Papers by nili liphschitz
Cambial and phellogen activities in Pis/acia lelltiscus were followed by the radiological method.... more Cambial and phellogen activities in Pis/acia lelltiscus were followed by the radiological method. Under natural conditions xylem was produced in most cases during two separate seasons of the year, i.e. spring and autumn. The phloem was produced during two different periods that were shorter than those of the xy-lem production. The phellogen was active once a year in some branches, during the end of April and May. The cambium of irrigated plants was continuously active throughout the spring, summer lind autumn. The eesslltion of activity of the lateral meristems during the winter lind summer seems to represent rest periods. The pattern of activity of the lateral meristems in Pistacia lellfisclIs suggests that this species is well adapted to the Mediterranean climatic rhythm.
Göttinger Miszellen 158, 33-41, 1996
The charred botanical remains recovered from
the floor of the burned Locus 11 at Gilgal I, in
the... more The charred botanical remains recovered from
the floor of the burned Locus 11 at Gilgal I, in
the lower Jordan Valley, provide an excellent
basis for reconstructing the main vegetal components
of subsistence at this important PPNA
site. Representative quantities of charred grains
of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wild
oats (Avena sterilis), as well as nutlets of wild
pistachio (Pistacia atlantica), acorns of wild oak
(Quercus ithaburensis), and a few fruit fragments
and minute nutlets of domesticated fig (Ficus
carica) were examined (Kislev et al. 2006).
These staple foods were presumably gathered in
the vicinity of the site mainly during two
seasons: the cereals in early summer and the
nuts in early winter, although the figs would
have been collected and dried in late summer.
These were stored in asphalt-lined basket containers
placed on the floor of the house (see
Chapter 2). The relatively large quantities of
wild cereals perhaps may indicate that the
house burned down during the summer. It is
concluded that the occupants of Gilgal I
subsisted by incipient agriculture, contemporary
to the large-scale farming that began in the
Near East during the eighth millennium B.C.
(Lev-Yadun et al. 2000).
The annual rhythms of cambial and phellogen activity in Pinus halepensis and P. pinea were invest... more The annual rhythms of cambial and phellogen activity in Pinus halepensis and P. pinea were investigated. Under natural conditions the cambium of P. halepensis begins its activity in autumn, enters a quiescent period during midwinter, resumes activity towards spring and enters a second rest period in summer. The ring border is formed during summer. Irrigated plants growing outdoors were active almost all the year round.
Krajem šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća na ulazu u ninsku luku pronađeni su dobro očuvani ostatci d... more Krajem šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća na ulazu u ninsku luku pronađeni su dobro očuvani ostatci dviju srednjovjekovnih brodica. Na inicijativu voditelja istraživanja Zdenka Brusića i konzervatora Božidara Vilhara oba su plovna objekta izvađena iz mora, konzervirana i izložena u Muzeju ninske baštine, čime je projekt zadobio sustavni karakter te donedavno predstavljao jedini arheološki projekt usmjeren na sustavno istraživanje i obradu podmorskih nalaza. Unatoč stručnim i znanstvenim radovima u kojima su brodovi sumarno obrađeni, detaljna objava nalaza tek predstoji. Stoga je 2008. započeo rad na dopuni postojeće dokumentacije, a jedan od prvih koraka bio je određivanje vrsta drvene građe korištene za izradu brodskih konstrukcija. U radu se ukratko iznose rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja i provedenih analiza, te upozorava na alarmantno loše stanje nalaza. Ključne riječi: brodica, srednji vijek, podmorsko istraživanje, analiza drvene građe, arheologija broda i plovidbe Uvod U dnu Ninskoga zaljeva, na položaju zvanom Usta na ulazu u unutrašnju ninsku lagunu, prema podatcima pjeskara iz Privlake, krajem šezdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća Zdenko Brusić pronašao je dvije dobro očuvane srednjovjekovne brodice. 1 Analizom radioaktivnog ugljika nalazi su datirani u 11./12. stoljeće, 2 a prema zapisu Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta, koji spominje hrvatsku flotu sastavljenu od manjih kondura i većih sagena, 3 prozvani su kondurama. Pod tim nazivom predstavljeni su stručnoj i široj javnosti. Entuzijazam istraživača i konzervatora, koji je u čitavoj Europi krajem šezdesetih i tijekom sedamdesetih godina doveo do naglog poleta podmorskih arheoloških istraživanja, potakao je realizaciju jedinog hrvatskog projekta tijekom kojeg su plovni objekti iz prošlosti podignuti s morskog dna, proučeni, konzervirani i prezentirani javnosti. 4 Metodologija 2
HR-23000 Zadar IL-Tel Aviv irradic@unizd.hr nilili@post.tau.ac.il
Tel Beth-Shemesh is located in the northeastern Shephela, near the modern town of Beit Shemesh, 2... more Tel Beth-Shemesh is located in the northeastern Shephela, near the modern town of Beit Shemesh, 20 km west of Jerusalem (map reference 1477/1286). The mound is situated on a ridge, 250 m above sea level, between the Sorek Valley to its north, and Wadi Illin to its west and south.
In excavations carried out at Ḥorvat meṣad, charred pieces of wood as well as carbonized seeds we... more In excavations carried out at Ḥorvat meṣad, charred pieces of wood as well as carbonized seeds were collected from strata vI, v, Iv, III and II, and dated respectively to the following periods: hellenistic/ hasmonean, early roman, herodian, middle roman, Byzantine, and early islamic. two uncarbonized samples of wood and a single sample of seeds were suspected of later intrusive contamination. pieces of 1−1.5 cm³ were taken from each sample of wood for botanical identification. the wood pieces were aspirated in absolute ethyl-alcohol, dipped in methyl-benzoate-celloidin for 24 hours, rinsed in benzene for two minutes and transferred to 50−55° C paraffin for 96 hours. Cross as well as longitudinal, tangential and radial sections 10−15µ thick were prepared. samples of the wood up to the species level were identified by comparing these sections to sections prepared from recent, systematically-identified living trees. Fruits and seeds were identified morphologically by comparing them with recent fruits and seeds. the timber gathered at Ḥorvat meṣad came from six tree species: olea europaea (olive), Pistacia palaestina (terebinth), Pistacia lentiscus (lentisk), Quercus calliprinos (kermes oak), Pinus halepensis (aleppo pine) and Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon) (table 14.1). Altogether 25 samples were gathered. Aleppo pine constituted 44% of the wood samples. olive, kermes oak and terebinth together constituted another 44%. two samples were of cedar and a single sample was of lentisk. only a single sample of olive wood originated from the hellenistic/hasmonean stratum. the other olive remains originated from the early roman, roman and early islamic strata. the aleppo pine and the terebinth samples were gathered from the early roman, Byzantine and early islamic strata. the kermes oak samples were collected from early roman and early islamic strata and the lebanon cedar was found in the Byzantine and early islamic strata. the single lentisk sample was found in an early roman layer. this sample was not charred and is therefore suspected as a recent intrusive contamination. a non-carbonized seed of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), which could be a recent contamination, and few charred stones of olea europaea (olive) were found in the early roman stratum. dIscussIon three species of trees identified at Ḥorvat meṣad are typical of the area today and also characterized it in the past: olive, kermes oak and terebinth. the Quercus calliprinos–Pistacia palaestina association dominated the mediterranean territory of ancient israel (liphschitz and Biger 1990; liphschitz 2007). the appearance of olive timber in high proportions in the excavations (liphschitz 1987a; 1996; 2007) is not surprising. the tree, which is a native component of the mediterranean vegetational landscape, became most common in the mediterranean region of the country due to the fact that it was cultivated in the early Bronze age (liphschitz et al. 1991; liphschitz 2007). lentisk is
Tel Aphek in the southern Sharon Plain near the sources of the Yarkon River enjoys a Mediterranea... more Tel Aphek in the southern Sharon Plain near the sources of the Yarkon River enjoys a Mediterranean climate that in the past supported large tracts of oak forests. In an earlier report, the writer of these lines outlined the importance of that natural arboreal landscape and the impact of human utilization on it (Liphschitz 2000). The present report considers the archaeobotanical remains from excavation of Area X, the acropolis of the mound. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples were collected from Strata X12 through X7, covering the period of occupation on the acropolis, from the 13th century BCE through the 9th century BCE. The periods involved are LB II (Stratum X12), LB III/Iron I (Stratum X11), Iron I (Strata 10-X9) and Iron IIA (Strata X8-X6). All wood remains recovered were charred. Samples of 0.5-1 cm 3 were taken from all wood remains. They were aspirated in absolute ethyl alcohol, dipped in celloidin solution for 24 hours, rinsed in benzene and transferred to paraffin for 96 hours in an oven at 50 0-55 0 C. Blocks of wood remains were then prepared in paraffin. Cross as well as longitudinal, tangential and radial sections of 10 μm thick were made from them with a microtome. The identification of the wood remains up to the species level (based on the three dimensional structure of the wood) was made microscopically from these sections. Comparison was made with reference to sections prepared from systematically identified, recent living species, and to photographs in anatomical atlases. Carbonized seeds gathered in Area X during the excavations were identified morphologically by comparison with recent seeds.
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Papers by nili liphschitz
the floor of the burned Locus 11 at Gilgal I, in
the lower Jordan Valley, provide an excellent
basis for reconstructing the main vegetal components
of subsistence at this important PPNA
site. Representative quantities of charred grains
of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wild
oats (Avena sterilis), as well as nutlets of wild
pistachio (Pistacia atlantica), acorns of wild oak
(Quercus ithaburensis), and a few fruit fragments
and minute nutlets of domesticated fig (Ficus
carica) were examined (Kislev et al. 2006).
These staple foods were presumably gathered in
the vicinity of the site mainly during two
seasons: the cereals in early summer and the
nuts in early winter, although the figs would
have been collected and dried in late summer.
These were stored in asphalt-lined basket containers
placed on the floor of the house (see
Chapter 2). The relatively large quantities of
wild cereals perhaps may indicate that the
house burned down during the summer. It is
concluded that the occupants of Gilgal I
subsisted by incipient agriculture, contemporary
to the large-scale farming that began in the
Near East during the eighth millennium B.C.
(Lev-Yadun et al. 2000).
the floor of the burned Locus 11 at Gilgal I, in
the lower Jordan Valley, provide an excellent
basis for reconstructing the main vegetal components
of subsistence at this important PPNA
site. Representative quantities of charred grains
of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wild
oats (Avena sterilis), as well as nutlets of wild
pistachio (Pistacia atlantica), acorns of wild oak
(Quercus ithaburensis), and a few fruit fragments
and minute nutlets of domesticated fig (Ficus
carica) were examined (Kislev et al. 2006).
These staple foods were presumably gathered in
the vicinity of the site mainly during two
seasons: the cereals in early summer and the
nuts in early winter, although the figs would
have been collected and dried in late summer.
These were stored in asphalt-lined basket containers
placed on the floor of the house (see
Chapter 2). The relatively large quantities of
wild cereals perhaps may indicate that the
house burned down during the summer. It is
concluded that the occupants of Gilgal I
subsisted by incipient agriculture, contemporary
to the large-scale farming that began in the
Near East during the eighth millennium B.C.
(Lev-Yadun et al. 2000).