introduction of studies that have been made about the tectonic units of Turkey through historical period. The aim at preparing this subdivision is to provide a historical perspective to the reader about approaches before and after 70’s through which revolutionary changes and developments had been experienced in geological models. At present, with the support of geophysical data, more regional and detailed models which the dimension of depth was also used could be produced. Although this is the case, to remind readers that the regional models at the beginning of 19th and 20th centuries were produced using only by data of surface geology and geomorphology and partly by seismology has been considered useful in order to show the level of development of earth sciences. In the second subdivision, it was aimed at establishing a relationship between the tectonic units of Turkey and graphical data produced in the third subdivision. And in the third subdivision, it was made a brief and limited assessment about locations of some main structures of our country in gravity and magnetic anomaly maps, their signatures in geophysical maps and both conformities and unconformities. In this subdivision besides; gravity and magnetic boundary maps and rose diagrams derived from maps were correlated with structural components of Anatolia and the accuracy of the method was tested.
Finally; in the last Chapter, it was discussed whether graphical data produced within the scope of this study could be used in other earth science investigations. Results, acknowledgements and references were presented.
We already would like to thank the reader for his patience.
This book includes the printed copies of the conferences of "International Workshop on Base and P... more This book includes the printed copies of the conferences of "International Workshop on Base and Precious Metals", organized by MTA-Ankara, Turkey, between May 20 - 27, 2013.
The workshop will run for 8 days. The first four day will cover conferences of invited speakers and short presentations. The rest four days will include field trip to the nortwest and western Anatolia.
Workshop conference program involves eight session including totally 27 technical talks. Specific themes were determined for each session to stimulate discussions between participants comprehensively. Hence, we design this book according to the conference schedule as day by day to follow the program easily.
First day will start with opening remarks. Subsequently, the conference on " The Relation of Tectonism and Magmatism in the Geology of Turkey" will be presented by Prof. Yücel Yılmaz in this session to guide the following conferences on ore geology in Turkey. Second session of the first day was assigned to the studies on metallogeny of Turkey and overview of the ore geology processes. This session will host Prof. Franco Pirajno, Dr. Tandoğan Engin and Prof. İlkay Kuşçu.
Second conference day covers the topics of porphyry, epithermal, orogenic type and carbonate hosted mineral systems, their characteristics and case studies from Turkey. These conferences will be presented by Prof. Franco Pirajno, Prof. İlkay Kuşçu, Yücel Öztaş, Nadir Aslan and Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi.
Third day conference schedule includes the topics of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) and skarn-type mineral systems, their characteristics and case studies from Turkey to be guided by Prof. Franco Pirajno, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi and Prof. İlkay Kuşçu. The talk entitled "Chessboard Classification Scheme of Mineral Deposits" will be presented by Prof. Harald G. Dill, which is the final presentation of the third day.
The first session of the forth day was assigned to the sedimentary hosted ore deposits, placers and heavy minerals and the case study from Turkey. This session will be presented by Prof. Harald G. Dill and Turhan Alpan. Final session of the workshop includes the topics on global exploration trends, economics of base and precious metals, reporting standards and dynamic geological modeling. We will host David Cox, Selahattin Yıldırım, Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi and Dr. Hayati Koyuncu in this final session of the workshop.
The closing remarks evaluating the workshop will be presented by Dr. Abdülkerim Yörükoğlu, Deputy Manager of MTA. He will also mention about the further scientific activity projections of the MTA.
This booklet was prepared to give a short explanation about the ore deposits visited during the f... more This booklet was prepared to give a short explanation about the ore deposits visited during the field trip of "International Workshop on Base and Precious Metals", held in MTA-Ankara, Turkey, between May 20 - 27, 2013. The first stop of excursion program will be the Sivrihisar-Kaymaz Au deposit which is represented by only listwaenite-hosted Au mineralization in Turkey. Balıkesir - Şamlı Fe deposit is a well documented skarn-type deposit. Balya Pb-Zn deposit is the largest known Pb-Zn deposit of Turkey. This ore deposit is operated by underground mining recently. Tepeoba Cu-Mo mine is located in Balıkesir-Havran region and this ore deposit is also one of the largest epithermal Cu-Mo mineralizations in Turkey. Ayazmant Fe-Cu mine is located in Balıkesir-Ayvalık district and represented by skarn-type Fe-Cu deposit. Ovacık Au deposit is located in İzmir - Bergama province and it is the first modern Au mine in Turkey. This mine has operated as open-pit mining formerly but nowadays it is going to be operated with underground mining. Kışladağ Au mine is located in Uşak - Eşme province and it is the largest porphyry-type Au deposit of Turkey. This ore is located in the middle of a several sub-volcanic intrusive rocks represented by q-syenite and q-monzonite. In addition to Au, little/less amounts of Mo, Zn, Pb and Cu are also occurred in the central part of the deposit. The purpose of the excursion is to present these major base and precious metal ore deposits of Western Anatolia and guide the exploration studies in the region with exchange knowledge about these occurrences. We hope that many interactions and positive connections will be held between ore geologists and explorers both during and after this field trip.
Chromium-spinel geochemistry provided valuable information for geotectonic emplacement of ophioli... more Chromium-spinel geochemistry provided valuable information for geotectonic emplacement of ophiolitic complexes and dominant mantle conditions during these tectonic processes. Main subject of this manuscript is to consider the mineral chemistry data of podiform chromitites of Elekdağ meta-ophiolites (n=31 and 160 point analysis) according to the magmatic processes in the mantle. Elekdağ metaophiolites are located at the Sakarya Zone of Central Pontides and are one of the most important metaophiolites of Turkey. Chromitite occurrences within the study area are mostly represented by small bodies of massive, nodular and disseminate-banded ores with chromite contents ranging from >75% to 25-40% (by vol.) in massive chromitites, and nodular/disseminate-banded types, respectively.
Elekdağ chromitites can be divided into 2 types, such as High-Cr [ % 5.1 – 18.2 Al2O3; % 0.1 – 0.3 TiO2 Cr#: 0.65 – 0.89 ve Mg#: 0.39 – 0.73] and High-Al [% 23.7 – 34.9 Al2O3; % 0.08 – 0.3 TiO2; Cr#: 0.39 – 0.55 ve Mg#: 0.61 – 0.95] chromitites according to core analysis of chromites. The Al2O3 content (%wt) and FeO/MgO ratio of parental melts determined from the mineral compositions are quite variable. The Al2O3 (%wt) contents and FeO/MgO ratio of High-Cr chromitites vary from 7.4 to 13.9 and 0.4 to 1.9, respectively. In contrast, The Al2O3 (%wt) contents (15.3-16.9) and FeO/MgO ratios (0.3-0.8) for High-Al chromitites are considerably different from high Cr chromitites. According to above data, it can be concluded that parental melt composition of High-Cr and high-Al chromitites are derived from boninitic and MORB-like source regions, respectively.
High-Mg tholeitic or boninitic type melts refer to in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. Boninitic composition of parental melt of High-Cr chromitites imply high partial melting degree in the mantle source. However, MORB-like composition of parental melts of High-Al chromitites may exhibit low degree of partial melting in the source region. The relation between Cr# and TiO2 (wt%) indicate a melt – rock reaction for High-Cr chromitites, and melt-melt interaction and/or melt/rock reaction for High-Al chromitites. The co-existence of High-Cr and High-Al chromitites in the same peridotitic sequence is still debated. The similar TiO2 contents of High-Cr and High-Al chromitites of Elekdağ metaophiolites indicate a same tectono-magmatic setting for both types of chromitites. But, as high-Cr chromitites were derived from deep-mantle conditions, High-Al chromitites were from shallow mantle conditions. Concisely, the similar TiO2 values of both type of chromitites indicated that they are generated in fore-arc tectono-magmatic conditions.
As a result, the chromitites in Elekdağ meta-ophiolites consist mainly of deep mante derived high-Cr chromitites, and high-Al chromitites produced by evolved melts at shallower levels. It is also concluded that Elekdağ meta-ophiolites are generated in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) settings.
Jeokimya, yer kabuğunu oluşturan kayaç türleri içindeki elementlerin kimyasal farklılaşmasını, ta... more Jeokimya, yer kabuğunu oluşturan kayaç türleri içindeki elementlerin kimyasal farklılaşmasını, taşınmasını, birikmesini ve dağılımını etkileyen ve denetleyen fizikokimyasal ilkeleri araştırır (Siegel, 1974) (Şekil 1). Günümüzde jeokimya, jeolojik zamanın ölçümlenmesinde, yerkürenin ulaşılamayan derinliklerinin bileşiminin anlaşılmasında, doğal kaynakların araştırılmasında, biyosferdeki insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan değişimlerin belirlenmesinde, jeokimyasal sistemlerin yerküre ve yakın gezegenlerdeki karmaşık işleyişini ortaya koymada işlev görmektedir (Mc Sween Jr. ve diğerleri, 2003). Bu yazıda, doğal çevredeki jeokimyasal değişimlerin izlenmesi ile doğal kaynakların araştırılmasında jeokimya haritalarının işlevleri tanıtılmış, MTA’nın Türkiye Jeokimya araştırmalarındaki yeri ile kurumda uygulanan bu içerikli projeler tanıtılmıştır.
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Papers by YAHYA CIFTCI
koşullarının mühendislik özelliklerinin saptanması ve sınıflandırılması amacıyla, gerekse
doğal yeraltı kaynaklarının belirlenmesi ve işletme koşullarının araştırılması amacıyla
yeraltının jeolojik özellikleri doğrudan (sondaj kuyusu, galeri, yarma, kuyu, vb.) veya dolaylı
(Jeofiziksel) araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak aydınlatılmaya çalışılır. Ayrıca, hem aktif
tektonik yapıların yüzeye yakın kesimlerdeki özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde hem de yeraltı
veya açık maden işletmelerindeki yapısal sorunları çözümlemek amacıyla yeraltı jeolojisi
çalışmaları yürütülür. Doğrudan araştırma yöntemlerinde elde edilen veriler genellikle
noktasal veriler olduklarından, bu noktasal verilerden hareketle düzlemsel veriler üretebilmek
amacıyla jeofiziksel araştırma yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu jeofiziksel araştırma yöntemleri
günümüzde oldukça çeşitlenmiş olmakla birlikte, bu kitapta bunlardan sadece üçüne yer
verilmiştir; bunlar, Sismik Yansıma Yöntemi, Elektromanyetik Profilleme Cihazı (EMProfiler)
ve Yer Radarıdır.
The results of the “Project of the Investigation of Structural Problems of West Anatolia by Magnetic Method” which was completed in 2008 have been found interesting and then this study has come out by the application of this method on to the geography of the whole Turkey using regional gravity and magnetic data. This study is in character of being the first study in regional scale covering the whole geography of our country in terms of applied method sequence.
The N-S trending compressional-contractional regime started in Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene times and continued after the continent to continent collision which developed in Miocene. This main tectonic regime has later turned into variable vectorial movements on continental parts in Anatolia. So; the Anatolia has reached its recent structural position as a result of these processes. The pre Upper Cretaceous positions and kinematical evolutions of tectonic units of Anatolia are still being discussed. Nonetheless, the rock unit (ophiolite belts) with the component of two subducting oceanic crusts extending approximately in E-W trends at south and north define the main structural suture belts of Anatolia. The present geometry of these belts is not regular (non linear) and gives important clues about the intensity of post subduction and post collision. This structural complexity creates important difficulties especially at the stage of underground resource modeling. Since the young tectonism of Anatolia has different effects on structural units, the structural models too remain as limited within these blocks. So, to create only one structural model for large provinces becomes almost impossible or generally insufficient. It seems possible to overcome these difficulties by producing boundary maps from regional gravity and magnetic data and providing data on local variations.
This study has been conducted in order to check the compatibility of gravitational and magnetic data produced in regional scale with structural discontinuities of Turkey and to search for the usability of structural problems of these data in more local areas. After data processing stage which hwas applied on to potential data, the result obtained was matched with geological data and the relation between structural discontinuities of Anatolia and the gravitational and magnetic boundaries were interpreted. Thus, the geological data available in database were digitized and expressed as graphically. Undoubtedly; structural analyses produced could also be interpreted in different ways by various investigators. Taking this possibility into consideration firstly; to form a basic data set was planned in the study and another chapter was opened for the interpretation.
Another target of this study is to investigate at what portion regional geophysical data (gravitational and magnetic) could be used in the solution of geological problems. Thus, some important data were obtained in determining some probable discontinuities which their traces were not detectable at the surface could be determined in sections where the recent alluvial cover is thick.
Bearing always in mind that, there is no complete study in science, we would like to express that all kinds of lacks and mistakes are under the liability of authors and all criticisms would contribute to the formation of new investigations which are more comprehensive and closer to the reality. It is our basic desire that this study would contribute to the solution of geological problems of our country.
This study covers the whole geography of Turkey that lies between the longitudes of 26° - 45° and latittudes of 36° - 42°. This area was totally divided into 18 sheets as İstanbul, Zonguldak, Sinop, Samsun, Trabzon, Kars, İzmir, Ankara, Kayseri, Sivas, Erzurum, Van, Denizli, Konya, Adana, Hatay, Diyarbakır and Cizre sheets in 1/500.000 scale (Figure 1.1).
The first Chapter of this book was allocated to the introduction of geophysical methods applied in the study. Firstly; the theory of gravitational and magnetic techniques was briefly mentioned (the potential areas). Later on; the “Boundary Analysis” applied on these methods was introduced and explained based on a theoretical example.
In the second Chapter; some sample studies from our country and in the world made by using gravitational and magnetic methods were mentioned and it was emphasized that the technique used is theoretically acceptable and gradually develops. In this chapter; besides, statistical methods applied and data set being used were introduced.
In the third Chapter of the book, findings were presented that had been obtained as a result of the statistical studies. These statistical studies were applied on 18 sheets in 1/500 000 scale and these findings were evaluated in two subdivisions. In the first subdivision, only the results were shown but no interpretation has been made except brief explanations. At the end of this subdivision, graphics made for the geography of the whole Turkey were presented and a brief assessment was made. And in the second subdivision, relations of all graphical data with each other were discussed in all sheets and these were then put in to the geography of Turkey and spatial relations were interpreted.
The fourth Chapter starts with a subdivision involving the introduction of studies that have been made about the tectonic units of Turkey through historical period. The aim at preparing this subdivision is to provide a historical perspective to the reader about approaches before and after 70’s through which revolutionary changes and developments had been experienced in geological models. At present, with the support of geophysical data, more regional and detailed models which the dimension of depth was also used could be produced. Although this is the case, to remind readers that the regional models at the beginning of 19th and 20th centuries were produced using only by data of surface geology and geomorphology and partly by seismology has been considered useful in order to show the level of development of earth sciences. In the second subdivision, it was aimed at establishing a relationship between the tectonic units of Turkey and graphical data produced in the third subdivision. And in the third subdivision, it was made a brief and limited assessment about locations of some main structures of our country in gravity and magnetic anomaly maps, their signatures in geophysical maps and both conformities and unconformities. In this subdivision besides; gravity and magnetic boundary maps and rose diagrams derived from maps were correlated with structural components of Anatolia and the accuracy of the method was tested.
Finally; in the last Chapter, it was discussed whether graphical data produced within the scope of this study could be used in other earth science investigations. Results, acknowledgements and references were presented.
We already would like to thank the reader for his patience.
The workshop will run for 8 days. The first four day will cover conferences of invited speakers and short presentations. The rest four days will include field trip to the nortwest and western Anatolia.
Workshop conference program involves eight session including totally 27 technical talks. Specific themes were determined for each session to stimulate discussions between participants comprehensively. Hence, we design this book according to the conference schedule as day by day to follow the program easily.
First day will start with opening remarks. Subsequently, the conference on " The Relation of Tectonism and Magmatism in the Geology of Turkey" will be presented by Prof. Yücel Yılmaz in this session to guide the following conferences on ore geology in Turkey. Second session of the first day was assigned to the studies on metallogeny of Turkey and overview of the ore geology processes. This session will host Prof. Franco Pirajno, Dr. Tandoğan Engin and Prof. İlkay Kuşçu.
Second conference day covers the topics of porphyry, epithermal, orogenic type and carbonate hosted mineral systems, their characteristics and case studies from Turkey. These conferences will be presented by Prof. Franco Pirajno, Prof. İlkay Kuşçu, Yücel Öztaş, Nadir Aslan and Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi.
Third day conference schedule includes the topics of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) and skarn-type mineral systems, their characteristics and case studies from Turkey to be guided by Prof. Franco Pirajno, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi and Prof. İlkay Kuşçu. The talk entitled "Chessboard Classification Scheme of Mineral Deposits" will be presented by Prof. Harald G. Dill, which is the final presentation of the third day.
The first session of the forth day was assigned to the sedimentary hosted ore deposits, placers and heavy minerals and the case study from Turkey. This session will be presented by Prof. Harald G. Dill and Turhan Alpan. Final session of the workshop includes the topics on global exploration trends, economics of base and precious metals, reporting standards and dynamic geological modeling. We will host David Cox, Selahattin Yıldırım, Assoc. Prof. Emin Çiftçi and Dr. Hayati Koyuncu in this final session of the workshop.
The closing remarks evaluating the workshop will be presented by Dr. Abdülkerim Yörükoğlu, Deputy Manager of MTA. He will also mention about the further scientific activity projections of the MTA.
Elekdağ chromitites can be divided into 2 types, such as High-Cr [ % 5.1 – 18.2 Al2O3; % 0.1 – 0.3 TiO2 Cr#: 0.65 – 0.89 ve Mg#: 0.39 – 0.73] and High-Al [% 23.7 – 34.9 Al2O3; % 0.08 – 0.3 TiO2; Cr#: 0.39 – 0.55 ve Mg#: 0.61 – 0.95] chromitites according to core analysis of chromites. The Al2O3 content (%wt) and FeO/MgO ratio of parental melts determined from the mineral compositions are quite variable. The Al2O3 (%wt) contents and FeO/MgO ratio of High-Cr chromitites vary from 7.4 to 13.9 and 0.4 to 1.9, respectively. In contrast, The Al2O3 (%wt) contents (15.3-16.9) and FeO/MgO ratios (0.3-0.8) for High-Al chromitites are considerably different from high Cr chromitites. According to above data, it can be concluded that parental melt composition of High-Cr and high-Al chromitites are derived from boninitic and MORB-like source regions, respectively.
High-Mg tholeitic or boninitic type melts refer to in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. Boninitic composition of parental melt of High-Cr chromitites imply high partial melting degree in the mantle source. However, MORB-like composition of parental melts of High-Al chromitites may exhibit low degree of partial melting in the source region. The relation between Cr# and TiO2 (wt%) indicate a melt – rock reaction for High-Cr chromitites, and melt-melt interaction and/or melt/rock reaction for High-Al chromitites. The co-existence of High-Cr and High-Al chromitites in the same peridotitic sequence is still debated. The similar TiO2 contents of High-Cr and High-Al chromitites of Elekdağ metaophiolites indicate a same tectono-magmatic setting for both types of chromitites. But, as high-Cr chromitites were derived from deep-mantle conditions, High-Al chromitites were from shallow mantle conditions. Concisely, the similar TiO2 values of both type of chromitites indicated that they are generated in fore-arc tectono-magmatic conditions.
As a result, the chromitites in Elekdağ meta-ophiolites consist mainly of deep mante derived high-Cr chromitites, and high-Al chromitites produced by evolved melts at shallower levels. It is also concluded that Elekdağ meta-ophiolites are generated in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) settings.
Keywords: spinel geochemistry; meta-ophiolite; magmatic processes; parental melts