Argumentaire Nous nous intéresserons au corps malade et aux maux du corps, à leurs prises en char... more Argumentaire Nous nous intéresserons au corps malade et aux maux du corps, à leurs prises en charge au sein du système éducatif et aux transformations induites dans les conceptions et pratiques scolaires. Au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles, différentes maladies et épidémies ont frappé les sociétés, qui, souvent démunies, ont été amenées à instaurer des stratégies préventives et curatives. Le système éducatif a été sollicité de nombreuses fois par le milieu médical pour répondre aux états d'urgence sanitaire et a dû s'adapter aux conditions et possibilités qui s'offraient à lui. L'Ecole est devenue ainsi au fur et à mesure de son développement, non seulement un lieu à fort risque de propagation des maladies, mais aussi un lieu qui crée des maladies et peut détériorer les corps (Riant, 1874). Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, certains maux sont alors décrétés comme purement des « maladies scolaires », c'est l'exemple des déformations de la colonne vertébrale, de la myopie ou encore de la fatigue intellectuelle et du surmenage (Labit et Polin, 1896). Cette problématique des maladies à l'École et de l'École se généralise aux XIXe et XXe siècles à l'ensemble des pays. Certains s'influencent et répondent de façon identique à leurs traitements organisant une gestion stricte de tout corps déviant de la norme scolaire (Foucault, 1994 ; Vigarello, 2004). Nombreux médecins dans tous les pays à la fin du XIXe siècle se sont penchés sur ces problèmes scolaires et ont fini par apporter des transformations aux pédagogies et aux rythmes scolaires, notamment sur les manières d'écrire, de lire, de s'asseoir, de manger etc. (Ruiz, 1902). Or l'histoire des maladies à l'École, de leurs gestions et influences pédagogiques est peu développée dans le monde. Aussi nous proposons de traiter deux axes principaux au sein de nos quatre symposia avec plusieurs questions.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
iii This dissertation examines the war against infant and child mortality in France between 1870 ... more iii This dissertation examines the war against infant and child mortality in France between 1870 and 1940—the duration of the Third Republic—and the ways in which architecture was deployed as a vital technology of defense. Central to this phenomenon was the ongoing collaboration among architects, hygienists, and physicians in the design of architectural spaces which, it was hoped, would reverse trends of demographic decline and degeneration. These new types of hygienic, medicalized, and architecturally modern spaces were believed to have curative, prophylactic, and regenerative powers. In constructing such spaces, physicians, hygienists, and architects sought not only to improve the health of individual French children, but, also to reinvigorate the hereditary health of the French “race ” itself. Chapter One analyzes the emergence of the infant incubator in fin-de-siècle Paris, arguing that it represented an ideal hygienic architectural space. Chapter Two focuses on the emergence of...
Citation: Gina Greene, “Reflections of Desire: Masculinity and Fantasy in the Fin-de-Siècle Luxur... more Citation: Gina Greene, “Reflections of Desire: Masculinity and Fantasy in the Fin-de-Siècle Luxury Brothel,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 7, no. 1 (Spring 2008), http://www. 19thc-artworldwide.org/spring08/108-reflections-of-desire-masculinity-and-fantasy-in-the-finde-siecle-luxury-brothel. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication.
This talk examines the ecoles de plein air, or open-air schools, as they developed during the int... more This talk examines the ecoles de plein air, or open-air schools, as they developed during the interwar years in France. Troubled by visions of "race enfeeblement" which seemed to be evidenced by the low French birth-rate, high child mortality rate, and high tuberculosis rate, physicians, educators, and politicians promoted open-air schools with an unabashedly utopian zeal. It was believed that such schools could achieve the eugenic project of rehabilitating scores of feeble, anemic, and "pre-tubercular" working-class children by removing them from cities and exposing them to nature, fresh air, and heliotherapy. The universal establishment of such schools, claimed one promoter, would be a first step towards ensuring healthy and vigorous future generations of children imbued with ?the joy of living, the strength to work and, later, to fight." This talk will seek to explain why such utopian aspirations were brought to what was a dubious and ill-defined project ...
Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la medecine, 2017
This article examines the focus on hygiene, medical surveillance, and physical regeneration in la... more This article examines the focus on hygiene, medical surveillance, and physical regeneration in late 19(th) and early 20(th) century French nursery schools (écoles maternelles) and its impact on their architecture. Administrators had originally charged maternelles with providing education and motherly care to young children. But bureaucratic anxieties about physical degeneration and disease among French schoolchildren led to new practices focused on the body, which ultimately led to changes in the schools' architectural program and aesthetics. Supposedly at stake was nothing less than the biological, political, and economic future of France.
Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public …, 2011
This paper examines the history of French écoles de plein air as they developed in the early twen... more This paper examines the history of French écoles de plein air as they developed in the early twentieth century, paying particular attention to the interwar years of 1918-1939, the period of their greatest architectural innovation. A curious hybrid of school and sanatorium, open-...
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
Argumentaire Nous nous intéresserons au corps malade et aux maux du corps, à leurs prises en char... more Argumentaire Nous nous intéresserons au corps malade et aux maux du corps, à leurs prises en charge au sein du système éducatif et aux transformations induites dans les conceptions et pratiques scolaires. Au cours des XIXe et XXe siècles, différentes maladies et épidémies ont frappé les sociétés, qui, souvent démunies, ont été amenées à instaurer des stratégies préventives et curatives. Le système éducatif a été sollicité de nombreuses fois par le milieu médical pour répondre aux états d'urgence sanitaire et a dû s'adapter aux conditions et possibilités qui s'offraient à lui. L'Ecole est devenue ainsi au fur et à mesure de son développement, non seulement un lieu à fort risque de propagation des maladies, mais aussi un lieu qui crée des maladies et peut détériorer les corps (Riant, 1874). Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, certains maux sont alors décrétés comme purement des « maladies scolaires », c'est l'exemple des déformations de la colonne vertébrale, de la myopie ou encore de la fatigue intellectuelle et du surmenage (Labit et Polin, 1896). Cette problématique des maladies à l'École et de l'École se généralise aux XIXe et XXe siècles à l'ensemble des pays. Certains s'influencent et répondent de façon identique à leurs traitements organisant une gestion stricte de tout corps déviant de la norme scolaire (Foucault, 1994 ; Vigarello, 2004). Nombreux médecins dans tous les pays à la fin du XIXe siècle se sont penchés sur ces problèmes scolaires et ont fini par apporter des transformations aux pédagogies et aux rythmes scolaires, notamment sur les manières d'écrire, de lire, de s'asseoir, de manger etc. (Ruiz, 1902). Or l'histoire des maladies à l'École, de leurs gestions et influences pédagogiques est peu développée dans le monde. Aussi nous proposons de traiter deux axes principaux au sein de nos quatre symposia avec plusieurs questions.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
iii This dissertation examines the war against infant and child mortality in France between 1870 ... more iii This dissertation examines the war against infant and child mortality in France between 1870 and 1940—the duration of the Third Republic—and the ways in which architecture was deployed as a vital technology of defense. Central to this phenomenon was the ongoing collaboration among architects, hygienists, and physicians in the design of architectural spaces which, it was hoped, would reverse trends of demographic decline and degeneration. These new types of hygienic, medicalized, and architecturally modern spaces were believed to have curative, prophylactic, and regenerative powers. In constructing such spaces, physicians, hygienists, and architects sought not only to improve the health of individual French children, but, also to reinvigorate the hereditary health of the French “race ” itself. Chapter One analyzes the emergence of the infant incubator in fin-de-siècle Paris, arguing that it represented an ideal hygienic architectural space. Chapter Two focuses on the emergence of...
Citation: Gina Greene, “Reflections of Desire: Masculinity and Fantasy in the Fin-de-Siècle Luxur... more Citation: Gina Greene, “Reflections of Desire: Masculinity and Fantasy in the Fin-de-Siècle Luxury Brothel,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 7, no. 1 (Spring 2008), http://www. 19thc-artworldwide.org/spring08/108-reflections-of-desire-masculinity-and-fantasy-in-the-finde-siecle-luxury-brothel. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication.
This talk examines the ecoles de plein air, or open-air schools, as they developed during the int... more This talk examines the ecoles de plein air, or open-air schools, as they developed during the interwar years in France. Troubled by visions of "race enfeeblement" which seemed to be evidenced by the low French birth-rate, high child mortality rate, and high tuberculosis rate, physicians, educators, and politicians promoted open-air schools with an unabashedly utopian zeal. It was believed that such schools could achieve the eugenic project of rehabilitating scores of feeble, anemic, and "pre-tubercular" working-class children by removing them from cities and exposing them to nature, fresh air, and heliotherapy. The universal establishment of such schools, claimed one promoter, would be a first step towards ensuring healthy and vigorous future generations of children imbued with ?the joy of living, the strength to work and, later, to fight." This talk will seek to explain why such utopian aspirations were brought to what was a dubious and ill-defined project ...
Canadian bulletin of medical history = Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la medecine, 2017
This article examines the focus on hygiene, medical surveillance, and physical regeneration in la... more This article examines the focus on hygiene, medical surveillance, and physical regeneration in late 19(th) and early 20(th) century French nursery schools (écoles maternelles) and its impact on their architecture. Administrators had originally charged maternelles with providing education and motherly care to young children. But bureaucratic anxieties about physical degeneration and disease among French schoolchildren led to new practices focused on the body, which ultimately led to changes in the schools' architectural program and aesthetics. Supposedly at stake was nothing less than the biological, political, and economic future of France.
Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public …, 2011
This paper examines the history of French écoles de plein air as they developed in the early twen... more This paper examines the history of French écoles de plein air as they developed in the early twentieth century, paying particular attention to the interwar years of 1918-1939, the period of their greatest architectural innovation. A curious hybrid of school and sanatorium, open-...
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle Fra... more This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.
Uploads