the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted ... more the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted in an enhanced ability of respondents to construct and repair housing (physical capital), purchase land (natural capital), save money (economic capital), fund children's education (human capital) among others. In all, these results suggest that agroforestry is a sustainable alternative livelihood option which provides opportunities for reduced dependency on protected forests, in addition to increased potential for livelihood diversification and ability to cope with climate change impacts and other change drivers.
Eucalyptus plantations are a significant carbon sink as a fast growing species in Bangladesh, but... more Eucalyptus plantations are a significant carbon sink as a fast growing species in Bangladesh, but little is known regarding biomass, carbon output, and dynamics with stand age. We, therefore, assessed the stand structure, biomass accumulation, carbon storage, and their changing patterns with age in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. plantations in the northern part of Bangladesh in early 2021. Biomass and carbon stocks were estimated using the allometric models specific for E. camaldulensis from the biophysical tree parameters (i.e., height and DBH). We used the data from 45 sample plots (100 sq. m each) covering different age classes such as 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, and 21 years. The aboveground, belowground, and total biomass and carbon significantly varied between stand ages (p<0.05). The highest aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks were observed at the age of 21 years, and the lowest was found at the age of 2 years. We observed a positive and strong relationship between total carbon and stand variables such as stand height, diameter at breast height, basal area, crown width, crown length, and bole height but a negative relationship with density. The mean annual increment of both biomass and carbon increased sharply up to seven years and then decreased. Despite having some ecological constraints, E. camaldulensis. accumulate a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere, perhaps aiding climate change mitigation.
increase by approximately 105, 369, and 650% respectively from 2005 till 2020, while, the area of... more increase by approximately 105, 369, and 650% respectively from 2005 till 2020, while, the area of dense and degraded forest decreased by about 47 and 51%. Within 16 years, nearly 1000 ha of dense forest cover has been depleted. Comparing the latest classified image of BNP with the relevant map, Bhabanipur, B.K. Bari, and Boupara beat are identified to be the most degraded areas. The conclusion can be drawn from this study that owing to most suppressing factors, namely settlement and chala/baid, a forest cover of nearly 2284 ha has been depleted from this national park which is almost 49% of the total possessed forest cover in 2005.
the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted ... more the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted in an enhanced ability of respondents to construct and repair housing (physical capital), purchase land (natural capital), save money (economic capital), fund children's education (human capital) among others. In all, these results suggest that agroforestry is a sustainable alternative livelihood option which provides opportunities for reduced dependency on protected forests, in addition to increased potential for livelihood diversification and ability to cope with climate change impacts and other change drivers.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise-driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m 2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as aboveground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species' stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
Globally, with the growing importance of mangroves for providing ecosystem services and mitigatin... more Globally, with the growing importance of mangroves for providing ecosystem services and mitigating climate change, it is still uncertain whether planted mangroves can be the counterpart of natural mangroves, and thus the role of planted mangroves is still less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the stand structure and carbon storage of a young mangrove plantation in Satkhira District, Bangladesh and to compare it with the natural mangrove forest (i.e., Sundarbans) to understand the potential of this young mangrove plantation as a nature-based solution to climate change. In addition, to better understand the spatial dynamics of afforested mangrove forests, we investigated and compared both above and below-ground carbon stocks between the landward and riverward sites. We collected both above (height and diameter at breast height, DBH) and belowground (i.e., coarse and fine root) data from 16 plots with a total area of 1600 m 2 in two paired transects, eight plots each in landward and riverward sites. Aboveground carbon stocks were estimated using the speciesspecific allometric models from the biophysical tree parameters (i.e., height and DBH). Besides, belowground root (≥ 20 mm) carbon was measured by direct weighting after collecting soil samples through coring. Stand structural attributes (i.e., density, basal area, and DBH) showed a significant difference between the two sites, whereas Sonneratia apetala was found as the dominant species (IV = 188.7~207.1) in both forest sites. The mean carbon stock of this plantation was 49.1 Mg C ha − 1 , while the mean aboveground carbon (AGC) was 37.3 Mg C ha − 1. The landward site contributed significantly more AGC (40.1 Mg C ha − 1) than the riverward (34.4 Mg C ha − 1) site (p<0.05). Besides, the mean belowground roots carbon (BGRC) of this plantation was 11.8 ± 1.4 Mg C ha − 1 , where the riverward site contributed significantly more root carbon (14.3 Mg C ha − 1) than the landward site (9.4 Mg C ha − 1) (p<0.05). Tree density and basal area showed a significant positive relationship with BGRC. Although only two species were planted, after 15 years, we observed the total number of species reached nine. The carbon stock, progressive species richness in this plantation reflects the significance of young mangrove plantations in sequestering carbon to mitigate climate change and biodiversity conservation as nature-based solutions which may be useful for future coastal afforestation and restoration programs.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise-driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m 2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as aboveground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species' stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise - driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as above-ground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species’ stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
The COVID-19 pandemic originated from Wuhan, China, spread around the world with horror and drama... more The COVID-19 pandemic originated from Wuhan, China, spread around the world with horror and dramatic loss of human life. The economic and social catastrophe has made it even more irresistible. An attempt has been made to find out what kind of psychological and livelihood-related impacts Covid-19 has had on our daily lives. Data had been collected through convenient online surveys where 344 respondents were interviewed. Most of the respondents reported the reduction of movement, income and working hours. The majority reported a noticeable decrease in sleep, health condition and body weight due to the increase of tension where some tensed more. Corona can be avoided by drinking hot water and tea, this idea had increased the amount of hot water and tea consumed by the common people. Many of those who lost their jobs were distressed and others also were distressed at the thought of how long they would stay. The most frightening thing was that the addiction to the virtual world had incre...
International Journal of Business Management and Social Research, 2020
Tourism especially nature based tourism is increasing throughout the world day by day. The Sundar... more Tourism especially nature based tourism is increasing throughout the world day by day. The Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF) in Bangladesh is a suitable place for developing tourism. The purpose of the study was to find out the attitudes of local people’s towards community based eco-tourism (CBET) in the Sundarbans. The study was carried out by a questionnaire survey with purposive selection based on diversity of occupation and sex in that area. A 5- point rating Likert scale was used to measures the local people’s attitude towards community based eco-tourism. Most of the people of the study are poorly based on income and depends on the forest as well as are fisherman among male and housewife among women. Natural beauty of this area, scope to watch wildlife, tourist security, house or eco-cottage quality, toilet and bathing facilities are favorable as well as communication and infrastructure facilities are an obstacle for developing CBET here. CBET will increase alternative job opport...
National Parks are protected areas conserving all types of flora, fauna and their habitats regard... more National Parks are protected areas conserving all types of flora, fauna and their habitats regardless of generic diversification. In Bangladesh, protected area managers face difficulties to conserve these areas. This study is formulated to find out those existing difficulties against effective co-management of natural resources based on the local people’s perception. A purposive sampling is followed by a semi-structured interview to gather data from the field level of Khadimnagar National Park and Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest from September 2019 to December 2019 by interviewing 100 local people for RFWSF and KNP on the basis of a qualitative research method. Both inhabitants and the Forest Department are found to be responsible for inhibiting the effective management of the subjected areas meanwhile difficulties related to motivation, cordiality, alternative job generation, financial support to management authority, tourism management and resource extraction from forests mainly...
Agroforestry is receiving a win-win strategy for low-income countries through increasing attentio... more Agroforestry is receiving a win-win strategy for low-income countries through increasing attention in Bangladesh especially in the coastal region because of its capacity to address some of the negative consequences of intensive agriculture with sustainable perceptions, attitudes, and management through farmers both locally and globally. As the actual uptake and maintenance of agroforestry in proximity to the coastal area by farmers remains low and that is why this research work investigates agroforestry practices e.g., Homestead agroforestry, boundary plantation, mixed plantation, cropland agroforestry, agrisilvicultural systems, Agro-aqua silviculture, and Agro-aquaculture systems on a sustainable basis with a view to find out the farmers ‘perceptions and attitudes through identifying their constraints and problems with potential opportunities to adopt agroforestry in Satkhira district of Bangladesh. A sample of 80 respondents selected randomly was interviewed through a semi-struct...
the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted ... more the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted in an enhanced ability of respondents to construct and repair housing (physical capital), purchase land (natural capital), save money (economic capital), fund children&amp;#39;s education (human capital) among others. In all, these results suggest that agroforestry is a sustainable alternative livelihood option which provides opportunities for reduced dependency on protected forests, in addition to increased potential for livelihood diversification and ability to cope with climate change impacts and other change drivers.
Eucalyptus plantations are a significant carbon sink as a fast growing species in Bangladesh, but... more Eucalyptus plantations are a significant carbon sink as a fast growing species in Bangladesh, but little is known regarding biomass, carbon output, and dynamics with stand age. We, therefore, assessed the stand structure, biomass accumulation, carbon storage, and their changing patterns with age in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. plantations in the northern part of Bangladesh in early 2021. Biomass and carbon stocks were estimated using the allometric models specific for E. camaldulensis from the biophysical tree parameters (i.e., height and DBH). We used the data from 45 sample plots (100 sq. m each) covering different age classes such as 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, and 21 years. The aboveground, belowground, and total biomass and carbon significantly varied between stand ages (p<0.05). The highest aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks were observed at the age of 21 years, and the lowest was found at the age of 2 years. We observed a positive and strong relationship between total carbon and stand variables such as stand height, diameter at breast height, basal area, crown width, crown length, and bole height but a negative relationship with density. The mean annual increment of both biomass and carbon increased sharply up to seven years and then decreased. Despite having some ecological constraints, E. camaldulensis. accumulate a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere, perhaps aiding climate change mitigation.
increase by approximately 105, 369, and 650% respectively from 2005 till 2020, while, the area of... more increase by approximately 105, 369, and 650% respectively from 2005 till 2020, while, the area of dense and degraded forest decreased by about 47 and 51%. Within 16 years, nearly 1000 ha of dense forest cover has been depleted. Comparing the latest classified image of BNP with the relevant map, Bhabanipur, B.K. Bari, and Boupara beat are identified to be the most degraded areas. The conclusion can be drawn from this study that owing to most suppressing factors, namely settlement and chala/baid, a forest cover of nearly 2284 ha has been depleted from this national park which is almost 49% of the total possessed forest cover in 2005.
the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted ... more the cultivation of food crops. The results also showed that these livelihood activities resulted in an enhanced ability of respondents to construct and repair housing (physical capital), purchase land (natural capital), save money (economic capital), fund children's education (human capital) among others. In all, these results suggest that agroforestry is a sustainable alternative livelihood option which provides opportunities for reduced dependency on protected forests, in addition to increased potential for livelihood diversification and ability to cope with climate change impacts and other change drivers.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise-driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m 2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as aboveground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species' stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
Globally, with the growing importance of mangroves for providing ecosystem services and mitigatin... more Globally, with the growing importance of mangroves for providing ecosystem services and mitigating climate change, it is still uncertain whether planted mangroves can be the counterpart of natural mangroves, and thus the role of planted mangroves is still less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the stand structure and carbon storage of a young mangrove plantation in Satkhira District, Bangladesh and to compare it with the natural mangrove forest (i.e., Sundarbans) to understand the potential of this young mangrove plantation as a nature-based solution to climate change. In addition, to better understand the spatial dynamics of afforested mangrove forests, we investigated and compared both above and below-ground carbon stocks between the landward and riverward sites. We collected both above (height and diameter at breast height, DBH) and belowground (i.e., coarse and fine root) data from 16 plots with a total area of 1600 m 2 in two paired transects, eight plots each in landward and riverward sites. Aboveground carbon stocks were estimated using the speciesspecific allometric models from the biophysical tree parameters (i.e., height and DBH). Besides, belowground root (≥ 20 mm) carbon was measured by direct weighting after collecting soil samples through coring. Stand structural attributes (i.e., density, basal area, and DBH) showed a significant difference between the two sites, whereas Sonneratia apetala was found as the dominant species (IV = 188.7~207.1) in both forest sites. The mean carbon stock of this plantation was 49.1 Mg C ha − 1 , while the mean aboveground carbon (AGC) was 37.3 Mg C ha − 1. The landward site contributed significantly more AGC (40.1 Mg C ha − 1) than the riverward (34.4 Mg C ha − 1) site (p<0.05). Besides, the mean belowground roots carbon (BGRC) of this plantation was 11.8 ± 1.4 Mg C ha − 1 , where the riverward site contributed significantly more root carbon (14.3 Mg C ha − 1) than the landward site (9.4 Mg C ha − 1) (p<0.05). Tree density and basal area showed a significant positive relationship with BGRC. Although only two species were planted, after 15 years, we observed the total number of species reached nine. The carbon stock, progressive species richness in this plantation reflects the significance of young mangrove plantations in sequestering carbon to mitigate climate change and biodiversity conservation as nature-based solutions which may be useful for future coastal afforestation and restoration programs.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise-driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m 2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as aboveground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species' stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors suc... more Globally, mangrove forests are deteriorating due to several natural and anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, pollution, etc. Sea-level rise - driven salinity would influence the functional activity of dominant species by declining their structure and functions, which is not well understood. Therefore, we tried to understand the increased salinity impact on the structures and functions of two identified dominant mangrove species (i.e., Excoecaria agallocha and Heritiera fomes) in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest (SMF), Bangladesh. We test our hypothesis that salinity significantly retards the functions of dominant species structure and functions by evaluating two consecutive years of inventory data from 60 permanent sample plots (100 m2 each) established in three distinct salinity zones in the SMF. The study revealed that structural parameters of dominant species such as tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and basal area decreased in higher saline zones than in less saline zones. E. agallocha and H. fomes stored more biomass and carbon in less saline and moderate saline zones compared to high saline zone. Besides, functional variables such as above-ground biomass carbon and total biomass carbon decreased with salinity for both dominant species. This study demonstrated that salinity shapes dominant species by declining their height, DBH, growth, etc., which indicates salinity is a critical discriminating variable for losing species’ stand structures and functions. This information is critica to determine the physiological response of dominant species across the globe, which is crucial to predicting future climate change impacts such as sea-level rise.
The COVID-19 pandemic originated from Wuhan, China, spread around the world with horror and drama... more The COVID-19 pandemic originated from Wuhan, China, spread around the world with horror and dramatic loss of human life. The economic and social catastrophe has made it even more irresistible. An attempt has been made to find out what kind of psychological and livelihood-related impacts Covid-19 has had on our daily lives. Data had been collected through convenient online surveys where 344 respondents were interviewed. Most of the respondents reported the reduction of movement, income and working hours. The majority reported a noticeable decrease in sleep, health condition and body weight due to the increase of tension where some tensed more. Corona can be avoided by drinking hot water and tea, this idea had increased the amount of hot water and tea consumed by the common people. Many of those who lost their jobs were distressed and others also were distressed at the thought of how long they would stay. The most frightening thing was that the addiction to the virtual world had incre...
International Journal of Business Management and Social Research, 2020
Tourism especially nature based tourism is increasing throughout the world day by day. The Sundar... more Tourism especially nature based tourism is increasing throughout the world day by day. The Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF) in Bangladesh is a suitable place for developing tourism. The purpose of the study was to find out the attitudes of local people’s towards community based eco-tourism (CBET) in the Sundarbans. The study was carried out by a questionnaire survey with purposive selection based on diversity of occupation and sex in that area. A 5- point rating Likert scale was used to measures the local people’s attitude towards community based eco-tourism. Most of the people of the study are poorly based on income and depends on the forest as well as are fisherman among male and housewife among women. Natural beauty of this area, scope to watch wildlife, tourist security, house or eco-cottage quality, toilet and bathing facilities are favorable as well as communication and infrastructure facilities are an obstacle for developing CBET here. CBET will increase alternative job opport...
National Parks are protected areas conserving all types of flora, fauna and their habitats regard... more National Parks are protected areas conserving all types of flora, fauna and their habitats regardless of generic diversification. In Bangladesh, protected area managers face difficulties to conserve these areas. This study is formulated to find out those existing difficulties against effective co-management of natural resources based on the local people’s perception. A purposive sampling is followed by a semi-structured interview to gather data from the field level of Khadimnagar National Park and Ratargul Fresh Water Swamp Forest from September 2019 to December 2019 by interviewing 100 local people for RFWSF and KNP on the basis of a qualitative research method. Both inhabitants and the Forest Department are found to be responsible for inhibiting the effective management of the subjected areas meanwhile difficulties related to motivation, cordiality, alternative job generation, financial support to management authority, tourism management and resource extraction from forests mainly...
Agroforestry is receiving a win-win strategy for low-income countries through increasing attentio... more Agroforestry is receiving a win-win strategy for low-income countries through increasing attention in Bangladesh especially in the coastal region because of its capacity to address some of the negative consequences of intensive agriculture with sustainable perceptions, attitudes, and management through farmers both locally and globally. As the actual uptake and maintenance of agroforestry in proximity to the coastal area by farmers remains low and that is why this research work investigates agroforestry practices e.g., Homestead agroforestry, boundary plantation, mixed plantation, cropland agroforestry, agrisilvicultural systems, Agro-aqua silviculture, and Agro-aquaculture systems on a sustainable basis with a view to find out the farmers ‘perceptions and attitudes through identifying their constraints and problems with potential opportunities to adopt agroforestry in Satkhira district of Bangladesh. A sample of 80 respondents selected randomly was interviewed through a semi-struct...
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