Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide. The article aims to review the therapeutic perspective on natural antioxidants, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics in management and cure of COVID‐19/ SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We conducted a literature search including World Health Organization and National Institute of Health guidelines and clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov limited to antioxidants in COVID‐19 management. Elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with underlying health conditions or multiple comorbidities have a high mortality rate. Disrupted redox homeostasis and oxidative stress seem to be biological pathways that may increase personal vulnerability to infection. Antioxidants like vitamins C, D, E, epigallocatechin‐3 gallate, and morin have been reported to protect against COVID‐19 disease. Reactive oxygen species are immunological regulatory elements of viral replication. Natural antioxi...
Background and Objectives: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in an increased in... more Background and Objectives: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in an increased incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), suboptimal therapy, treatment failure, polypharmacy and most importantly, the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the paediatric emergency department, antibiotic prescribing pattern at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal. Material and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out on 152 paediatric patients of ages between 2 months to 12 years at the paediatric emergency department of UCMS. The data were collected by reviewing the prescription paper, and the required information was recorded using a structured data collection sheet prepared for study. The prescribing pattern was assessed through the World Health Organization (WHO) prescription indicators using the WHO Children Formulary 1993 AD. Re...
MedS Alliance Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is o... more INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Nepal. Despite the availability of effective tuberculosis treatment regimens, patients must take a combination of anti-tubercular drugs for at least six months and may endure numerous side effects, making treatment compliance exceedingly difficult to maintain. The primary objective of the study was to assess the adherence rate to anti-tubercular agents and to find the prevalence of adverse drug reactions to the anti-tubercular therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was an observational study conducted in the DOTS centers of UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa, and Lumbini Provincial Hospital Butwal. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 170 participants to determine the adherence rate to anti-tubercular therapy and the incidence of associated adverse drug reactions. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SP...
Background: Antibiotic resistance in recent years has become a major threat to public health glob... more Background: Antibiotic resistance in recent years has become a major threat to public health globally. In dental practice, antibiotics and analgesics are commonly used for infection control and management of pain. The knowledge, attitude and practice skills of antibiotic prescription by dental practitioners should be continuously evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic prescription among dental practitioners.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic prescription among dental practitioners. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information which was adopted from previous studies. A briefing was given to the participants about the nature of the study and the procedure of completing the questionnaire was explained. After completion of the questionnaire, data was collected, reviewed, organized and expressed as counts/p...
Background: Diabetic patients are more likely to experience morbidity and mortality as a result o... more Background: Diabetic patients are more likely to experience morbidity and mortality as a result of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and stroke. There are many synthetic anti-diabetic agents available which are expensive and have undesirable pathological effects. Thus, it is essential to look for cost-effective, natural, and safe antidiabetic agents. The aim of this study was to screen phytoconstituent and evaluate the in-vitro and in-silico α-amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves. Method: The extraction of Adhatoda vasica leaves was performed with ethanol through Soxhlet extraction process. Different concentrations (0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract, Acarbose, and Sitagliptin, were prepared and all concentrations were evaluated for α-amylase inhibitory activity through the spectrophotometric method. Molecular docking (AutodockVina 1.2.0) and toxicity profiling (SToPToX web server) studies were per...
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of ... more This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from the leaves of twelve different medicinal plants in Nepal. We then evaluated the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extract using in-vitro assays and characterized it using GC-MS analysis. Results revealed that most of the leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Few plants also showed the presence of glycosides, phytate, and vitamin C. Among the studied plants, Neolamarckia cadamba exhibited the highest total phenolic and tannin contents, as 241.53 ± 0.20 µg of gallic acid equivalent/mg and 74.48 ± 1.081 µg of tannic acid equivalent/mg, respectively. Ipomoea batatas exhibited the highest total flavonoid content, as 53.051 ± 1.11 µg of quercetin equivalent/mg. Moreover, Raphanus sativus demonstrated significant ferrous ion chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and total anti...
Background: Hyperuricemia in dyslipidemic patients has been addressed as a potential risk factor ... more Background: Hyperuricemia in dyslipidemic patients has been addressed as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, because of its association with atherosclerosis and elevated oxidative stress. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of statins on blood uric acid level in patients being treated for dyslipidemia at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study comprised 120 patients with dyslipidemia who were treated at UCMS-TH's outpatient medicine department over a six-month period from December 2022 to May 2023. Participants who met the inclusion criteria for this interventional longitudinal study had their serum uric acid and lipid parameters measured at the start of the study and again after 6 weeks of statin therapy. Using a dependent t-test, we compared the effects of statin on uric acid reduction in the serum. Results: Statin significantly reduced serum uric acid levels from 6.36 ± 1.02 mg/dL baseline to 5.12 ± 0.43 mg/ dL (P < 0.001) after 6 weeks of treatment. The lipid markers LDL-C, TG, TC, and VLDL were all lowered, whereas the HDL level was raised (P < 0.05) after 6 weeks of statin medication. Conclusion: Because of the association between elevated serum uric acid levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, statins like atorvastatin may be prescribed to dyslipidemic individuals at high risk for cardiovascular mortality due to hyperuricemia.
Background & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that is accompanied ... more Background & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that is accompanied by co-morbidities. Patients therefore use anti-diabetic medications in addition to other medications. Treatment with numerous drugs involves many hazards in addition to effectiveness. Therefore, diabetic people use multiple medications. The main aims of this study were to find out the prevalence of polypharmacy and the factors responsible for polypharmacy, and the consequences of polypharmacy. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the outpatient department of the Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Nepal from 12th February to 31st March 2021. A total of 150 patients who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to give written informed consent were enrolled in this study. A pre-validated questionnaire was used to assess polypharmacy among diabetic patients. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software vers...
Background: Computed tomography (CT) has become a routine imaging modality for many clinical appl... more Background: Computed tomography (CT) has become a routine imaging modality for many clinical applications due to its wide availability, minimally invasiveness, short scan time, excellent anatomical resolution, and high diagnostic value. The radiation dose to patients from CT examinations is the highest contributor to diagnostic medical exposure, which is a growing public concern. The aim of this study was to measure radiation doses for abdominal CT examinations in adult patients and compared them to international standard dose values. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 adult patients with abdomen CT scans using a 16-slice computed tomography scanner at the department of Radiodiagnosis & Medical Imaging, UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa, Nepal from August 2018 to January 2019. The radiation doses were measured by convenient techniques: volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) & effective dose (ED) and data were analyzed using SPSS version 20...
Background: Dental impressions become contaminated with micro-organism from patient’s saliva and ... more Background: Dental impressions become contaminated with micro-organism from patient’s saliva and blood which can cross-infect stone cast poured against them. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of commercially available disinfection products, one containing glutaraldehyde, sodium hypo chloride and ethanol for disinfection of impressions material. Methods: For this investigations, dental impression of 60 patients were taken. Impression was made in 5 mm slices for each disinfectants. Sectioned impression were immersed in gluteral aldehyde, sodium hypo chloride, and ethanol solutions. Antibacterial property of these disinfectants were evaluated by inoculating the sample saline solution into nutrient agar medium. Results: There is no significant different between these three disinfecting solution (P<0.05).all these disinfecting solution seems effective against the bacterial growth. Conclusions: Addition silicone impressions should always be disinfected after wate...
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem, with its prevalence escalating e... more Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem, with its prevalence escalating each decade. Serum uric acid is said to have a strong correlation with diabetes and might contribute to its risk. The present study aimed to compare the levels of serum uric acid in diabetic, pre-diabetic, and non-diabetic patients visiting a tertiary care center. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 patients visiting medicine OPD of Universal College of Medical Sciences. Of them, 182 were diabetics, 48 were pre-diabetics, and 90 were non-diabetics. Serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation were performed for analysis. Finally, a multiple linear regression analysis was done to adjust for the confounding effects of various parameters. At a 95% confidence level, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically sig...
Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, ... more Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis and otitis media are the most common infections encountered in ENT outpatients. As these infections are caused by the microorganism they should be treated with the antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in ENT outpatients of tertiary Care Hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal. Methods: It was prospective observational study which was carried out in the ENT Department of College of Medical Science, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Total 267 prescriptions were studied. Patient of all age groups and sex were included in the study. Prescriptions were evaluated based on the World Health Organization (WHO) core drug prescribing indicators. Results on categorical measurements are presented in numbers and percentage which was used to generate tables and graphs. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 20.0. Results: A total of 267 p...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide. The article aims to review the therapeutic perspective on natural antioxidants, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics in management and cure of COVID‐19/ SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We conducted a literature search including World Health Organization and National Institute of Health guidelines and clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov limited to antioxidants in COVID‐19 management. Elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with underlying health conditions or multiple comorbidities have a high mortality rate. Disrupted redox homeostasis and oxidative stress seem to be biological pathways that may increase personal vulnerability to infection. Antioxidants like vitamins C, D, E, epigallocatechin‐3 gallate, and morin have been reported to protect against COVID‐19 disease. Reactive oxygen species are immunological regulatory elements of viral replication. Natural antioxi...
Background and Objectives: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in an increased in... more Background and Objectives: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics often results in an increased incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), suboptimal therapy, treatment failure, polypharmacy and most importantly, the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the paediatric emergency department, antibiotic prescribing pattern at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal. Material and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out on 152 paediatric patients of ages between 2 months to 12 years at the paediatric emergency department of UCMS. The data were collected by reviewing the prescription paper, and the required information was recorded using a structured data collection sheet prepared for study. The prescribing pattern was assessed through the World Health Organization (WHO) prescription indicators using the WHO Children Formulary 1993 AD. Re...
MedS Alliance Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is o... more INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Nepal. Despite the availability of effective tuberculosis treatment regimens, patients must take a combination of anti-tubercular drugs for at least six months and may endure numerous side effects, making treatment compliance exceedingly difficult to maintain. The primary objective of the study was to assess the adherence rate to anti-tubercular agents and to find the prevalence of adverse drug reactions to the anti-tubercular therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was an observational study conducted in the DOTS centers of UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa, and Lumbini Provincial Hospital Butwal. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 170 participants to determine the adherence rate to anti-tubercular therapy and the incidence of associated adverse drug reactions. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SP...
Background: Antibiotic resistance in recent years has become a major threat to public health glob... more Background: Antibiotic resistance in recent years has become a major threat to public health globally. In dental practice, antibiotics and analgesics are commonly used for infection control and management of pain. The knowledge, attitude and practice skills of antibiotic prescription by dental practitioners should be continuously evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic prescription among dental practitioners.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding antibiotic prescription among dental practitioners. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information which was adopted from previous studies. A briefing was given to the participants about the nature of the study and the procedure of completing the questionnaire was explained. After completion of the questionnaire, data was collected, reviewed, organized and expressed as counts/p...
Background: Diabetic patients are more likely to experience morbidity and mortality as a result o... more Background: Diabetic patients are more likely to experience morbidity and mortality as a result of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and stroke. There are many synthetic anti-diabetic agents available which are expensive and have undesirable pathological effects. Thus, it is essential to look for cost-effective, natural, and safe antidiabetic agents. The aim of this study was to screen phytoconstituent and evaluate the in-vitro and in-silico α-amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves. Method: The extraction of Adhatoda vasica leaves was performed with ethanol through Soxhlet extraction process. Different concentrations (0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract, Acarbose, and Sitagliptin, were prepared and all concentrations were evaluated for α-amylase inhibitory activity through the spectrophotometric method. Molecular docking (AutodockVina 1.2.0) and toxicity profiling (SToPToX web server) studies were per...
This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of ... more This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from the leaves of twelve different medicinal plants in Nepal. We then evaluated the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the extract using in-vitro assays and characterized it using GC-MS analysis. Results revealed that most of the leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Few plants also showed the presence of glycosides, phytate, and vitamin C. Among the studied plants, Neolamarckia cadamba exhibited the highest total phenolic and tannin contents, as 241.53 ± 0.20 µg of gallic acid equivalent/mg and 74.48 ± 1.081 µg of tannic acid equivalent/mg, respectively. Ipomoea batatas exhibited the highest total flavonoid content, as 53.051 ± 1.11 µg of quercetin equivalent/mg. Moreover, Raphanus sativus demonstrated significant ferrous ion chelating, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and total anti...
Background: Hyperuricemia in dyslipidemic patients has been addressed as a potential risk factor ... more Background: Hyperuricemia in dyslipidemic patients has been addressed as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, because of its association with atherosclerosis and elevated oxidative stress. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of statins on blood uric acid level in patients being treated for dyslipidemia at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The study comprised 120 patients with dyslipidemia who were treated at UCMS-TH's outpatient medicine department over a six-month period from December 2022 to May 2023. Participants who met the inclusion criteria for this interventional longitudinal study had their serum uric acid and lipid parameters measured at the start of the study and again after 6 weeks of statin therapy. Using a dependent t-test, we compared the effects of statin on uric acid reduction in the serum. Results: Statin significantly reduced serum uric acid levels from 6.36 ± 1.02 mg/dL baseline to 5.12 ± 0.43 mg/ dL (P < 0.001) after 6 weeks of treatment. The lipid markers LDL-C, TG, TC, and VLDL were all lowered, whereas the HDL level was raised (P < 0.05) after 6 weeks of statin medication. Conclusion: Because of the association between elevated serum uric acid levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, statins like atorvastatin may be prescribed to dyslipidemic individuals at high risk for cardiovascular mortality due to hyperuricemia.
Background & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that is accompanied ... more Background & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that is accompanied by co-morbidities. Patients therefore use anti-diabetic medications in addition to other medications. Treatment with numerous drugs involves many hazards in addition to effectiveness. Therefore, diabetic people use multiple medications. The main aims of this study were to find out the prevalence of polypharmacy and the factors responsible for polypharmacy, and the consequences of polypharmacy. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the outpatient department of the Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Nepal from 12th February to 31st March 2021. A total of 150 patients who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to give written informed consent were enrolled in this study. A pre-validated questionnaire was used to assess polypharmacy among diabetic patients. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software vers...
Background: Computed tomography (CT) has become a routine imaging modality for many clinical appl... more Background: Computed tomography (CT) has become a routine imaging modality for many clinical applications due to its wide availability, minimally invasiveness, short scan time, excellent anatomical resolution, and high diagnostic value. The radiation dose to patients from CT examinations is the highest contributor to diagnostic medical exposure, which is a growing public concern. The aim of this study was to measure radiation doses for abdominal CT examinations in adult patients and compared them to international standard dose values. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 adult patients with abdomen CT scans using a 16-slice computed tomography scanner at the department of Radiodiagnosis & Medical Imaging, UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa, Nepal from August 2018 to January 2019. The radiation doses were measured by convenient techniques: volumetric computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) & effective dose (ED) and data were analyzed using SPSS version 20...
Background: Dental impressions become contaminated with micro-organism from patient’s saliva and ... more Background: Dental impressions become contaminated with micro-organism from patient’s saliva and blood which can cross-infect stone cast poured against them. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of commercially available disinfection products, one containing glutaraldehyde, sodium hypo chloride and ethanol for disinfection of impressions material. Methods: For this investigations, dental impression of 60 patients were taken. Impression was made in 5 mm slices for each disinfectants. Sectioned impression were immersed in gluteral aldehyde, sodium hypo chloride, and ethanol solutions. Antibacterial property of these disinfectants were evaluated by inoculating the sample saline solution into nutrient agar medium. Results: There is no significant different between these three disinfecting solution (P<0.05).all these disinfecting solution seems effective against the bacterial growth. Conclusions: Addition silicone impressions should always be disinfected after wate...
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem, with its prevalence escalating e... more Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem, with its prevalence escalating each decade. Serum uric acid is said to have a strong correlation with diabetes and might contribute to its risk. The present study aimed to compare the levels of serum uric acid in diabetic, pre-diabetic, and non-diabetic patients visiting a tertiary care center. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 patients visiting medicine OPD of Universal College of Medical Sciences. Of them, 182 were diabetics, 48 were pre-diabetics, and 90 were non-diabetics. Serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation were performed for analysis. Finally, a multiple linear regression analysis was done to adjust for the confounding effects of various parameters. At a 95% confidence level, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically sig...
Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, ... more Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis and otitis media are the most common infections encountered in ENT outpatients. As these infections are caused by the microorganism they should be treated with the antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in ENT outpatients of tertiary Care Hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal. Methods: It was prospective observational study which was carried out in the ENT Department of College of Medical Science, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Total 267 prescriptions were studied. Patient of all age groups and sex were included in the study. Prescriptions were evaluated based on the World Health Organization (WHO) core drug prescribing indicators. Results on categorical measurements are presented in numbers and percentage which was used to generate tables and graphs. Data analysis was done by SPSS software version 20.0. Results: A total of 267 p...
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