A New Humanitarian Emergency: Refugees and Mental Health in Turkey & World
Warfare in different ... more A New Humanitarian Emergency: Refugees and Mental Health in Turkey & World
Warfare in different parts of the world has led to a humanitarian emergency: forced displacement of millions of people. Global forced displacement in 2014 was the highest displacement on record since WW 2. By the end-2014, 59.5 million individuals forcibly displaced worldwide, as a result of persecution, armed conflicts, general violence, wars, or human rights violations. The number of individuals forced to leave their homes per day reached to 42,500 in 2014, hence, increased 4 times in the last 4 years. Top five refugee hosting countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia and Jordan. While Turkey hosted 1.6 million forced displaced people in 2014; it is estimated that this number reached to 2.5 million by the end of 2015.
Forced displacement of people due to warfare may be considered as a psycho-social earthquake. Especially after the deaths of thousands of them in the Mediterranean in the last couple years has brought this issue sharply into the focus of the whole world. While the deaths of the forced displaced people on across the borders of the whole world in the first nine months of 2014 was slightly over 4 000; it reached the same number of human loss only in the Mediterranean region in 2015.
Refugees fleeing with few possessions leading to neighboring or more developed countries face many life threatening risks on the way, as they have nowhere to turn. A refugee is a person who has lost the past for an unknown future. Experiences of loss and danger are imprinted in their selves. It is shown that, in the short/medium term, 60 % suffer from mental disorders, e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and dissociative disorders. In the long term, existing evidence suggests that mental disorders tend to be highly prevalent in war refugees even many years after resettlement. This increased risk may not only be a consequence of exposure to wartime trauma but may also be influenced by post-migration socio-economic factors.
In fact, “we are seeing here the immense costs of not ending wars, of failing to resolve or prevent conflicts.” Once more, psychiatry and mental health workers are facing the mental health consequences of persecution, general violence, wars, and human rights violations caused by the current prevailing economy-politics and socio-politics. So, a serious challenge here is avoiding the medicalization of social phenomena. This presentation will discuss the issue of forced displaced people considering it as a humanitarian tragedy with some examples of its mental health consequences from Turkey.
A WPA-sponsored symposium entitled 'Harmonizing perspectives and experiences in psychiatric t... more A WPA-sponsored symposium entitled 'Harmonizing perspectives and experiences in psychiatric training' was held on October 15, 2003 in Antalya, Turkey, during the 39th National Psychiatry Congress of Turkey. The experiences of various international organizations and of Turkish psychiatrists and the perspectives of different experts in psychiatric training were discussed in three sessions. The idea of enhancing training and education in psychiatry across the world, while at the same time respecting the realities and differences that exist in the various regions and in different cultural contexts, was once more emphasized. In his presentation, Juan E. Mezzich, President Elect of the WPA, outlined the objectives and main components of the WPA Institutional Program to Promote the Professional Development of Young Psychiatrists, which reflects WPA's commitment to the future of our field. This Institutional Program includes, among other activities, a Fellowship Program for WPA World and International Congresses, awards to promote scientific contributions from young colleagues, special networks for young psychiatrists, and the recently established WPA Young Psychiatrists Council. Mario Maj, President of the European Psychiatric Association (AEP) and Secretary for Publications of the WPA, emphasizing the importance of continuing medical education (CME) in psychiatry, described a programme of itinerant courses launched by the AEP in collaboration with twenty-two national psychiatric societies in Europe. The programme includes 12 courses, dealing with the management of the most prevalent mental disorders and delivered by the most renowned experts in the relevant fields. The courses are taking place within the congresses of the national psychiatric societies. Levent Kuey, WPA Zone Representative for Southern Europe, outlined the aims, development and main features of the WPA Core Training Curriculum for Psychiatry, which was published in 2002. The idea behind this programme is to share educational expertise while maintaining recognition of the realities that exist in different regions of the world. The main goal is to construct the core elements of a graduate training curriculum in psychiatry in order to ensure high quality of psychiatric services via the creation of competent psychiatrists in all areas of the world. Anne Lindhardt, President of the Section of Psychiatry of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS), described the recent recommendations for psychiatric training agreed upon by all member countries, with a special focus on training in psychotherapy. Marianne Kastrup, WPA Zone Representative for Northern Europe, discussed the content of a culture sensitive psychiatric curriculum and the strategies to implement it. Taking the Northern European Region and Denmark as examples, new challenges related to the immigrant population were described. Valery Krasnov, WPA Zone Representative for Eastern Europe, discussed the problems of psychiatric training in that region, where, like many other processes, the system of professional education is undergoing a transition period. Postgraduate professional education in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine is carried out in internships (one year program) and in clinical 'ordinature' (two years program). It goes without saying that over the course of two years it is difficult to properly prepare a specialist in psychiatry. Recent attempts to improve postgraduate education by special additional courses were described. Petr Smolik, WPA Zone Representative for Central Europe, described the very new and sensitive situation created in that region by the affiliation of some countries to the European Union. The diversification of Central European countries according to the level of this process will induce very probably various specific problems, especially in such fragile social structures as health care and system of education. Very active and efficacious ways of prevention of these problems should be prepared. The standpoint of psychiatric trai-nees was presented by Dominique Mathis, Past-President of the European Federation of Psychiatric Trai-nees (EFPT). This is the umbrella organization for national European psychiatric trainees' associations. Sixteen European countries are currently full members. The CME accreditation and continuing professional development (CPD) activities of the Turkish Medical Association (TMA), which started in 1994, were described by Iskender Sayek, Chair of the Section on Training and CME of the TMA and Dean of Hacettepe Medical School. Rasit Tukel, Chair of the Section on Psychiatric Training of the Psychiatric Association of Turkey (PAT), outlined the development of the Psychiatric Board of Turkey. Hamdullah Aydin, President of the Commission for Psychiatric Training and Curriculum of Turkey, explained the principles and the process of preparation of the Training Curriculum for Psychiatry in Turkey. Defne Turhan, President Elect of EFPT, focused on…
International library of ethics, law, and the new medicine, Nov 29, 2014
Transcultural comparisons taking the differences and commonalities into consideration in the fiel... more Transcultural comparisons taking the differences and commonalities into consideration in the fields of mental health and ill mental health have always been a focus of scientific interest. The ‘East’ and ‘West’ comparisons in this regard, could be the one most widely deliberated. ‘East and West’, as a human-made conceptual construct, has evolved to signify many social, cultural, political, economic and psychological realities and meanings, beyond its geographical references. Such conceptualizations both reflect and re-construct our realities.
Brain health is essential for physical and mental health, social well‐being, productivity, and cr... more Brain health is essential for physical and mental health, social well‐being, productivity, and creativity. Current neurological research focuses mainly on treating a diseased brain and preventing further deterioration rather than on developing and maintaining brain health. The pandemic has forced a shift toward virtual working environments that accelerated opportunities for transdisciplinary collaboration for fostering brain health among neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, neuro and socio‐behavioral scientists, scholars in arts and humanities, policymakers, and citizens. This could shed light on the interconnectedness of physical, mental, environmental, and socioeconomic determinants of brain disease and health. We advocate making brain health the top priority worldwide, developing common measures and definitions to enhance research and policy, and finding the cause of the decline of incidence of stroke and dementia in some countries and then applying comprehensive customize...
Objective: To examine the prevalence of depression in the last trimester of pregnancy and within ... more Objective: To examine the prevalence of depression in the last trimester of pregnancy and within the first 6 months postpartum, to determine whether there is an association between antepartum and postpartum depression and to investigate the risk factors prospectively in a cohort of Turkish women. Study design: In a prospective, community-based, cohort study, 125 women who expected to give birth during the first 6 months of 2002 (January 1, 2002-June 30, 2002) were included. Depression was measured at 36-38 weeks antepartum and then again at 5-8, 10-14 and 20-26 weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A questionnaire that was devised to collect data on sociodemographic and clinical information on the women was applied. Results: The prevalence of depression was highest in pregnancy (21.6%) and declined gradually in the follow-up period (respectively, 16.8%, 14.4% and 9.6%). Antepartum depression was a statistically significant risk factor during the 6 months postpartum in each of the 3 assessments. In the logistic model, past history of mental illness, history of mental illness in first-degree relatives and adverse life events were associated with antepartum depression; low income, adverse life events and a poor relationship with the husband were associated with postpartum depression. Conclusion: Evaluations made in'the last trimester of pregnancy should be very helpful in diagnosing and preventing depression in women at high risk.
Many European countries have seen increasing refugee populations and asylum applications over the... more Many European countries have seen increasing refugee populations and asylum applications over the past decade. Forcibly displaced persons (FDPs) are known to be at higher risk of developing mental disorders and are in need of specific care. Thus, specific training for mental health professionals is recommended by international health organizations. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the experience of clinical work with FDPs among psychiatric trainees in Europe and Central Asia as well as their interest and specific training received on this topic. An online questionnaire was designed by the Psychiatry Across Borders working group of the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) and was distributed via email through local networks among European trainees from 47 countries between March 2017 and April 2019. Answers of 342 psychiatric trainees from 15 countries were included in the survey analysis. A majority of trainees (71%) had had contact with FDPs in the last year of their clinical work. Although three-quarters expressed a strong interest in the mental health of FDPs, only 35% felt confident in assessing and treating them. Specific training was provided to 25% of trainees; of this subset, only a quarter felt this training prepared them adequately. Skills training on transcultural competencies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and trauma management was regarded as essential to caring for refugees with confidence. Although psychiatric trainees are motivated to improve their skills in treating FDPs, a lack of adequate specific training has been identified. The development of practical skills training is essential. International online training courses could help meet this pressing need.
A New Humanitarian Emergency: Refugees and Mental Health in Turkey & World
Warfare in different ... more A New Humanitarian Emergency: Refugees and Mental Health in Turkey & World
Warfare in different parts of the world has led to a humanitarian emergency: forced displacement of millions of people. Global forced displacement in 2014 was the highest displacement on record since WW 2. By the end-2014, 59.5 million individuals forcibly displaced worldwide, as a result of persecution, armed conflicts, general violence, wars, or human rights violations. The number of individuals forced to leave their homes per day reached to 42,500 in 2014, hence, increased 4 times in the last 4 years. Top five refugee hosting countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia and Jordan. While Turkey hosted 1.6 million forced displaced people in 2014; it is estimated that this number reached to 2.5 million by the end of 2015.
Forced displacement of people due to warfare may be considered as a psycho-social earthquake. Especially after the deaths of thousands of them in the Mediterranean in the last couple years has brought this issue sharply into the focus of the whole world. While the deaths of the forced displaced people on across the borders of the whole world in the first nine months of 2014 was slightly over 4 000; it reached the same number of human loss only in the Mediterranean region in 2015.
Refugees fleeing with few possessions leading to neighboring or more developed countries face many life threatening risks on the way, as they have nowhere to turn. A refugee is a person who has lost the past for an unknown future. Experiences of loss and danger are imprinted in their selves. It is shown that, in the short/medium term, 60 % suffer from mental disorders, e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and dissociative disorders. In the long term, existing evidence suggests that mental disorders tend to be highly prevalent in war refugees even many years after resettlement. This increased risk may not only be a consequence of exposure to wartime trauma but may also be influenced by post-migration socio-economic factors.
In fact, “we are seeing here the immense costs of not ending wars, of failing to resolve or prevent conflicts.” Once more, psychiatry and mental health workers are facing the mental health consequences of persecution, general violence, wars, and human rights violations caused by the current prevailing economy-politics and socio-politics. So, a serious challenge here is avoiding the medicalization of social phenomena. This presentation will discuss the issue of forced displaced people considering it as a humanitarian tragedy with some examples of its mental health consequences from Turkey.
A WPA-sponsored symposium entitled 'Harmonizing perspectives and experiences in psychiatric t... more A WPA-sponsored symposium entitled 'Harmonizing perspectives and experiences in psychiatric training' was held on October 15, 2003 in Antalya, Turkey, during the 39th National Psychiatry Congress of Turkey. The experiences of various international organizations and of Turkish psychiatrists and the perspectives of different experts in psychiatric training were discussed in three sessions. The idea of enhancing training and education in psychiatry across the world, while at the same time respecting the realities and differences that exist in the various regions and in different cultural contexts, was once more emphasized. In his presentation, Juan E. Mezzich, President Elect of the WPA, outlined the objectives and main components of the WPA Institutional Program to Promote the Professional Development of Young Psychiatrists, which reflects WPA's commitment to the future of our field. This Institutional Program includes, among other activities, a Fellowship Program for WPA World and International Congresses, awards to promote scientific contributions from young colleagues, special networks for young psychiatrists, and the recently established WPA Young Psychiatrists Council. Mario Maj, President of the European Psychiatric Association (AEP) and Secretary for Publications of the WPA, emphasizing the importance of continuing medical education (CME) in psychiatry, described a programme of itinerant courses launched by the AEP in collaboration with twenty-two national psychiatric societies in Europe. The programme includes 12 courses, dealing with the management of the most prevalent mental disorders and delivered by the most renowned experts in the relevant fields. The courses are taking place within the congresses of the national psychiatric societies. Levent Kuey, WPA Zone Representative for Southern Europe, outlined the aims, development and main features of the WPA Core Training Curriculum for Psychiatry, which was published in 2002. The idea behind this programme is to share educational expertise while maintaining recognition of the realities that exist in different regions of the world. The main goal is to construct the core elements of a graduate training curriculum in psychiatry in order to ensure high quality of psychiatric services via the creation of competent psychiatrists in all areas of the world. Anne Lindhardt, President of the Section of Psychiatry of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS), described the recent recommendations for psychiatric training agreed upon by all member countries, with a special focus on training in psychotherapy. Marianne Kastrup, WPA Zone Representative for Northern Europe, discussed the content of a culture sensitive psychiatric curriculum and the strategies to implement it. Taking the Northern European Region and Denmark as examples, new challenges related to the immigrant population were described. Valery Krasnov, WPA Zone Representative for Eastern Europe, discussed the problems of psychiatric training in that region, where, like many other processes, the system of professional education is undergoing a transition period. Postgraduate professional education in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine is carried out in internships (one year program) and in clinical 'ordinature' (two years program). It goes without saying that over the course of two years it is difficult to properly prepare a specialist in psychiatry. Recent attempts to improve postgraduate education by special additional courses were described. Petr Smolik, WPA Zone Representative for Central Europe, described the very new and sensitive situation created in that region by the affiliation of some countries to the European Union. The diversification of Central European countries according to the level of this process will induce very probably various specific problems, especially in such fragile social structures as health care and system of education. Very active and efficacious ways of prevention of these problems should be prepared. The standpoint of psychiatric trai-nees was presented by Dominique Mathis, Past-President of the European Federation of Psychiatric Trai-nees (EFPT). This is the umbrella organization for national European psychiatric trainees' associations. Sixteen European countries are currently full members. The CME accreditation and continuing professional development (CPD) activities of the Turkish Medical Association (TMA), which started in 1994, were described by Iskender Sayek, Chair of the Section on Training and CME of the TMA and Dean of Hacettepe Medical School. Rasit Tukel, Chair of the Section on Psychiatric Training of the Psychiatric Association of Turkey (PAT), outlined the development of the Psychiatric Board of Turkey. Hamdullah Aydin, President of the Commission for Psychiatric Training and Curriculum of Turkey, explained the principles and the process of preparation of the Training Curriculum for Psychiatry in Turkey. Defne Turhan, President Elect of EFPT, focused on…
International library of ethics, law, and the new medicine, Nov 29, 2014
Transcultural comparisons taking the differences and commonalities into consideration in the fiel... more Transcultural comparisons taking the differences and commonalities into consideration in the fields of mental health and ill mental health have always been a focus of scientific interest. The ‘East’ and ‘West’ comparisons in this regard, could be the one most widely deliberated. ‘East and West’, as a human-made conceptual construct, has evolved to signify many social, cultural, political, economic and psychological realities and meanings, beyond its geographical references. Such conceptualizations both reflect and re-construct our realities.
Brain health is essential for physical and mental health, social well‐being, productivity, and cr... more Brain health is essential for physical and mental health, social well‐being, productivity, and creativity. Current neurological research focuses mainly on treating a diseased brain and preventing further deterioration rather than on developing and maintaining brain health. The pandemic has forced a shift toward virtual working environments that accelerated opportunities for transdisciplinary collaboration for fostering brain health among neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, neuro and socio‐behavioral scientists, scholars in arts and humanities, policymakers, and citizens. This could shed light on the interconnectedness of physical, mental, environmental, and socioeconomic determinants of brain disease and health. We advocate making brain health the top priority worldwide, developing common measures and definitions to enhance research and policy, and finding the cause of the decline of incidence of stroke and dementia in some countries and then applying comprehensive customize...
Objective: To examine the prevalence of depression in the last trimester of pregnancy and within ... more Objective: To examine the prevalence of depression in the last trimester of pregnancy and within the first 6 months postpartum, to determine whether there is an association between antepartum and postpartum depression and to investigate the risk factors prospectively in a cohort of Turkish women. Study design: In a prospective, community-based, cohort study, 125 women who expected to give birth during the first 6 months of 2002 (January 1, 2002-June 30, 2002) were included. Depression was measured at 36-38 weeks antepartum and then again at 5-8, 10-14 and 20-26 weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A questionnaire that was devised to collect data on sociodemographic and clinical information on the women was applied. Results: The prevalence of depression was highest in pregnancy (21.6%) and declined gradually in the follow-up period (respectively, 16.8%, 14.4% and 9.6%). Antepartum depression was a statistically significant risk factor during the 6 months postpartum in each of the 3 assessments. In the logistic model, past history of mental illness, history of mental illness in first-degree relatives and adverse life events were associated with antepartum depression; low income, adverse life events and a poor relationship with the husband were associated with postpartum depression. Conclusion: Evaluations made in'the last trimester of pregnancy should be very helpful in diagnosing and preventing depression in women at high risk.
Many European countries have seen increasing refugee populations and asylum applications over the... more Many European countries have seen increasing refugee populations and asylum applications over the past decade. Forcibly displaced persons (FDPs) are known to be at higher risk of developing mental disorders and are in need of specific care. Thus, specific training for mental health professionals is recommended by international health organizations. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the experience of clinical work with FDPs among psychiatric trainees in Europe and Central Asia as well as their interest and specific training received on this topic. An online questionnaire was designed by the Psychiatry Across Borders working group of the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) and was distributed via email through local networks among European trainees from 47 countries between March 2017 and April 2019. Answers of 342 psychiatric trainees from 15 countries were included in the survey analysis. A majority of trainees (71%) had had contact with FDPs in the last year of their clinical work. Although three-quarters expressed a strong interest in the mental health of FDPs, only 35% felt confident in assessing and treating them. Specific training was provided to 25% of trainees; of this subset, only a quarter felt this training prepared them adequately. Skills training on transcultural competencies, post-traumatic stress disorder, and trauma management was regarded as essential to caring for refugees with confidence. Although psychiatric trainees are motivated to improve their skills in treating FDPs, a lack of adequate specific training has been identified. The development of practical skills training is essential. International online training courses could help meet this pressing need.
Onun Kitabını Anlatıyorum, Renato Rosaldo, The Day of Shelly’s Death: The Poetry and Ethnography of Grief (Shelly’nin Öldüğü Gün: Yasın Şiiri ve Etnografisi)
Bu kitap, antropolog Renato Rosaldo'nun "The Day of Shelly's Death: The Poetry and Ethnography of... more Bu kitap, antropolog Renato Rosaldo'nun "The Day of Shelly's Death: The Poetry and Ethnography of Grief" (Shelly'nin Öldüğü Gün: Yasın Şiiri ve Etnografisi) adlı kitabı üzerine bir kitap çalışmasıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Renato Rosaldo, yasın etnografisi, düşünümsellik, kendi-düşünümsellik, otoetnografi, antropoşiir, antropoesía
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Conference Presentations by levent KUEY
Warfare in different parts of the world has led to a humanitarian emergency: forced displacement of millions of people. Global forced displacement in 2014 was the highest displacement on record since WW 2. By the end-2014, 59.5 million individuals forcibly displaced worldwide, as a result of persecution, armed conflicts, general violence, wars, or human rights violations. The number of individuals forced to leave their homes per day reached to 42,500 in 2014, hence, increased 4 times in the last 4 years. Top five refugee hosting countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia and Jordan. While Turkey hosted 1.6 million forced displaced people in 2014; it is estimated that this number reached to 2.5 million by the end of 2015.
Forced displacement of people due to warfare may be considered as a psycho-social earthquake. Especially after the deaths of thousands of them in the Mediterranean in the last couple years has brought this issue sharply into the focus of the whole world. While the deaths of the forced displaced people on across the borders of the whole world in the first nine months of 2014 was slightly over 4 000; it reached the same number of human loss only in the Mediterranean region in 2015.
Refugees fleeing with few possessions leading to neighboring or more developed countries face many life threatening risks on the way, as they have nowhere to turn. A refugee is a person who has lost the past for an unknown future. Experiences of loss and danger are imprinted in their selves. It is shown that, in the short/medium term, 60 % suffer from mental disorders, e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and dissociative disorders. In the long term, existing evidence suggests that mental disorders tend to be highly prevalent in war refugees even many years after resettlement. This increased risk may not only be a consequence of exposure to wartime trauma but may also be influenced by post-migration socio-economic factors.
In fact, “we are seeing here the immense costs of not ending wars, of failing to resolve or prevent conflicts.” Once more, psychiatry and mental health workers are facing the mental health consequences of persecution, general violence, wars, and human rights violations caused by the current prevailing economy-politics and socio-politics. So, a serious challenge here is avoiding the medicalization of social phenomena. This presentation will discuss the issue of forced displaced people considering it as a humanitarian tragedy with some examples of its mental health consequences from Turkey.
Papers by levent KUEY
Warfare in different parts of the world has led to a humanitarian emergency: forced displacement of millions of people. Global forced displacement in 2014 was the highest displacement on record since WW 2. By the end-2014, 59.5 million individuals forcibly displaced worldwide, as a result of persecution, armed conflicts, general violence, wars, or human rights violations. The number of individuals forced to leave their homes per day reached to 42,500 in 2014, hence, increased 4 times in the last 4 years. Top five refugee hosting countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia and Jordan. While Turkey hosted 1.6 million forced displaced people in 2014; it is estimated that this number reached to 2.5 million by the end of 2015.
Forced displacement of people due to warfare may be considered as a psycho-social earthquake. Especially after the deaths of thousands of them in the Mediterranean in the last couple years has brought this issue sharply into the focus of the whole world. While the deaths of the forced displaced people on across the borders of the whole world in the first nine months of 2014 was slightly over 4 000; it reached the same number of human loss only in the Mediterranean region in 2015.
Refugees fleeing with few possessions leading to neighboring or more developed countries face many life threatening risks on the way, as they have nowhere to turn. A refugee is a person who has lost the past for an unknown future. Experiences of loss and danger are imprinted in their selves. It is shown that, in the short/medium term, 60 % suffer from mental disorders, e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and dissociative disorders. In the long term, existing evidence suggests that mental disorders tend to be highly prevalent in war refugees even many years after resettlement. This increased risk may not only be a consequence of exposure to wartime trauma but may also be influenced by post-migration socio-economic factors.
In fact, “we are seeing here the immense costs of not ending wars, of failing to resolve or prevent conflicts.” Once more, psychiatry and mental health workers are facing the mental health consequences of persecution, general violence, wars, and human rights violations caused by the current prevailing economy-politics and socio-politics. So, a serious challenge here is avoiding the medicalization of social phenomena. This presentation will discuss the issue of forced displaced people considering it as a humanitarian tragedy with some examples of its mental health consequences from Turkey.
Anahtar kelimeler: Renato Rosaldo, yasın etnografisi, düşünümsellik, kendi-düşünümsellik, otoetnografi, antropoşiir, antropoesía