Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation ... more Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation in quality owing to anthropogenic activities or natural processes. Wastewater encompasses liquid waste originating from academic institutions, households, agricultural sector, industries, mines and hospitals. Hospital wastewater contains potentially hazardous substances including residues of pharmaceuticals, radioisotopes, detergents and pathogens, with detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, studies related to hospital waste management are limited in Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. This research offers an overview of aspects surrounding hospital wastewater in Southern Africa, focusing on Zimbabwe. Already published and grey literature was reviewed to compile the paper. Recent Findings Number of patients, nature of medical services offered and hospital size influences generation of hospital wastewater. Partially and non-treated hospital wastewater is managed together with municipal wastewater. Management of hospital wastewater is impeded by shortage of resources, lack of coordination among responsible authorities and ineffective legal framework enforcement, among other challenges. Inappropriate hospital wastewater management results in environmental contamination, causing human ailments. Summary Attainment of sustainable hospital wastewater management requires clearly defined and enforced legislation, collaboration of accountable stakeholders, sufficient resources and enhanced awareness of involved stakeholders. Application of technologies that uphold recycling and reuse of wastewater is essential to reach Sustainable Development Goals, Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 targets, particularly those dealing with environmental protection while upholding human health.
Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to ... more Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to waste management systems in developing countries including Zimbabwe. Currently, life cycle assessment (LCA) model is used to achieve sustainability and circular economy (CE) in solid waste management. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to unearth LCA model applicability in solid waste management in Zimbabwe. Data sources were retrieved from databases like Scopus, ScienceDirect and Springer, although government documents were also used. In Zimbabwe, organic and inorganic solid waste is generated from various sources, namely industries, institutions and households. Solid waste management in Zimbabwe is based on traditional linear approach where waste is collected and disposed through landfilling, burning, incineration, burying, open pits or illegally. Most disposal approaches occupy base of waste management pyramid, hence posing detrimental impacts to human health, terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric ecosystems. Management approaches are far from Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 demands. Literature revealed that LCA model can be utilised to achieve sustainable solid waste management in countries like Zimbabwe. LCA model is essential in management of solid waste in Zimbabwe, since it assists decision makers in selecting management approaches with less environmental health impacts. Moreover, LCA enables application of waste material reuse, recycle, repairing and recovery, thus narrowing the gap to achieve CE and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Owing to LCA model implementation of waste management legislation and policies which support energy recovery and circular economy became easier in Zimbabwe.
Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had ... more Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had a vast influence on the country's economy. Electronic waste increase is inevitable, hence need attention to understand aspects surrounding management of massive quantities of electronic waste. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the electronic waste situation in Zimbabwe. In order to present an authoritative and credible overview of the topic, published and grey literature was utilised. Skyrocketing increase of electronic waste in Zimbabwe is attributed to technological advancement, globalisation, increase in consumption of electronic gadgets and appliances and importation of secondhand electronic products and high dependency on electrical gadgets in industries and institutions. Electronic waste is managed together with other types of waste from generation to disposal. Utilised disposal approaches include open pits, burning, incinerators, landfilling; however, electronic waste is discarded on illegal sites like street corners, open spaces and road verges. Recycling activities are carried out, but the sector is dominated by informal recyclers who work without adequate safety gear, hence exposed to occupational risks like injuries. Most of the disposal techniques applied are least prioritised by the waste management hierarchy, therefore causing air, soil, water and atmospheric contamination. Electronic waste disposal sites generate leachates, vectors and furans, dioxins, heavy metals and toxic gases from combustion that pose gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Electronic waste mismanagement is attributed to socioeconomic and political challenges. Therefore, to reach sustainability, integrated approach should be supported by stringent legislation, policies, enough resources and programs to raise awareness of Zimbabweans.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unab... more Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unable to dispose MSW safely. The study sought to evaluate safety and health risks associated with illegal MSW disposal in Masvingo City. Descriptive cross-sectional design was employed in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. Questionnaires with both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data sources were used during data collection. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City's residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees and Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs. Six interviewees were included during the study. Interviewees were selected purposively. Quantitative data was entered into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for analysis and content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that Cholera, skin problems, injuries and malaria were the main health problems. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to safety and human health. The study recommends that Masvingo City council provide receptacles and collect waste frequently.
Solid waste is a topical aspect globally owing to limited dumping sites due to its increase attri... more Solid waste is a topical aspect globally owing to limited dumping sites due to its increase attributed to population increase, urbanisation, industrialisation, and diseases. In order to attain sustainable solid waste management, current technology including GIS and RS became relevant. GIS and RS present to be more germane in developed than developing countries. Consequently, this review focuses on application of GIS and RS in solid waste management in Southern Africa (SA). The paper covered published and grey literature related to SA, although literature from other regions was used for benchmarking and comparison purposes. Results illustrate that GIS and RS are utilised in solid waste management issues namely siting of disposal sites and monitoring, accurate solid waste data collection and indicating relationship of landfills with other environmental attributes. GIS and RS guide decision makers when planning solid waste collection routes, areas to place bins and assessing environmental health impacts. Application of GIS and RS in solid waste management in SA is still at an embryonic stage. This scenario is exacerbated by limited solid waste data and technical expertise and financial constraints. However, GIS and RS have potential to enhance solid waste management in SA. Successful utilisation of GIS and RS in solid waste management in SA requires development of a comprehensive GIS database and capacity building to equip responsible stakeholders with necessary skills. Moreover, SA countries are urged to develop policies which support utilisation and integration of technology namely GIS, RS, Global Positioning System and Sensors in solid waste management.
This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framewo... more This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framework for rural hospitals in Chirumanzu district. Descriptive cross-sectional design encompassing qualitative and quantitative paradigms was used to collect data from 105 and 55 healthcare workers at STT and HC, respectively, and 9 interviewees. Questionnaires, observations, interviews, existing literature, water, and soil samples were data sources. SPSS and ME were used to analyze quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Hospitals generated pharmaceutical, chemical, radioactive, cytotoxic, sharps, infectious, pathological, general waste, construction, demolition, and electronic waste. General waste was 77.35% at STT and 79% at HC, and hazardous waste was 22.65% at STT and 21% at HC. Sharp containers, pedal bins, buckets, plastic bags, and cardboard boxes were storage receptacles. Respondents at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%) demonstrated that sharp containers and pedal bins were highly used. Participants at STT (86.7%) and HC (78.2%) noted that solid waste receptacles were emptied on daily basis. Open pits, burning, dumping, incineration, and auto-way pits were disposal strategies used. Respondents at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%) indicated that incineration was highly used. Disposal strategies cause soil, water, and air contamination while causing ailments to people. Solid waste management improvement requires resources, raising healthcare workers awareness, technology utilization, stakeholders' collaboration, and PPE/C. The framework assists to guide hospitals to apply recycle, reuse, and recovery which support CE. The framework enhances socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation, and conformity to legal frameworks and reduces waste management cost while facilitating attainment of SDGs, AA 2063, and ZV 2030 goals. Research Highlights This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framework for rural hospitals in Chirumanzu district. Chemical, pathological, cytotoxic, radioactive, pharmaceutical, infectious, sharps and general waste, electronic, construction, and demolition solid waste are generated at STT and HC hospitals. Solid waste generated at HC hospital consists of 79% general waste and 21% hazardous waste. STT hospital produced 77.35% general waste and 22.65% hazardous waste. Waste increase was ascribed to outbreak of diseases, population increase, high use of disposable PPE/C, and discarding of outdated materials and equipment.
The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in ... more The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe is a critical issue that requires comprehensive attention. Purpose: This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste management sector in Zimbabwe. Methods: Literature was searched from various databases for example African Journals Online, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Sage Publications, Google Scholar and Scopus. Key words such as construction and demolition waste, waste management, safety hazards, health hazards and risk assessment were used to retrieve data from different databases. Results: The paper finds that construction and demolition waste management is associated with physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The review posits that there are existing regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms related to safety and health in construction and demolition waste management in Zimbabwe for example Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] and Urban Councils Act [Chapter 29:15]. Risk assessment and use of personal protective equipment were highlighted as strategies to manage safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe. Proper handling, storage, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition waste reduce its impacts to the people and the environment. Challenges affecting Zimbabwe in managing safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste include economic constraints, lack of awareness and education as well as limited recycling and waste treatment facilities. Conclusion: Overall, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry professionals, researchers and other stakeholders to enhance safety and health standards in construction and demolition waste management practices in Zimbabwe.
Safety audits are systematic evaluations of an organisation’s safety management system, policies,... more Safety audits are systematic evaluations of an organisation’s safety management system, policies, procedures, and practices to identify potential hazards and assess compliance with relevant regulations and standards. This article provides a comprehensive review of safety audits, focusing on their role in ensuring workplace safety and compliance in Zimbabwe. A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications, to gather relevant articles. The relevance of the literature to the topic being studied was assessed by utilising abstracts and key words such safety audits and safety standards. The article examines multiple research studies carried out on the topic and presents a comprehensive summary of the present condition of safety audits in Zimbabwe. The findings indicated that the objective of safety audits is to proactively identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions to prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. The study indicates types of safety audits including compliance audits and management system audits. The article delves into the key components of safety audit processes, benefits of safety audits and challenges and limitations of safety audits in Zimbabwe. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement in safety audits.
The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks amon... more The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks among refuse collectors at Chitungwiza Municipality of Harare District. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data during the study because it applies both quantitative and qualitative techniques. During the study data was collected using observations, questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data sources. Generally, 100% of the refuse collectors who participated as questionnaire respondents indicated that they are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders notably muscular strain, shoulder pain and back injuries. Poor lifting techniques, manual loading of waste, awkward postures and carrying of heavy loads were indicated as factors which expose refuse collectors to ergonomic risks at Chitungwiza Municipality in Harare. Causes of ergonomic risks raised by the respondents of the study causes the paper to put attention on measures used to manage risks at the municipalities. Safety training, medical examination and induction were some of the measures used to manage ergonomic risks raised by the refuse collectors. Based on the findings of this research paper, several recommendations were provided notably, continuous training and education, regular health monitoring, improvement of work organisation and collaboration and stakeholder engagement.
Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and... more Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and safety principles in the steps of a particular task operation. In work safety analysis, there is identification of risks in each step of the task being carried and the recommended measures are applied to manage those risks. Through the use of work safety analysis, safety awareness is raised and safety communication and feedback is improved as well as the use of safety equipment when job tasks are performed. This promotes safe work practices within the workplace. Indeed, work safety analysis is important in promoting occupational safety in both private and public sectors and the medical sector is not spared. This is because the medical sector institutions are affected by different work-related risks as a result of poor management, dearth of equipment, poor safety policies and shortage of incentives which demotivate workers hence poor safety behaviour is exacerbated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the role of Behaviour-Based Procedures in work safety analysis using existing literature. To serve the aim of this review, a Behaviour-Based Procedures framework for sustainable and effective work safety analysis was proposed based on Social Exchange Theory (Blau in Exchange and power in social life. Wiley, New York, 1964).
programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by ... more programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by construction industries in Zimbabwe (Moyo et al. 2023; Moyo et al. 2019). This implies that employee productivity and organizational performance are prevailing challenges in Zimbabwe as a result OSH programs can have an impact on improving productivity and performance of organizations. Occupational Safety and Health programs are designed to ensure the safety, health and welfare of people at work. These programs aim to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses and deaths through various strategies including policies, programs, environmental supports, benefits and links to the surrounding community (Ngwenya and Pelser 2020; Nyanga 2022a, b). Occupational Safety and Health programs lead to the reduction of fatal accidents from 1, 243 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2005 to 971 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2017 at
The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthc... more The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthcare workers face in rural hospitals of Chirumanzu District. Descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study to collect data among 109 healthcare workers at Muvonde hospital and 68 healthcare workers at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data sources. Overall, 100% of questionnaire respondents at Muvonde hospital and Driefontein Sanatorium hospital indicated that they are affected with work-related risks such as ergonomic, chemical, physical, psychosocial and biological. Shortage of labour, work-related pressure, shortage of equipment, poor commitment of the management and poor safety training were indicated as the causes of risks within the hospitals. Risks which occur at the hospitals exposes healthcare workers to various injuries and diseases. This causes this paper to discuss measures that are used to manage risks at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital and Muvonde hospital and effectiveness of the measures. Measures raised at the hospitals include safety trainings, recruitment of more healthcare workers and provision of safety equipment are some of the measures raised by healthcare works to manage risks. As a result, interventions must be established in order to alleviate risks. However, established measures should focus mainly on addressing shortage of equipment such as PPE/C, work-related pressure, poor safety trainings and influence the commitment of the management team positively.
Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.
The efectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe, 2023
Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.
A comprehensive review of the Swiss cheese model in risk management, 2023
The SCM, developed by James Reason in the 1990s, is a widely recognized and influential model use... more The SCM, developed by James Reason in the 1990s, is a widely recognized and influential model used to understand and manage complex systems and their associated risks. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Swiss Cheese Model (SCM) in the context of risk management. To conduct this review, an extensive literature search was performed using reputable academic databases, including PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications. The search included keywords such as SCM; Risk Management; Error Management and Risk Assessment. English journals published up to 2023 were considered for inclusion in this review. The review reveals that the SCM has been widely adopted across various industries, including healthcare, aviation, nuclear power, and transportation. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying potential risks, understanding their underlying causes, and implementing preventive measures. The model's core concept of multiple layers of defenses, represented by slices of cheese with holes (potential weaknesses), has proven valuable in visualizing how errors or failures can occur within complex systems. The review highlights the importance of organizational culture and leadership in successfully implementing the SCM. Results show that a positive safety culture, open communication channels, and strong leadership support are crucial for creating an environment where the SCM can be effectively utilized. This comprehensive review affirms the significance of the SCM as a valuable tool in risk management. However, recommendations shows that future research should focus on further refining the model's application in specific domains and exploring the importance of integrating it with other risk management frameworks.
Occupational stress among workers in the health service in Zimbabwe: causes, consequences and interventions, 2023
Occupational stress is a prevalent issue among workers in the health service sector in Zimbabwe. ... more Occupational stress is a prevalent issue among workers in the health service sector in Zimbabwe. This review paper aims to explore the causes, consequences and potential interventions for occupational stress experienced by healthcare professionals in Zimbabwe. During the compilation of the review literature was wrangled from different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The study provide an in-depth analysis of the factors contributing to occupational stress, including workload, lack of resources, organisational factors and personal characteristics. Additionally, the study examine the detrimental effects of occupational stress on the physical and mental well-being of healthcare workers, as well as its impact on job performance and patient care. Furthermore, various interventions and strategies that can be implemented to mitigate occupational stress and promote a healthier work environment for healthcare professionals.
Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation ... more Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation in quality owing to anthropogenic activities or natural processes. Wastewater encompasses liquid waste originating from academic institutions, households, agricultural sector, industries, mines and hospitals. Hospital wastewater contains potentially hazardous substances including residues of pharmaceuticals, radioisotopes, detergents and pathogens, with detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, studies related to hospital waste management are limited in Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. This research offers an overview of aspects surrounding hospital wastewater in Southern Africa, focusing on Zimbabwe. Already published and grey literature was reviewed to compile the paper. Recent Findings Number of patients, nature of medical services offered and hospital size influences generation of hospital wastewater. Partially and non-treated hospital wastewater is managed together with municipal wastewater. Management of hospital wastewater is impeded by shortage of resources, lack of coordination among responsible authorities and ineffective legal framework enforcement, among other challenges. Inappropriate hospital wastewater management results in environmental contamination, causing human ailments. Summary Attainment of sustainable hospital wastewater management requires clearly defined and enforced legislation, collaboration of accountable stakeholders, sufficient resources and enhanced awareness of involved stakeholders. Application of technologies that uphold recycling and reuse of wastewater is essential to reach Sustainable Development Goals, Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 targets, particularly those dealing with environmental protection while upholding human health.
Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to ... more Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to waste management systems in developing countries including Zimbabwe. Currently, life cycle assessment (LCA) model is used to achieve sustainability and circular economy (CE) in solid waste management. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to unearth LCA model applicability in solid waste management in Zimbabwe. Data sources were retrieved from databases like Scopus, ScienceDirect and Springer, although government documents were also used. In Zimbabwe, organic and inorganic solid waste is generated from various sources, namely industries, institutions and households. Solid waste management in Zimbabwe is based on traditional linear approach where waste is collected and disposed through landfilling, burning, incineration, burying, open pits or illegally. Most disposal approaches occupy base of waste management pyramid, hence posing detrimental impacts to human health, terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric ecosystems. Management approaches are far from Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 demands. Literature revealed that LCA model can be utilised to achieve sustainable solid waste management in countries like Zimbabwe. LCA model is essential in management of solid waste in Zimbabwe, since it assists decision makers in selecting management approaches with less environmental health impacts. Moreover, LCA enables application of waste material reuse, recycle, repairing and recovery, thus narrowing the gap to achieve CE and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Owing to LCA model implementation of waste management legislation and policies which support energy recovery and circular economy became easier in Zimbabwe.
Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had ... more Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had a vast influence on the country's economy. Electronic waste increase is inevitable, hence need attention to understand aspects surrounding management of massive quantities of electronic waste. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the electronic waste situation in Zimbabwe. In order to present an authoritative and credible overview of the topic, published and grey literature was utilised. Skyrocketing increase of electronic waste in Zimbabwe is attributed to technological advancement, globalisation, increase in consumption of electronic gadgets and appliances and importation of secondhand electronic products and high dependency on electrical gadgets in industries and institutions. Electronic waste is managed together with other types of waste from generation to disposal. Utilised disposal approaches include open pits, burning, incinerators, landfilling; however, electronic waste is discarded on illegal sites like street corners, open spaces and road verges. Recycling activities are carried out, but the sector is dominated by informal recyclers who work without adequate safety gear, hence exposed to occupational risks like injuries. Most of the disposal techniques applied are least prioritised by the waste management hierarchy, therefore causing air, soil, water and atmospheric contamination. Electronic waste disposal sites generate leachates, vectors and furans, dioxins, heavy metals and toxic gases from combustion that pose gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Electronic waste mismanagement is attributed to socioeconomic and political challenges. Therefore, to reach sustainability, integrated approach should be supported by stringent legislation, policies, enough resources and programs to raise awareness of Zimbabweans.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unab... more Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unable to dispose MSW safely. The study sought to evaluate safety and health risks associated with illegal MSW disposal in Masvingo City. Descriptive cross-sectional design was employed in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. Questionnaires with both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data sources were used during data collection. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City's residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees and Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs. Six interviewees were included during the study. Interviewees were selected purposively. Quantitative data was entered into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for analysis and content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that Cholera, skin problems, injuries and malaria were the main health problems. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to safety and human health. The study recommends that Masvingo City council provide receptacles and collect waste frequently.
Solid waste is a topical aspect globally owing to limited dumping sites due to its increase attri... more Solid waste is a topical aspect globally owing to limited dumping sites due to its increase attributed to population increase, urbanisation, industrialisation, and diseases. In order to attain sustainable solid waste management, current technology including GIS and RS became relevant. GIS and RS present to be more germane in developed than developing countries. Consequently, this review focuses on application of GIS and RS in solid waste management in Southern Africa (SA). The paper covered published and grey literature related to SA, although literature from other regions was used for benchmarking and comparison purposes. Results illustrate that GIS and RS are utilised in solid waste management issues namely siting of disposal sites and monitoring, accurate solid waste data collection and indicating relationship of landfills with other environmental attributes. GIS and RS guide decision makers when planning solid waste collection routes, areas to place bins and assessing environmental health impacts. Application of GIS and RS in solid waste management in SA is still at an embryonic stage. This scenario is exacerbated by limited solid waste data and technical expertise and financial constraints. However, GIS and RS have potential to enhance solid waste management in SA. Successful utilisation of GIS and RS in solid waste management in SA requires development of a comprehensive GIS database and capacity building to equip responsible stakeholders with necessary skills. Moreover, SA countries are urged to develop policies which support utilisation and integration of technology namely GIS, RS, Global Positioning System and Sensors in solid waste management.
This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framewo... more This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framework for rural hospitals in Chirumanzu district. Descriptive cross-sectional design encompassing qualitative and quantitative paradigms was used to collect data from 105 and 55 healthcare workers at STT and HC, respectively, and 9 interviewees. Questionnaires, observations, interviews, existing literature, water, and soil samples were data sources. SPSS and ME were used to analyze quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Hospitals generated pharmaceutical, chemical, radioactive, cytotoxic, sharps, infectious, pathological, general waste, construction, demolition, and electronic waste. General waste was 77.35% at STT and 79% at HC, and hazardous waste was 22.65% at STT and 21% at HC. Sharp containers, pedal bins, buckets, plastic bags, and cardboard boxes were storage receptacles. Respondents at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%) demonstrated that sharp containers and pedal bins were highly used. Participants at STT (86.7%) and HC (78.2%) noted that solid waste receptacles were emptied on daily basis. Open pits, burning, dumping, incineration, and auto-way pits were disposal strategies used. Respondents at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%) indicated that incineration was highly used. Disposal strategies cause soil, water, and air contamination while causing ailments to people. Solid waste management improvement requires resources, raising healthcare workers awareness, technology utilization, stakeholders' collaboration, and PPE/C. The framework assists to guide hospitals to apply recycle, reuse, and recovery which support CE. The framework enhances socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation, and conformity to legal frameworks and reduces waste management cost while facilitating attainment of SDGs, AA 2063, and ZV 2030 goals. Research Highlights This paper focuses on developing a sustainable integrated hospital solid waste management framework for rural hospitals in Chirumanzu district. Chemical, pathological, cytotoxic, radioactive, pharmaceutical, infectious, sharps and general waste, electronic, construction, and demolition solid waste are generated at STT and HC hospitals. Solid waste generated at HC hospital consists of 79% general waste and 21% hazardous waste. STT hospital produced 77.35% general waste and 22.65% hazardous waste. Waste increase was ascribed to outbreak of diseases, population increase, high use of disposable PPE/C, and discarding of outdated materials and equipment.
The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in ... more The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe is a critical issue that requires comprehensive attention. Purpose: This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste management sector in Zimbabwe. Methods: Literature was searched from various databases for example African Journals Online, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Sage Publications, Google Scholar and Scopus. Key words such as construction and demolition waste, waste management, safety hazards, health hazards and risk assessment were used to retrieve data from different databases. Results: The paper finds that construction and demolition waste management is associated with physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The review posits that there are existing regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms related to safety and health in construction and demolition waste management in Zimbabwe for example Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] and Urban Councils Act [Chapter 29:15]. Risk assessment and use of personal protective equipment were highlighted as strategies to manage safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe. Proper handling, storage, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition waste reduce its impacts to the people and the environment. Challenges affecting Zimbabwe in managing safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste include economic constraints, lack of awareness and education as well as limited recycling and waste treatment facilities. Conclusion: Overall, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry professionals, researchers and other stakeholders to enhance safety and health standards in construction and demolition waste management practices in Zimbabwe.
Safety audits are systematic evaluations of an organisation’s safety management system, policies,... more Safety audits are systematic evaluations of an organisation’s safety management system, policies, procedures, and practices to identify potential hazards and assess compliance with relevant regulations and standards. This article provides a comprehensive review of safety audits, focusing on their role in ensuring workplace safety and compliance in Zimbabwe. A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications, to gather relevant articles. The relevance of the literature to the topic being studied was assessed by utilising abstracts and key words such safety audits and safety standards. The article examines multiple research studies carried out on the topic and presents a comprehensive summary of the present condition of safety audits in Zimbabwe. The findings indicated that the objective of safety audits is to proactively identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions to prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. The study indicates types of safety audits including compliance audits and management system audits. The article delves into the key components of safety audit processes, benefits of safety audits and challenges and limitations of safety audits in Zimbabwe. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement in safety audits.
The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks amon... more The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks among refuse collectors at Chitungwiza Municipality of Harare District. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data during the study because it applies both quantitative and qualitative techniques. During the study data was collected using observations, questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data sources. Generally, 100% of the refuse collectors who participated as questionnaire respondents indicated that they are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders notably muscular strain, shoulder pain and back injuries. Poor lifting techniques, manual loading of waste, awkward postures and carrying of heavy loads were indicated as factors which expose refuse collectors to ergonomic risks at Chitungwiza Municipality in Harare. Causes of ergonomic risks raised by the respondents of the study causes the paper to put attention on measures used to manage risks at the municipalities. Safety training, medical examination and induction were some of the measures used to manage ergonomic risks raised by the refuse collectors. Based on the findings of this research paper, several recommendations were provided notably, continuous training and education, regular health monitoring, improvement of work organisation and collaboration and stakeholder engagement.
Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and... more Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and safety principles in the steps of a particular task operation. In work safety analysis, there is identification of risks in each step of the task being carried and the recommended measures are applied to manage those risks. Through the use of work safety analysis, safety awareness is raised and safety communication and feedback is improved as well as the use of safety equipment when job tasks are performed. This promotes safe work practices within the workplace. Indeed, work safety analysis is important in promoting occupational safety in both private and public sectors and the medical sector is not spared. This is because the medical sector institutions are affected by different work-related risks as a result of poor management, dearth of equipment, poor safety policies and shortage of incentives which demotivate workers hence poor safety behaviour is exacerbated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the role of Behaviour-Based Procedures in work safety analysis using existing literature. To serve the aim of this review, a Behaviour-Based Procedures framework for sustainable and effective work safety analysis was proposed based on Social Exchange Theory (Blau in Exchange and power in social life. Wiley, New York, 1964).
programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by ... more programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by construction industries in Zimbabwe (Moyo et al. 2023; Moyo et al. 2019). This implies that employee productivity and organizational performance are prevailing challenges in Zimbabwe as a result OSH programs can have an impact on improving productivity and performance of organizations. Occupational Safety and Health programs are designed to ensure the safety, health and welfare of people at work. These programs aim to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses and deaths through various strategies including policies, programs, environmental supports, benefits and links to the surrounding community (Ngwenya and Pelser 2020; Nyanga 2022a, b). Occupational Safety and Health programs lead to the reduction of fatal accidents from 1, 243 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2005 to 971 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2017 at
The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthc... more The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthcare workers face in rural hospitals of Chirumanzu District. Descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study to collect data among 109 healthcare workers at Muvonde hospital and 68 healthcare workers at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data sources. Overall, 100% of questionnaire respondents at Muvonde hospital and Driefontein Sanatorium hospital indicated that they are affected with work-related risks such as ergonomic, chemical, physical, psychosocial and biological. Shortage of labour, work-related pressure, shortage of equipment, poor commitment of the management and poor safety training were indicated as the causes of risks within the hospitals. Risks which occur at the hospitals exposes healthcare workers to various injuries and diseases. This causes this paper to discuss measures that are used to manage risks at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital and Muvonde hospital and effectiveness of the measures. Measures raised at the hospitals include safety trainings, recruitment of more healthcare workers and provision of safety equipment are some of the measures raised by healthcare works to manage risks. As a result, interventions must be established in order to alleviate risks. However, established measures should focus mainly on addressing shortage of equipment such as PPE/C, work-related pressure, poor safety trainings and influence the commitment of the management team positively.
Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.
The efectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe, 2023
Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.
A comprehensive review of the Swiss cheese model in risk management, 2023
The SCM, developed by James Reason in the 1990s, is a widely recognized and influential model use... more The SCM, developed by James Reason in the 1990s, is a widely recognized and influential model used to understand and manage complex systems and their associated risks. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Swiss Cheese Model (SCM) in the context of risk management. To conduct this review, an extensive literature search was performed using reputable academic databases, including PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications. The search included keywords such as SCM; Risk Management; Error Management and Risk Assessment. English journals published up to 2023 were considered for inclusion in this review. The review reveals that the SCM has been widely adopted across various industries, including healthcare, aviation, nuclear power, and transportation. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying potential risks, understanding their underlying causes, and implementing preventive measures. The model's core concept of multiple layers of defenses, represented by slices of cheese with holes (potential weaknesses), has proven valuable in visualizing how errors or failures can occur within complex systems. The review highlights the importance of organizational culture and leadership in successfully implementing the SCM. Results show that a positive safety culture, open communication channels, and strong leadership support are crucial for creating an environment where the SCM can be effectively utilized. This comprehensive review affirms the significance of the SCM as a valuable tool in risk management. However, recommendations shows that future research should focus on further refining the model's application in specific domains and exploring the importance of integrating it with other risk management frameworks.
Occupational stress among workers in the health service in Zimbabwe: causes, consequences and interventions, 2023
Occupational stress is a prevalent issue among workers in the health service sector in Zimbabwe. ... more Occupational stress is a prevalent issue among workers in the health service sector in Zimbabwe. This review paper aims to explore the causes, consequences and potential interventions for occupational stress experienced by healthcare professionals in Zimbabwe. During the compilation of the review literature was wrangled from different databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The study provide an in-depth analysis of the factors contributing to occupational stress, including workload, lack of resources, organisational factors and personal characteristics. Additionally, the study examine the detrimental effects of occupational stress on the physical and mental well-being of healthcare workers, as well as its impact on job performance and patient care. Furthermore, various interventions and strategies that can be implemented to mitigate occupational stress and promote a healthier work environment for healthcare professionals.
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and assess compliance with relevant regulations and standards. This article
provides a comprehensive review of safety audits, focusing on their role in
ensuring workplace safety and compliance in Zimbabwe. A comprehensive
search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Science
Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications, to gather relevant articles. The relevance of the literature to the topic being studied was assessed by
utilising abstracts and key words such safety audits and safety standards. The
article examines multiple research studies carried out on the topic and presents a comprehensive summary of the present condition of safety audits in
Zimbabwe. The findings indicated that the objective of safety audits is to proactively identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions to
prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. The study indicates
types of safety audits including compliance audits and management system
audits. The article delves into the key components of safety audit processes,
benefits of safety audits and challenges and limitations of safety audits in
Zimbabwe. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement in safety audits.
and assess compliance with relevant regulations and standards. This article
provides a comprehensive review of safety audits, focusing on their role in
ensuring workplace safety and compliance in Zimbabwe. A comprehensive
search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Science
Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Sage Publications, to gather relevant articles. The relevance of the literature to the topic being studied was assessed by
utilising abstracts and key words such safety audits and safety standards. The
article examines multiple research studies carried out on the topic and presents a comprehensive summary of the present condition of safety audits in
Zimbabwe. The findings indicated that the objective of safety audits is to proactively identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions to
prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. The study indicates
types of safety audits including compliance audits and management system
audits. The article delves into the key components of safety audit processes,
benefits of safety audits and challenges and limitations of safety audits in
Zimbabwe. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement in safety audits.