Current and Emerging Challenges in the Diseases of Trees [Working Title]
Mango is one of the frequently cultivated seasonal fruit crops in several tropical and subtropica... more Mango is one of the frequently cultivated seasonal fruit crops in several tropical and subtropical regions. It is consumed as whole fruits apart from serving as raw materials for most industries that are into mineral production. Mango production is, however, constrained by diseases, pests, and poor post-harvest handling of fruits. Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz and Sacc, is one of the most important yields limiting constraint in mango production across the globe. The disease occurs in both the field and post-harvesting. In the field, it affects aboveground parts, such as the stem, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Anthracnose disease reduces the shelve life and marketability of mango fruit. In Ghana, anthracnose disease is responsible for about 30% yield/fruit loss. Most farmers do not control it, although some have resorted to the application of various fungicides not registered for mango anthracnose disease management in Ghana. This chapter...
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017
Root knot nematodes represent important pathogens affecting global crop production due to their w... more Root knot nematodes represent important pathogens affecting global crop production due to their wide host range. The attack of root knot nematode on various vegetable crops leads to delayed maturity, reduced yields and quality of crop produce, high costs of production and therefore loss of income. However, their damage in most cases is overlooked and goes unnoticed by majority of farmers because the damage presents symptoms of drought and nutrient stress conditions. The limited knowledge among farmers about the problems associated with root knot nematodes and the inadequate management measures for curtailing the menace presents a major hindrance for vegetable crops protection. Management strategies should be applied in line with integrated pest management (IPM) practices to enhance adoption by farmers. Also, vegetable producers should be educated on the effects of root-knot nematodes.
Agroecosystems have become very important not only for their role in achieving food security but ... more Agroecosystems have become very important not only for their role in achieving food security but also in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. This agro-ecological function has become very important since society expects agriculture to be more sustainable, by decreasing fertilizer inputs while reducing greenhouse gas emission. Mitigation measures to reduce net GHG emissions include increasing soil C sequestration by reduced tillage, biochar and straw application, and increased crop-use efficiency of fertilizer-N. An adequate management of soils and crops could result in a reduction of GHG emissions through complex interactive factors. However, which factors are mainly responsible for the differences in emissions across soil and environment type remain unclear and the mechanism underlying GHG emissions are complex. It is therefore imperative to determine how biochar could mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without adverse effect on crop yield. This chapter will predominantly review ...
Agro-Economic Risks of Phytophthora and an Effective Biocontrol Approach [Working Title], 2021
Ghana’s agricultural economy is largely dominated by the crop subsector with much focus on the pr... more Ghana’s agricultural economy is largely dominated by the crop subsector with much focus on the production of tree, arable and vegetable crops. Nevertheless, Phytophthora spp. are major threat to the production of these crops contributing significantly to yield reduction. In this review, the main focus will be to look at the threats the pathogen poses to production, economic importance of Phytophthora diseases, highlights some Phytophthora diseases with limited research in the country but have the potential of affecting crop production, management options and the prospect of developing and deploying biological control strategies considered environmentally friendlier and devoid of human health risks to reduce the effect of this pathogen on crop production as well as reducing the dependency on chemical control option.
Three popular yam varieties; Pona, Dente and Afebetua were evaluated for their reaction to plant ... more Three popular yam varieties; Pona, Dente and Afebetua were evaluated for their reaction to plant parasitic nematodes infestation in three districts (Atebubu, Kintampo and Wenchi) of Ghana where yam is intensively cultivated. Plant population/12 m 2 plot, nematode population/200 cm 3 rhizosphere soil, nematode population/5g tuber peels, tuber gall index and yield were analyzed using the mixed model (REML) approach in GenStat. Plant establishment of Pona at Wenchi was 63% higher than at Atebubu. Three nematodes; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus coffeae and Scutellonema bradys were isolated from rhizosphere soils across the locations. Meloidogyne spp. population on Afebetua was 41 and 61% higher than on Dente at Kintampo and Wenchi respectively. Similarly, 64 and 89% more Pratylenchus coffeae were found on Afebetua than on Dente at Atebubu and Wenchi, respectively. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) populations of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles were extracted from tuber peels in Pona, Dente ...
Taro leaf blight causes up to 100% yield loss in susceptible taro (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott... more Taro leaf blight causes up to 100% yield loss in susceptible taro (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)) cultivars. The use of fungicides in disease management is fast and effective; however efficacy of fungicides could be affected by frequency of application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spraying intervals and economic benefits of Ridomil Plus 66 WP (12% Metalaxyl-M and 60% Copper (1) oxide) on taro leaf blight disease. The study consisted of four fungicide spraying intervals, viz at one, two and at four weekly intervals, all at the concentration of 3.3 g l-1 and no fungicide application as the control. Results showed no significant differences (P > 00.5) between one and two weekly spraying intervals in terms of taro leaf blight disease incidence and severity. These were, however, significantly different (P < 0.05) from four weekly and no fungicide applications. Taro corm yield was higher in weekly spraying interval, but not significantly different (...
The potentials of organic soil amendments (OSA) to control plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) infect... more The potentials of organic soil amendments (OSA) to control plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) infection in yam powder, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean testa powder and cowitch (Mucuna pruriens L.) seed powder to suppress PPN in yam were compared to Fulan (a synthetic pesticide) and a non-treated control. The organic soil amendments suppressed Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus soil population densities compared to the control. M. pruriens also reduced soil populations of Meloidogyne and Scutellonema with reductions similar to nematicide application. Only M. pruriens reduced population densities of plant parasitic nematodes in yam tubers compared to the control. There were no differences in yield. Mucuna pruriens treated plots yielded 32.1 t/ha while the control yielded 17.4 t/ha. In terms of relative yield, M. pruriens treated plots were 1.84 times higher than the control. The application of organic materials may be sufficient to keep some nematode populations below the economic threshold ...
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot n... more The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot nematode attack is among the environmentally safe approach to managing the root-knot nematode menace in cultivated crops. In this study, the tolerance of 10 cowpea genotypes to root-knot nematodes infestation was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a Screenhouse, at the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The number of second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm3 of soil sample were counted while the severity of root-knot nematode damage (root galls) was assessed. The reproduction index (RI) was used to classify the varieties as resistant or susceptible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode (RKN), galling index and RI among the genotypes tested. The study revealed that cowpea genotypes SARI 1-4-90, Padi tuya, S...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2016
Five cowpea varieties viz Asomdwe, Asetenapa, Hewale, Nhyira and Videza, were evaluated for their... more Five cowpea varieties viz Asomdwe, Asetenapa, Hewale, Nhyira and Videza, were evaluated for their reaction to plant parasitic nematodes under natural infestation. Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Rotylenchulus reniformis were isolated from the rhizosphere of the cowpea varieties although each of the varieties reacted differently to these nematode species. The highest number of M. incognita was recovered from the rhizosphere of Asomdwe which was 83% higher than Asetenapa which recorded the least number of M. incognita. Similarly, there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) between R. reniformis juveniles recovered from the rhizosphere of Hewale and all the other varieties. There was however no significant differences in the number of P. brachyurus recovered although Nhyira recorded the highest. Two of the nematode genera-Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus brachyurus were extracted from the roots of the various varieties with varied population densities. The highest grain yield was recorded in Hewale. It out yielded Nhyira, Videza, Asomdwe and Asetenapa by (58, 49.8, 41.5 and 11.9)% respectively.
American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2016
Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence, severity and symptoms of the leaf blight of taro. Metho... more Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence, severity and symptoms of the leaf blight of taro. Methodology: A survey of 50 taro fields was conducted during the major cropping season of 2015 in 11 districts of the semi deciduous forest zone of Ghana. Disease incidence and severity were calculated and samples collected. Isolation, morphological identification and Koch&#39;s postulate of the associated pathogen was carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana. Results: Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski, was identified as the causal pathogen of the leaf Original Research Article Adomako et al.; AJEA, 11(4): 1-7, 2016; Article no.AJEA.23806 2 blight disease attacking taro. The study revealed a high incidence and severity of the disease across all locations surveyed. Incidence ranged from 30% in the East Akim District to 92.5% in the Tano South district whilst severity ranged from 6.5% to 86.5% in the East Akim and Tano North districts respectively. Disease incidence and severity was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) across the districts surveyed. Symptoms of the disease included multiple circular spots on the leave surface, white mycelia on lesion surface; shot holes on affected parts and water soak beneath the developed spots. Conclusion: The current study revealed a high incidence and severity of the disease in the surveyed districts and has laid the foundation for extensive studies on the epidemiology of the disease in Ghana and the need to develop management strategies to reduce its impact.
G. fasciculatum at 500 g inoculum/m² and castor (Ricinus communis) oilseed cake at 200 and 400 g/... more G. fasciculatum at 500 g inoculum/m² and castor (Ricinus communis) oilseed cake at 200 and 400 g/m² were evaluated singly and in combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato. Integration of G. fasciculatum with castor cake resulted in a significant reduction in ...
Current and Emerging Challenges in the Diseases of Trees [Working Title]
Mango is one of the frequently cultivated seasonal fruit crops in several tropical and subtropica... more Mango is one of the frequently cultivated seasonal fruit crops in several tropical and subtropical regions. It is consumed as whole fruits apart from serving as raw materials for most industries that are into mineral production. Mango production is, however, constrained by diseases, pests, and poor post-harvest handling of fruits. Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz and Sacc, is one of the most important yields limiting constraint in mango production across the globe. The disease occurs in both the field and post-harvesting. In the field, it affects aboveground parts, such as the stem, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Anthracnose disease reduces the shelve life and marketability of mango fruit. In Ghana, anthracnose disease is responsible for about 30% yield/fruit loss. Most farmers do not control it, although some have resorted to the application of various fungicides not registered for mango anthracnose disease management in Ghana. This chapter...
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017
Root knot nematodes represent important pathogens affecting global crop production due to their w... more Root knot nematodes represent important pathogens affecting global crop production due to their wide host range. The attack of root knot nematode on various vegetable crops leads to delayed maturity, reduced yields and quality of crop produce, high costs of production and therefore loss of income. However, their damage in most cases is overlooked and goes unnoticed by majority of farmers because the damage presents symptoms of drought and nutrient stress conditions. The limited knowledge among farmers about the problems associated with root knot nematodes and the inadequate management measures for curtailing the menace presents a major hindrance for vegetable crops protection. Management strategies should be applied in line with integrated pest management (IPM) practices to enhance adoption by farmers. Also, vegetable producers should be educated on the effects of root-knot nematodes.
Agroecosystems have become very important not only for their role in achieving food security but ... more Agroecosystems have become very important not only for their role in achieving food security but also in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. This agro-ecological function has become very important since society expects agriculture to be more sustainable, by decreasing fertilizer inputs while reducing greenhouse gas emission. Mitigation measures to reduce net GHG emissions include increasing soil C sequestration by reduced tillage, biochar and straw application, and increased crop-use efficiency of fertilizer-N. An adequate management of soils and crops could result in a reduction of GHG emissions through complex interactive factors. However, which factors are mainly responsible for the differences in emissions across soil and environment type remain unclear and the mechanism underlying GHG emissions are complex. It is therefore imperative to determine how biochar could mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without adverse effect on crop yield. This chapter will predominantly review ...
Agro-Economic Risks of Phytophthora and an Effective Biocontrol Approach [Working Title], 2021
Ghana’s agricultural economy is largely dominated by the crop subsector with much focus on the pr... more Ghana’s agricultural economy is largely dominated by the crop subsector with much focus on the production of tree, arable and vegetable crops. Nevertheless, Phytophthora spp. are major threat to the production of these crops contributing significantly to yield reduction. In this review, the main focus will be to look at the threats the pathogen poses to production, economic importance of Phytophthora diseases, highlights some Phytophthora diseases with limited research in the country but have the potential of affecting crop production, management options and the prospect of developing and deploying biological control strategies considered environmentally friendlier and devoid of human health risks to reduce the effect of this pathogen on crop production as well as reducing the dependency on chemical control option.
Three popular yam varieties; Pona, Dente and Afebetua were evaluated for their reaction to plant ... more Three popular yam varieties; Pona, Dente and Afebetua were evaluated for their reaction to plant parasitic nematodes infestation in three districts (Atebubu, Kintampo and Wenchi) of Ghana where yam is intensively cultivated. Plant population/12 m 2 plot, nematode population/200 cm 3 rhizosphere soil, nematode population/5g tuber peels, tuber gall index and yield were analyzed using the mixed model (REML) approach in GenStat. Plant establishment of Pona at Wenchi was 63% higher than at Atebubu. Three nematodes; Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus coffeae and Scutellonema bradys were isolated from rhizosphere soils across the locations. Meloidogyne spp. population on Afebetua was 41 and 61% higher than on Dente at Kintampo and Wenchi respectively. Similarly, 64 and 89% more Pratylenchus coffeae were found on Afebetua than on Dente at Atebubu and Wenchi, respectively. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) populations of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles were extracted from tuber peels in Pona, Dente ...
Taro leaf blight causes up to 100% yield loss in susceptible taro (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott... more Taro leaf blight causes up to 100% yield loss in susceptible taro (Colocasia esculenta L. (Schott)) cultivars. The use of fungicides in disease management is fast and effective; however efficacy of fungicides could be affected by frequency of application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spraying intervals and economic benefits of Ridomil Plus 66 WP (12% Metalaxyl-M and 60% Copper (1) oxide) on taro leaf blight disease. The study consisted of four fungicide spraying intervals, viz at one, two and at four weekly intervals, all at the concentration of 3.3 g l-1 and no fungicide application as the control. Results showed no significant differences (P > 00.5) between one and two weekly spraying intervals in terms of taro leaf blight disease incidence and severity. These were, however, significantly different (P < 0.05) from four weekly and no fungicide applications. Taro corm yield was higher in weekly spraying interval, but not significantly different (...
The potentials of organic soil amendments (OSA) to control plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) infect... more The potentials of organic soil amendments (OSA) to control plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) infection in yam powder, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean testa powder and cowitch (Mucuna pruriens L.) seed powder to suppress PPN in yam were compared to Fulan (a synthetic pesticide) and a non-treated control. The organic soil amendments suppressed Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus soil population densities compared to the control. M. pruriens also reduced soil populations of Meloidogyne and Scutellonema with reductions similar to nematicide application. Only M. pruriens reduced population densities of plant parasitic nematodes in yam tubers compared to the control. There were no differences in yield. Mucuna pruriens treated plots yielded 32.1 t/ha while the control yielded 17.4 t/ha. In terms of relative yield, M. pruriens treated plots were 1.84 times higher than the control. The application of organic materials may be sufficient to keep some nematode populations below the economic threshold ...
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot n... more The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars that are tolerant to root-knot nematode attack is among the environmentally safe approach to managing the root-knot nematode menace in cultivated crops. In this study, the tolerance of 10 cowpea genotypes to root-knot nematodes infestation was evaluated in a pot experiment conducted in a Screenhouse, at the University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The number of second stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm3 of soil sample were counted while the severity of root-knot nematode damage (root galls) was assessed. The reproduction index (RI) was used to classify the varieties as resistant or susceptible. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode (RKN), galling index and RI among the genotypes tested. The study revealed that cowpea genotypes SARI 1-4-90, Padi tuya, S...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2016
Five cowpea varieties viz Asomdwe, Asetenapa, Hewale, Nhyira and Videza, were evaluated for their... more Five cowpea varieties viz Asomdwe, Asetenapa, Hewale, Nhyira and Videza, were evaluated for their reaction to plant parasitic nematodes under natural infestation. Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Rotylenchulus reniformis were isolated from the rhizosphere of the cowpea varieties although each of the varieties reacted differently to these nematode species. The highest number of M. incognita was recovered from the rhizosphere of Asomdwe which was 83% higher than Asetenapa which recorded the least number of M. incognita. Similarly, there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) between R. reniformis juveniles recovered from the rhizosphere of Hewale and all the other varieties. There was however no significant differences in the number of P. brachyurus recovered although Nhyira recorded the highest. Two of the nematode genera-Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus brachyurus were extracted from the roots of the various varieties with varied population densities. The highest grain yield was recorded in Hewale. It out yielded Nhyira, Videza, Asomdwe and Asetenapa by (58, 49.8, 41.5 and 11.9)% respectively.
American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2016
Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence, severity and symptoms of the leaf blight of taro. Metho... more Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence, severity and symptoms of the leaf blight of taro. Methodology: A survey of 50 taro fields was conducted during the major cropping season of 2015 in 11 districts of the semi deciduous forest zone of Ghana. Disease incidence and severity were calculated and samples collected. Isolation, morphological identification and Koch&#39;s postulate of the associated pathogen was carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana. Results: Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski, was identified as the causal pathogen of the leaf Original Research Article Adomako et al.; AJEA, 11(4): 1-7, 2016; Article no.AJEA.23806 2 blight disease attacking taro. The study revealed a high incidence and severity of the disease across all locations surveyed. Incidence ranged from 30% in the East Akim District to 92.5% in the Tano South district whilst severity ranged from 6.5% to 86.5% in the East Akim and Tano North districts respectively. Disease incidence and severity was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) across the districts surveyed. Symptoms of the disease included multiple circular spots on the leave surface, white mycelia on lesion surface; shot holes on affected parts and water soak beneath the developed spots. Conclusion: The current study revealed a high incidence and severity of the disease in the surveyed districts and has laid the foundation for extensive studies on the epidemiology of the disease in Ghana and the need to develop management strategies to reduce its impact.
G. fasciculatum at 500 g inoculum/m² and castor (Ricinus communis) oilseed cake at 200 and 400 g/... more G. fasciculatum at 500 g inoculum/m² and castor (Ricinus communis) oilseed cake at 200 and 400 g/m² were evaluated singly and in combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato. Integration of G. fasciculatum with castor cake resulted in a significant reduction in ...
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