18S rRNA gene is commonly used for molecular identification of microbial eukaryotes. The small su... more 18S rRNA gene is commonly used for molecular identification of microbial eukaryotes. The small sub unit (SSU) fragment of this region is generally used for identification of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi having a total length of 1500bp. Illumina MiSeq platform provides maximum read length of 300bp and therefore primer selection is important for covering most of the hypervariable regions. Several studies have reported AM fungal diversity using NS31/AML2 primers and this primer pair covers only few hypervariable regions. In this current work AML1/AML2 primers were used to analyse the structural diversity of AM fungi in rice ecosystem. Sequencing result finds AML1 primer to have higher specificity as compared to AML2 primer. Alignment of AM fungal sequences present in Maarjam database shows higher degree of nucleotide polymorphism clustered in two regions. Pi diversity analysis shows these two regions could be covered using AML1/AML2 primer pair as opposed to NS31/AML2 primer. From this analysis it was found the primer AML1 has improved specificity and avoids amplification of non-targeted sequences. Sequences amplified using AML1 primer detects majority of AM fungi as compared to AML2 because the region amplified using AML1 covers the complete first set of hypervariable region whereas AML2 primer partialy covers the second set of hypervariable region. Since complete amplification of the 18S rRNA SSU region is not possible using Illumina MiSeq platform we propose to use single-read sequencing using AML1 primers for deciphering AM fungal community, as this sequencing approach can deliver large volumes of high-quality data, rapidly and economically.
Traditional rice landraces are treasures for novel genes to develop climate-resilient cultivars. ... more Traditional rice landraces are treasures for novel genes to develop climate-resilient cultivars. Seed viability and germination determine rice productivity under moisture stress. The present study evaluated 100 rice genotypes, including 85 traditional landraces and 15 improved cultivars from various agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu, along with moisture-stress-susceptible (IR 64) and moisture-stress-tolerant (IR 64 Drt1) checks. The landraces were screened over a range of osmotic potentials, namely (−) 1.0 MPa, (−) 1.25 MPa and (−) 1.5 MPa, for a period of 5 days in PEG-induced moisture stress. Physio-morphological traits, such as rate of germination, root and shoot length, vigor index, R/S ratio and relative water content (RWC), were assessed during early moisture stress at the maximum OP of (−) 1.5 MPa. The seed macromolecules, phytohormones (giberellic acid, auxin (IAA), cytokinin and abscisic acid), osmolytes and enzymatic antioxidants (catalase and superoxide dismutase) varie...
The aim of this study is to identify publications in 21 century pandemic situation by coronavirus... more The aim of this study is to identify publications in 21 century pandemic situation by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related to augmented reality (AR) and to describe the characteristics of those studies. The Google Scholar database was searched for publications on AR in COVID-19 research criteria between 2019 and 2021. Bibliographic coupling of the details and co-occurrences of the publication of the author keywords were examined for the selected publications. A total of 2907 publications were selected following the research criteria between 2019 and 2021. The results showed that among the most researched researchers in AR study are the names of authors with color highlights from different countries. The study addressed the pattern in research and advancement of the idea of increased pandemic reality for COVID19.
Soil samples collected from different fruit orchards of Karnataka were used for isolation of <... more Soil samples collected from different fruit orchards of Karnataka were used for isolation of <i>Streptomyces</i> spp. and all the isolates were screened for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits including phytohormones production <i>viz</i>. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>), nutrient (phosphate and zinc) solubilisation, siderophore production, enzyme activities (cellulase, tannase and xylanase) and antagonistic potential against soil borne fungal pathogens. Based on PGP traits as well as compatibilities, the following three <i>Streptomyces</i> spp. '<i>S. avermitillis</i> PAN Act2 (NAIMCC-B-01412), <i>S. cinnamonesis</i> PAN Act3 (NAIMCC-B-01413) and <i>S. canus</i> PAN Act5 (NAIMCC-B-01342)' were selected for <i>Streptomyces</i> consortium (SMC) preparation using lignite as carrier material. Out of three isolates, <i>S. canus</i> re...
Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a compone... more Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a component/type of biofertilizer in recent years, because of the beneficial impact on the growth of the plant. The current study aims to evaluate the potential influence of the combination of CFPH with vermicompost (VC) on growth-promotion and yield improvement in tomato plants. Method Feather degrading bacteria were isolated and characterized using 16s-rDNA sequencing, and assessed for biochemical reactions, growth-promoting attributes and keratinase activity. The medium used for feather degradation studies consisted of 0.75% (w/v) of raw feather, with 1% (v/v) of inoculum at 37°C, pH 7.5 and at 120 rpm. A field study was done by randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments in tomato. Results Keratinolytic and feather degrading bacteria isolated and used in this study were identified as Bacillus cereus PKID1 with accession number MT158702. The bacterium gave the highest keratinase activit...
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 2021
Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a compone... more Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a component/type of biofertilizer in recent years, because of the beneficial impact on the growth of the plant. The current study aims to evaluate the potential influence of the combination of CFPH with vermicompost (VC) on growth-promotion and yield improvement in tomato plants. Method Feather degrading bacteria were isolated and characterized using 16s-rDNA sequencing, and assessed for biochemical reactions, growth-promoting attributes and keratinase activity. The medium used for feather degradation studies consisted of 0.75% (w/v) of raw feather, with 1% (v/v) of inoculum at 37°C, pH 7.5 and at 120 rpm. A field study was done by randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments in tomato. Results Keratinolytic and feather degrading bacteria isolated and used in this study were identified as Bacillus cereus PKID1 with accession number MT158702. The bacterium gave the highest keratinase activit...
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2021
ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil-borne microorganisms, whi... more ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil-borne microorganisms, which have a symbiotic relationship with several terrestrial plants. They play a key role in plant growth promotion and development, plant nutrient homeostasis, soil nutrient management, and induction of plant defense mechanisms against pest infestation and disease incidences. This interaction of AMF with rice plants has been studied in great detail, providing distinct perspectives on the natural basis of nutrient transport, stress management, improvement of soil health, and induction of systemic plant resistance. This review highlights the responses of (i) AMF interaction with rice plants, (ii) AMF colonization and sporulation potential in rice rhizosphere, (iii) AMF species as a source of inoculum for rice production, (iv) AMF for rice plant maintenance and durability, and (v) AMF responses to other soil microorganisms. Additionally, a new class of phytohormones known as strigolactone (SLs) has been briefly described covering the various forms of analogs, isomers, and membrane transporters. The role of SLs in pre-symbiotic molecular talks, induction of energy metabolism in mitochondria, spore germination, stimulation of hyphal branches, and the relationships of SLs synthesis with soil nutrient content provides in-depth insights into the mechanisms involved in improving AMF interactions with rice plants.
Insect pests in the rice agroecosystem, particularly the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (G... more Insect pests in the rice agroecosystem, particularly the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Guenee) and stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), cause significant yield losses. These pests are generally managed by farmers by application of insecticides and a few biocontrol agents. As a component of integrated pest management, biocontrol agents play a dynamic role in pest control. Although diverse microbial communities are available in the rice ecosystem, bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are broadly used as biocontrol agents. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify other effective entomopathogenic bacteria to manage the above mentioned pests. In this study, the two entomopathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased pink stem borer (S. inferens Walker) larvae collected from rice fields were identified as Skermanella sp. (KX611462) and Serratia sp. (KX761232). The larvicidal activity of these two bacteria was evaluated against third instar larvae of C. medinali...
Mycorrhizal colonization may influence the composition or diversity of mycorrhizal associated bac... more Mycorrhizal colonization may influence the composition or diversity of mycorrhizal associated bacterial (MAB) communities in mycorrhizosphere and stimulate the plant growth via. different types of mechanisms. MAB populations can have an impact on the interactions or the development of plants. These communities can be directly or indirectly influenced by mycorrhiza or the combined effects on the survival of the stressand harsh environment. We conclude that some MABs are multifunctional and actively encourage regulators to create a multifunctional mechanism to stimulate growth and trigger mycorrhizal activities.This review article shows different possible contributions of various mycorrhizal fungi and MAB in the advancement of nutrient management in sustainable agriculture.
A consortium of four hypercellulolytic fungal cultures, namely Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma v... more A consortium of four hypercellulolytic fungal cultures, namely Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus nidulans and Phanerochaete chrysosporium was optimized for compost production on the basis of their lignocellulolytic enzyme production potential. The consortium has been effectively used for composting of diverse agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, soybean trash, pearl millet, maize residues and mustard stover. The inoculum of four fungi needs to be produced in bulk for talc-based consortium formulation. Routinely fungus is grown on potato dextrose agar medium, malt extract agar medium or Martin’s Rose Bengal agar medium, which escalates the cost of production because of relatively expensive ingredients. Further, harvesting of fungal biomass from solid surface adds additional cost to the production schedule.
18S rRNA gene is commonly used for molecular identification of microbial eukaryotes. The small su... more 18S rRNA gene is commonly used for molecular identification of microbial eukaryotes. The small sub unit (SSU) fragment of this region is generally used for identification of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi having a total length of 1500bp. Illumina MiSeq platform provides maximum read length of 300bp and therefore primer selection is important for covering most of the hypervariable regions. Several studies have reported AM fungal diversity using NS31/AML2 primers and this primer pair covers only few hypervariable regions. In this current work AML1/AML2 primers were used to analyse the structural diversity of AM fungi in rice ecosystem. Sequencing result finds AML1 primer to have higher specificity as compared to AML2 primer. Alignment of AM fungal sequences present in Maarjam database shows higher degree of nucleotide polymorphism clustered in two regions. Pi diversity analysis shows these two regions could be covered using AML1/AML2 primer pair as opposed to NS31/AML2 primer. From this analysis it was found the primer AML1 has improved specificity and avoids amplification of non-targeted sequences. Sequences amplified using AML1 primer detects majority of AM fungi as compared to AML2 because the region amplified using AML1 covers the complete first set of hypervariable region whereas AML2 primer partialy covers the second set of hypervariable region. Since complete amplification of the 18S rRNA SSU region is not possible using Illumina MiSeq platform we propose to use single-read sequencing using AML1 primers for deciphering AM fungal community, as this sequencing approach can deliver large volumes of high-quality data, rapidly and economically.
Traditional rice landraces are treasures for novel genes to develop climate-resilient cultivars. ... more Traditional rice landraces are treasures for novel genes to develop climate-resilient cultivars. Seed viability and germination determine rice productivity under moisture stress. The present study evaluated 100 rice genotypes, including 85 traditional landraces and 15 improved cultivars from various agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu, along with moisture-stress-susceptible (IR 64) and moisture-stress-tolerant (IR 64 Drt1) checks. The landraces were screened over a range of osmotic potentials, namely (−) 1.0 MPa, (−) 1.25 MPa and (−) 1.5 MPa, for a period of 5 days in PEG-induced moisture stress. Physio-morphological traits, such as rate of germination, root and shoot length, vigor index, R/S ratio and relative water content (RWC), were assessed during early moisture stress at the maximum OP of (−) 1.5 MPa. The seed macromolecules, phytohormones (giberellic acid, auxin (IAA), cytokinin and abscisic acid), osmolytes and enzymatic antioxidants (catalase and superoxide dismutase) varie...
The aim of this study is to identify publications in 21 century pandemic situation by coronavirus... more The aim of this study is to identify publications in 21 century pandemic situation by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related to augmented reality (AR) and to describe the characteristics of those studies. The Google Scholar database was searched for publications on AR in COVID-19 research criteria between 2019 and 2021. Bibliographic coupling of the details and co-occurrences of the publication of the author keywords were examined for the selected publications. A total of 2907 publications were selected following the research criteria between 2019 and 2021. The results showed that among the most researched researchers in AR study are the names of authors with color highlights from different countries. The study addressed the pattern in research and advancement of the idea of increased pandemic reality for COVID19.
Soil samples collected from different fruit orchards of Karnataka were used for isolation of <... more Soil samples collected from different fruit orchards of Karnataka were used for isolation of <i>Streptomyces</i> spp. and all the isolates were screened for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits including phytohormones production <i>viz</i>. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>), nutrient (phosphate and zinc) solubilisation, siderophore production, enzyme activities (cellulase, tannase and xylanase) and antagonistic potential against soil borne fungal pathogens. Based on PGP traits as well as compatibilities, the following three <i>Streptomyces</i> spp. '<i>S. avermitillis</i> PAN Act2 (NAIMCC-B-01412), <i>S. cinnamonesis</i> PAN Act3 (NAIMCC-B-01413) and <i>S. canus</i> PAN Act5 (NAIMCC-B-01342)' were selected for <i>Streptomyces</i> consortium (SMC) preparation using lignite as carrier material. Out of three isolates, <i>S. canus</i> re...
Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a compone... more Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a component/type of biofertilizer in recent years, because of the beneficial impact on the growth of the plant. The current study aims to evaluate the potential influence of the combination of CFPH with vermicompost (VC) on growth-promotion and yield improvement in tomato plants. Method Feather degrading bacteria were isolated and characterized using 16s-rDNA sequencing, and assessed for biochemical reactions, growth-promoting attributes and keratinase activity. The medium used for feather degradation studies consisted of 0.75% (w/v) of raw feather, with 1% (v/v) of inoculum at 37°C, pH 7.5 and at 120 rpm. A field study was done by randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments in tomato. Results Keratinolytic and feather degrading bacteria isolated and used in this study were identified as Bacillus cereus PKID1 with accession number MT158702. The bacterium gave the highest keratinase activit...
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 2021
Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a compone... more Purpose Chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) has drawn a significant attention as a component/type of biofertilizer in recent years, because of the beneficial impact on the growth of the plant. The current study aims to evaluate the potential influence of the combination of CFPH with vermicompost (VC) on growth-promotion and yield improvement in tomato plants. Method Feather degrading bacteria were isolated and characterized using 16s-rDNA sequencing, and assessed for biochemical reactions, growth-promoting attributes and keratinase activity. The medium used for feather degradation studies consisted of 0.75% (w/v) of raw feather, with 1% (v/v) of inoculum at 37°C, pH 7.5 and at 120 rpm. A field study was done by randomized block design (RBD) with five treatments in tomato. Results Keratinolytic and feather degrading bacteria isolated and used in this study were identified as Bacillus cereus PKID1 with accession number MT158702. The bacterium gave the highest keratinase activit...
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2021
ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil-borne microorganisms, whi... more ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil-borne microorganisms, which have a symbiotic relationship with several terrestrial plants. They play a key role in plant growth promotion and development, plant nutrient homeostasis, soil nutrient management, and induction of plant defense mechanisms against pest infestation and disease incidences. This interaction of AMF with rice plants has been studied in great detail, providing distinct perspectives on the natural basis of nutrient transport, stress management, improvement of soil health, and induction of systemic plant resistance. This review highlights the responses of (i) AMF interaction with rice plants, (ii) AMF colonization and sporulation potential in rice rhizosphere, (iii) AMF species as a source of inoculum for rice production, (iv) AMF for rice plant maintenance and durability, and (v) AMF responses to other soil microorganisms. Additionally, a new class of phytohormones known as strigolactone (SLs) has been briefly described covering the various forms of analogs, isomers, and membrane transporters. The role of SLs in pre-symbiotic molecular talks, induction of energy metabolism in mitochondria, spore germination, stimulation of hyphal branches, and the relationships of SLs synthesis with soil nutrient content provides in-depth insights into the mechanisms involved in improving AMF interactions with rice plants.
Insect pests in the rice agroecosystem, particularly the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (G... more Insect pests in the rice agroecosystem, particularly the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Guenee) and stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), cause significant yield losses. These pests are generally managed by farmers by application of insecticides and a few biocontrol agents. As a component of integrated pest management, biocontrol agents play a dynamic role in pest control. Although diverse microbial communities are available in the rice ecosystem, bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are broadly used as biocontrol agents. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify other effective entomopathogenic bacteria to manage the above mentioned pests. In this study, the two entomopathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased pink stem borer (S. inferens Walker) larvae collected from rice fields were identified as Skermanella sp. (KX611462) and Serratia sp. (KX761232). The larvicidal activity of these two bacteria was evaluated against third instar larvae of C. medinali...
Mycorrhizal colonization may influence the composition or diversity of mycorrhizal associated bac... more Mycorrhizal colonization may influence the composition or diversity of mycorrhizal associated bacterial (MAB) communities in mycorrhizosphere and stimulate the plant growth via. different types of mechanisms. MAB populations can have an impact on the interactions or the development of plants. These communities can be directly or indirectly influenced by mycorrhiza or the combined effects on the survival of the stressand harsh environment. We conclude that some MABs are multifunctional and actively encourage regulators to create a multifunctional mechanism to stimulate growth and trigger mycorrhizal activities.This review article shows different possible contributions of various mycorrhizal fungi and MAB in the advancement of nutrient management in sustainable agriculture.
A consortium of four hypercellulolytic fungal cultures, namely Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma v... more A consortium of four hypercellulolytic fungal cultures, namely Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus nidulans and Phanerochaete chrysosporium was optimized for compost production on the basis of their lignocellulolytic enzyme production potential. The consortium has been effectively used for composting of diverse agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, soybean trash, pearl millet, maize residues and mustard stover. The inoculum of four fungi needs to be produced in bulk for talc-based consortium formulation. Routinely fungus is grown on potato dextrose agar medium, malt extract agar medium or Martin’s Rose Bengal agar medium, which escalates the cost of production because of relatively expensive ingredients. Further, harvesting of fungal biomass from solid surface adds additional cost to the production schedule.
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