anupam sarma

Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 84 million people will die of cancer between 2005 and 2015. The main weakness of most chemotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment is that most of them are nonspecific. The polymeric nanoparticles can enhance the permeability and retention of anticancer drug and diminish the drug exposure to healthy tissues by limiting drug distribution to the target cancer. The properties of nanoparticles as precursor of a good nanomedicine are nanoparticle size, size distribution, surface morphology, surface chemistry, surface charge, surface adhesion, surface erosion, inner porosity, drug diffusivity, encapsulation efficiency, drug stability, drug release kinetics, hemodynamic and a high loading capacity to decrease the number of the carrier required for administration. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is...

The expense and complications in new drug entities have increased since last 3 decades, with concomitant recognition of the therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery. So focus has been given on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems. Bilayer tablet is new novel of tablet for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. For promoting patient convenience and compliance pharmaceutical industries interested in developing a combination of two or more API’s in a single dosage form. Bilayer tablet is improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the single layered tablet. Bilayer tablets can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between API by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles using DUREDAS technology (immediate release with extended release / both layer extended release)...

The expense and complications in new drug entities have increased since last 3 decades, with concomitant recognition of the therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery. So focus has been given on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems. Bilayer tablet is new novel of tablet for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. For promoting patient convenience and compliance pharmaceutical industries interested in developing a combination of two or more API’s in a single dosage form. Bilayer tablet is improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the single layered tablet. Bilayer tablets can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between API by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles using DUREDAS technology (immediate release with extended release/ both layer extended release)....

The aim of the present study was to develop pharmaceutically better performing Diclofenac Sodium hydrogel through FbD approaches as compared to marketed gel. The quality target product profile was set for the critical quality attributes of the gel. The key material variables like Carbopol 934P, propylene glycol and Triethanolamine (TEA) were optimized using design of experiments. A response surface central composite design was used considering viscosity, pH and cumulative percentage permeation of the drug up to 120 min as responses. TEA had a significant effect on the pH at concentrations of 0.3182-3.6818% (w/w). The applicability of the optimized formulations was influenced by both Carbopol 934P (0.6591-2.3409%; w/w) and propylene glycol (PG; 6.591-23.409%; w/w) content due to their ability to alter the formulation viscosity. The optimized formulation, determined mathematically, contained 1.5% (w/w) Carbopol 934P. 2.0% (w/w) TEA and 15% (w/w) PG. The optimized hydrogel and marketed...

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which most commonly affects the lungs. TB has the highest mortality rate than any other infectious disease occurs worldwide. The main objective of the present investigation was to develop polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery system to sustain the ethambutol (ETB) release by reducing the dose frequency. Methods: The Preformulation studies of drug ETB were done by physical characterization, melting point determination, and UV spectrophotometric analysis. The ETB loaded nanoparticles were prepared by double-emulsion (W/O/W) solvent evaporation/diffusion technique. The prepared polymeric nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, drug-polymer compatibility study, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, and release kinetics. Results: Based on the result obtained from the prepared formulations, F...

NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effect...

The objective of the present investigation was to optimize and develop Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) loaded Nanostrucrured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) with Compritol 888 ATO as solid lipid and oleic acid as liquid lipid by modified emulsion solvent diffusion method using Central Composite design (CCD). Three independent variables viz., Lipid to Drug ratio (A), Aqueous phase pH (B) and Sonication time (min) (C) were taken to investigate their effect on dependent variables viz., particle size (nm) (R1), PDI (R2) and % Entrapment Efficiency (%EE) (R3). Optimized formula of NLC was selected from the design space which was further optimized by changing the surfactants quantity. NLCs were evaluated for physicochemical, morphological, solid state characterization, and in-vitro dissolution in PBS pH 6.4, PBS 7.4 and ACSF. The average particle size was found to be 94.7 ± 15.70 nm with PDI of 0.380 ± 0.024 and 134.3 ± 9.71 nm with PDI of 0.358 ± 0.038 respectively for T4 and T5 NLC formulatio...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus that enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in remarkable decline in the morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, controlling HIV infections still remains a global health priority. HIV access to the CNS serves as the natural viral preserve because most antiretroviral (ARV) drugs possess inadequate or zero delivery across the brain barriers. The structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the presence of efflux pumps, and the expression of metabolic enzymes pose hurdles for ARV drug-brain entry. Thus, development of target-specific, effective, safe, and controllable drug delivery approach is an important health priority for global elimination of AIDS progression. Nanoformulations can circumvent the BBB to improve CNS-directed drug delivery by affecting such pumps and enzymes. Alternatively, they can be optimized to affect their size, shape, and protein and lipid coatings to facilitate drug uptake, release, and ingress across the barrier. Improved drug delivery to the CNS would affect pharmacokinetic and drug biodistribution properties. This review focuses on how nanotechnology can serve to improve the delivery of antiretroviral medicines, termed NanoART, across the BBB and affect the biodistribution and clinical benefit for NeuroAIDS.

The surface of a polymeric nanoparticle (NP) is often functionalized with cell-interactive ligands and/or additional polymeric layers to control NP interaction with cells and proteins. However, such modification is not always straightforward when the surface is not chemically reactive. For this reason, most NP functionalization processes employ reactive linkers or coupling agents or involve prefunctionalization of the polymer, which are complicated and inefficient. Moreover, prefunctionalized polymers can lose the ability to encapsulate and retain a drug if the added ligands change the chemical properties of the polymer. To overcome this challenge, we use dopamine polymerization as a way of functionalizing NP surfaces. This method includes brief incubation of the preformed NPs in a weak alkaline solution of dopamine, followed by secondary incubation with desired ligands. Using this method, we have functionalized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs with three representative surface modifiers: a small molecule (folate), a peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp), and a polymer [poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate)]. We confirmed that the modified NPs showed the expected cellular interactions with no cytotoxicity or residual bioactivity of dopamine. The dopamine polymerization method is a simple and versatile surface modification method, applicable to a variety of NP drug carriers irrespective of their chemical reactivity and the types of ligands.