Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The main objective of this study was to determine the mass transfer for extraction of peanut (Arachis hypogea) skin by using drying models as alternatives extraction models. The mass transfer was measured at the pressure ranging from 10... more
The main objective of this study was to determine the mass transfer for extraction of peanut (Arachis hypogea) skin by using drying models as alternatives extraction models. The mass transfer was measured at the pressure ranging from 10 MPa to 30 MPa, temperature of 40 oC to 70 oC, and rate of modifier 0.075 mL/min to 0.225 mL/min. The Lewis, Page, Peleg, Henderson and Pabis, and Avhad and Macetti as drying models were modified to illustrate the extraction process and to transform as alternative empirical models. An average absolute relative deviation percentage (AARD%) of Lewis, Page, Peleg, Henderson - Pabis, and Avhad-Macetti was 9.52%, 4.67%, 19.41%, 0.26%, and 0.04%. Avhad and Macetti model offered the best fitting between experimental data and modelling data. The results showed that drying model was applicable to correlate the experimental data of extraction process due to low percentage of error and high coefficient determination.
Todays, medicinal plants have been of great importance to the health of people and societies in Malaysia, and the entire world. Piper betle leaves, a member of family Piperaceae is an edible plant. The leaves of Piper betle have been... more
Todays, medicinal plants have been of great importance to the health of people and societies in Malaysia, and the entire world. Piper betle leaves, a member of family Piperaceae is an edible plant. The leaves of Piper betle have been traditionally utilized in India for inhibition of oral diseases. Scientific research shows that the leaves possess many biological activities with a good medicinal and commercial value. Nowadays, advance technologies have been used to develop high quality products. This study concentrates on supercritical fluid extraction technology which carbon dioxide, CO2 play as a solvent. The purpose of this study was to optimize and look into the effects of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction process variables, namely pressure (10–30 MPa), temperature (40–80 °C) and CO2 flowrate (2-8 mL/min) on global oil yield and percentage of Eugenol in Piper betle Leaves. The result shows that as the pressure, temperature and flow rate of CO2 increased the oil yield of Piper...
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Research Interests:
Charantin extract from Momordica Charantia fruits for anti-diabetic compound was proposed via Supercritical Fluid Extraction using carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as solvent. This method is a promising alternative technique to a conventional... more
Charantin extract from Momordica Charantia fruits for anti-diabetic compound was proposed via Supercritical Fluid Extraction using carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as solvent. This method is a promising alternative technique to a conventional Soxhlet and shaking water bath extraction method. Experiments were conducted to analyze the charantin i) with and without modifier (ethanol), ii) Soxhlet extraction with four types of solvent (distilled water, ethanol, dichloromethane, and petroleum ether) and iii) shaking water bath with distilled water as a solvent. A purification step was conducted post extraction to remove intrusive components such as chlorophylls and sugar from analyte in order to quantify charantin extract using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that, in 2.5 hours SC-CO2 with ethanol as modifier gives highest charantin yield with 0.7817 mg charantin per gram sample. In contrast, shaking water bath gives the highest charantin yield for conventional met...
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health... more
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health properties such as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Propolis cannot be utilized as raw material, due to its complex mixture of compounds. Hence it must be separated by the extraction process. Extraction targets to removes the inert compounds in the propolis sample and preserves the flavonoids and polyphenolic fraction. The most common technique used in propolis extraction is solvent extraction that involves the use of solvents such as ethanol, water, hexane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform. However, this conventional technique has some drawbacks including strong residual flavour, possible adverse reactions, harmful to the environment, low quality of the extract and long process period requi...
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Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is a fluid with high diffusivity and low viscosity which can penetrate deep into the solid particle efficiently compared to liquid or gas. SC-CO2 commonly used as a green solvent in the modern... more
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is a fluid with high diffusivity and low viscosity which can penetrate deep into the solid particle efficiently compared to liquid or gas. SC-CO2 commonly used as a green solvent in the modern extraction of bioactive compound from plants. Sometimes, a co-solvent was added in the system to increase solvent polarity or mix a co-extractant with dried sample to improve solute’s transport properties. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine Momordica charantia extract yield with different mean particle size as well as diffusion coefficient, De in the extraction process with and without co-extractant. Different mean particle sizes used were 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm at constant operating condition (20 MPa, 65 oC and 4 mL/min). A ratio 1:3 of pure ethanol was used in the extraction process with co-extractant. Based on the results, mean particle size of 0.3 mm gave the highest extract yield, 3.32% and 1.34% with and without co-extractant respectivel...
Experiments involving subcritical carbon dioxide extraction of palm oil from treated palm mesocarp were done to determine palm oil yield and concentration of beta-carotene. As comparison, the conventional method of Soxhlet Extraction with... more
Experiments involving subcritical carbon dioxide extraction of palm oil from treated palm mesocarp were done to determine palm oil yield and concentration of beta-carotene. As comparison, the conventional method of Soxhlet Extraction with six different solvents was used. The overall oil yield was measured as weight of oil per weight of sample, while anti-oxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryihydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The sub-critical extraction was conducted at a constant temperature of 30˚C and four different pressures at 10 MPa, 15 MPa, 20 MPa and 25 MPa. The sub-critical extraction produced high concentration of beta-carotene than soxhlet extraction, even though the oil yield was lower. Furthermore, the anti-oxidant analysis showed a similar trend as the concentration of beta carotene. The best condition of sub-critical extraction was obtained at 25 MPa and 30˚C.
Pithecellobium Jiringan (P. Jiringan) is traditionally known as natural herb consists of several medicinal compounds (vitamin E). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) has been proven as potential method to extract interest... more
Pithecellobium Jiringan (P. Jiringan) is traditionally known as natural herb consists of several medicinal compounds (vitamin E). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) has been proven as potential method to extract interest compound from herbs. By altering pressure and temperature, the specific compound can be extracted. In this study, the SC-CO2 operating conditions are pressure (20.68 MPa to 55.16 MPa) and temperature (40°C to 80°C) in one hour extraction regime was used to extract vitamin E from P. jiringan. The quantification of vitamin E was analysed with Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The responses are overall oil yield and vitamin E yield. The overall oil yield was obtained at the highest condition of 55.16 MPa and 80°C with asymptotic yield of 8.06%. In contrast, the highest amount of vitamin E obtained is 0.0458mg/g sample (80.14 ppm) at the lowest extraction condition of 20.68 MPa and 40ᵒC.
Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced extraction technique which has been proven its efficiency and selectivity in numerous studies. Dense gas with diffusivity nearing liquid and viscosity closed to gas phase, supercritical fluid... more
Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced extraction technique which has been proven its efficiency and selectivity in numerous studies. Dense gas with diffusivity nearing liquid and viscosity closed to gas phase, supercritical fluid can provide better performance in the extraction of natural and heat sensitive active compounds. Areca Catechu Linn or commonly known as betel nut can be easily found in tropical country especially in south-east and south of Asia with India as its world largest producer. Phenolic compound present in Areca Catechu Linn are condensed tannins and also catechin. Catechin is a highly active compound with several properties such as anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-flammatory and anti-aging which are in demand by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study is to determine the best particle size, solvent flow rate, presence of modifier or co-solvent, and time of extraction for this pre-treatment study. Average particle size ...
Teknik reka bentuk komposit pusat dalam kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM), telah dipilih untuk memeriksa pengaruh parameter-parameter pengeringan sembur terhadap kandungan lembapan dan ketumpatan pukal serbuk buah naga. Pemboleh... more
Teknik reka bentuk komposit pusat dalam kaedah gerak balas permukaan (RSM), telah dipilih untuk memeriksa pengaruh parameter-parameter pengeringan sembur terhadap kandungan lembapan dan ketumpatan pukal serbuk buah naga. Pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah tak bersandar dengan julat seperti yang disebutkan telah diuji kaji: suhu masukan (156-224°C), kadar aliran suapan (16.6-33.4 ml/min) dan kepekatan maltodextrin (31.6-48.4%). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa data eksperimen dapat diwakili oleh bentuk polinomial tertib kedua. Bagaimanapun, hanya istilah linear mempunyai pengaruh mutlak terhadap keadaan serbuk. Parameter-parameter terbaik untuk mencapai nilai kandungan lembapan terendah adalah suhu masukan 224°C, kadar aliran suapan 22.9 ml/min dan kepekatan maltodextrin 40%, dengan jangkaan 3.88% kandungan lembapan. Nilai ketumpatan pukal yang maksimum iaitu 0.45 g/ml dicapai pada suhu masukan 156°C, kadar aliran suapan 16.6 ml/min dan kepekatan maltodextrin 48.4%. Kata kunci: Kaedah gerak bal...
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Synthetic oil is often the choice of commercial for use in cosmetics especially lipsticks due to the lower cost of production. Meanwhile, the natural oil in comparison with synthetic oil is non-toxic and safe to apply in cosmetic. In... more
Synthetic oil is often the choice of commercial for use in cosmetics especially lipsticks due to the lower cost of production. Meanwhile, the natural oil in comparison with synthetic oil is non-toxic and safe to apply in cosmetic. In addition, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in lipsticks by giving the smooth feels when apply to the lips and also help to repair the dry lips. In this study, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds which are abundant and discarded as waste in Malaysia had been discovered to contain a significant value of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The method used to extract rubber seeds oil (RSO) is supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), a green technique to ensure the extracted RSO is free from organic solvent with better quality and safe to be consumed. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and pressure of the extraction was studied to obtain the optimum yield of rubber seeds oil. Lastly, the experiments of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were...
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The extensive use of petroleum product has caused a number of environmental pollution. The printing industry is one of our nation’s largest producers of hazardous waste and volatile organic compound. One of the major alternatives is to... more
The extensive use of petroleum product has caused a number of environmental pollution. The printing industry is one of our nation’s largest producers of hazardous waste and volatile organic compound. One of the major alternatives is to use vegetable oil based products as biorenewable raw materials. Hence, the formulation of palm olein based varnish has been discussed in the present study. Palm olein from palm oil was prepared first, and their physical properties were determined. Varnishes were prepared with the palm olein and four different types of resin (F-2136, F-210, F-2110 and F-2118). Rheological properties, yield value, heptanes tolerance of the varnish were determined. From this study, it was found that palm olein with the F-210 resin is promising as the alternative varnish materials for the production of offset printing ink.
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Application of water-in-oil emulsion in the formulation of color cosmetic is very common. However using natural water-soluble pigments as cosmetic colorant is not general in the cosmetic industry although we knew the side effect from... more
Application of water-in-oil emulsion in the formulation of color cosmetic is very common. However using natural water-soluble pigments as cosmetic colorant is not general in the cosmetic industry although we knew the side effect from using synthetic colorant. This study concerns one of the most important problems in using natural pigment which was to obtain the lip moisturizer formulation and to determine emulsion stability. Roselle is a local potential pigment source which is added into castor oil as the oil phase with the aid of Span 80 and Tween 85 as emulsifier. Several emulsions were prepared using different proportions of emulsifiers and the most suitable hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value for color emulsions was determined to continue with the finding of stable formulation. In addition, stable formulation was determined and emulsions stability were studied during the observation period. Emulsions were analyzed by using viscosity measurement, in order to determine a su...
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... Lee et al. [13] reported that chitosan composite membranes crosslinked by glutaraldehyde showed higher selectivity and flux than those crosslinked by glyoxal and terephthaldehyde thanks to higher flexibility of glutaraldehyde. ...