Introduction: Tuberculosis is among infectious diseases that disproportionally affect low-income ... more Introduction: Tuberculosis is among infectious diseases that disproportionally affect low-income populations of the world. Intimacy of cattle and humans may play a role in the transmission of tuberculosis between man and animals. There is scarce information on risk factors of tuberculosis among cattle owners in Gondar town. Objective The aim of the study was to assess risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among cattle owner tuberculosis patients attending governmental health facilities in Gondar town, Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia. Methods A Case control study was conducted from March, 2019 – January, 2020. Cattle owners with active pulmonary tuberculosis attending governmental health facilities and their neighbors were recruited as study participants. The control groups were selected randomly using lottery method. Using Epi InfoTM 7.0.8.3 version software a total of 92 study participants (31 cases and 61 controls) were recruited considering proportion of bovine TB among the controls ...
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 in and around Jimma town, s... more A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 in and around Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis and its associated risk factors. Simple random sampling methods were used to select the study animals and sedimentation technique was applied for recovery of Schistosoma eggs from fresh fecal samples. Out of 179 bovine fecal samples examined, 30 were positive and overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis was 16.8 % in the study area. The prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis was higher prevalence in Koffe grazing site 11(22%) as compared to Gibe grazing site 9 (18%), Boye grazing site 7 (13.7%) and Bore grazing site 3(10.7%) However, there was no statistically significant difference on the prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis based on grazing site. Similarly, not statistically significant difference observed between both sexes (p>0.05). However statistical significant differences were appreciated among the body con...
Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic spec... more Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Treatment is made quite difficult by the presence of metabolically silent, persistent or dormant bacteria within host lesions, which are not susceptible to the anti-mycobacteria drugs that usually kill growing bacteria but not persistent mycobacteria. The emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has raised the need towards the development of new antibiotics or drug molecules which can kill or suppress the growth of pathogenic Mycobacterium species. Novel efforts in developing drugs that target the intracellular metabolism of M. tuberculosis often focus on metabolic pathways that are specific to mycobacterium. Potential drug targets were also identified from pathways related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, vitamin and cofactor biosynthetic pathways and nucleotide metabolism. The objective this paper was to review those mycobac...
Additional file 1: Supplement Figure 1. The Hain Genotype LPA result from 18 culture-positive iso... more Additional file 1: Supplement Figure 1. The Hain Genotype LPA result from 18 culture-positive isolates obtained from LJ culture.
Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.),... more Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), which cause severe disease in humans and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SAA). The disease results in loss of livestock and agricultural productivity with serious socio-economic consequences. In Ethiopia bovine trypanosomosis is widely distributed in western and southwestern part of the country. It is estimated that some 10 to 14 million heads of cattle in Ethiopia and an equivalent number of small ruminants together with a significant number of equines and camels are exposed to the risk of trypanosomosis. Six species of trypanosomes are recorded in Ethiopia and the most important trypanosomes in terms of economic loss are the tsetse transmitted species: Trypanosome congolense, T. vivax and T. b. brucei. Annual estimated losses for Ethiopia as a result of trypanosomosis is roughly $200 million, in terms of mortality and morbidity losses in livestock (excluding utilization of fertile la...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming co... more Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming compounds with excellent broad-spectrum activity and safety. This led to the discovery of major drug classes available for ruminants each with distinct modes of action: benzimidazoles, imidothiazolestetrahydropyrimidine and macrocycliclactones. However, shortly after their introduction into the market, the development of resistance against all anthelmintic drug classes has been reported throughout the world. Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most serious threats to the effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, especially in small ruminants. Further complicating the situation today and for future parasite control program is the fact that all the economically important parasite species of sheep have developed resistance to all groups of anthelmintics. Although, the chief factors involved have long been recognized, it is evident that their importance varies greatly bet...
Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming co... more Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming compounds with excellent broad-spectrum activity and safety. This led to the discovery of major drug classes available for ruminants each with distinct modes of action: benzimidazoles, imidothiazolestetrahydropyrimidine and macrocycliclactones. However, shortly after their introduction into the market, the development of resistance against all anthelmintic drug classes has been reported throughout the world. Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most serious threats to the effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, especially in small ruminants. Further complicating the situation today and for future parasite control program is the fact that all the economically important parasite species of sheep have developed resistance to all groups of anthelmintics. Although, the chief factors involved have long been recognized, it is evident that their importance varies greatly bet...
Tick borne diseases are caused by different microorganisms and transmitted by ticks. They are the... more Tick borne diseases are caused by different microorganisms and transmitted by ticks. They are the most prevalent and devastating diseases in the developing countries all over the world. The objective of this paper is to review tick borne hemoparasitic diseases of ruminants. Tick borne hemoparasitic diseases of ruminants such as Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Theileriosis remain most important in tropics areas. Anaplasmosis, a rickettsial disease of blood caused by Anaplasma marginale and characterized by progressive anemia, jaundice and fever without hemoglobinuria. Babesiosis is the other tick- borne disease caused by protozoan of the genus Babesia and characterized by haemolytic anemia and fever, with hemoglobinuria. It is a disease with a world-wide distribution affecting many species of mammals with a major impact on cattle.Theilerioses is also a tick borne protozoal disease in ruminants caused by hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genus Theileria. Theileria parva, is the mo...
An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuron... more An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuronal discharge. The clinical symptoms are paroxysmal and may include impaired consciousness and motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic events perceived by the subject or an observer. Epilepsy occurs when 2 or more epileptic seizures occur unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause. And in the majority of patients with epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs effectively control their illness. However, more than 30% of people with epilepsy do not attain full seizure control, even with the best available treatment regimen. The aim of this study is to assess self-reported adherence in adult patients with epilepsy and to identify potential barriers for nonadherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in Dessie Referral Hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires including Morisky medication adherence scale and analysis was conducted descriptively using ...
An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuron... more An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuronal discharge. The clinical symptoms are paroxysmal and may include impaired consciousness and motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic events perceived by the subject or an observer. Epilepsy occurs when 2 or more epileptic seizures occur unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause. And in the majority of patients with epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs effectively control their illness. However, more than 30% of people with epilepsy do not attain full seizure control, even with the best available treatment regimen. The aim of this study is to assess self-reported adherence in adult patients with epilepsy and to identify potential barriers for nonadherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in Dessie Referral Hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires including Morisky medication adherence scale and analysis was conducted descriptively using ...
Introduction: Tuberculosis is among infectious diseases that disproportionally affect low-income ... more Introduction: Tuberculosis is among infectious diseases that disproportionally affect low-income populations of the world. Intimacy of cattle and humans may play a role in the transmission of tuberculosis between man and animals. There is scarce information on risk factors of tuberculosis among cattle owners in Gondar town. Objective The aim of the study was to assess risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among cattle owner tuberculosis patients attending governmental health facilities in Gondar town, Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia. Methods A Case control study was conducted from March, 2019 – January, 2020. Cattle owners with active pulmonary tuberculosis attending governmental health facilities and their neighbors were recruited as study participants. The control groups were selected randomly using lottery method. Using Epi InfoTM 7.0.8.3 version software a total of 92 study participants (31 cases and 61 controls) were recruited considering proportion of bovine TB among the controls ...
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 in and around Jimma town, s... more A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016 in and around Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis and its associated risk factors. Simple random sampling methods were used to select the study animals and sedimentation technique was applied for recovery of Schistosoma eggs from fresh fecal samples. Out of 179 bovine fecal samples examined, 30 were positive and overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis was 16.8 % in the study area. The prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis was higher prevalence in Koffe grazing site 11(22%) as compared to Gibe grazing site 9 (18%), Boye grazing site 7 (13.7%) and Bore grazing site 3(10.7%) However, there was no statistically significant difference on the prevalence of bovine Schistosomiasis based on grazing site. Similarly, not statistically significant difference observed between both sexes (p>0.05). However statistical significant differences were appreciated among the body con...
Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic spec... more Mycobacterium is acid fast genus of bacteria that include many pathogenic and non pathogenic species. Treatment is made quite difficult by the presence of metabolically silent, persistent or dormant bacteria within host lesions, which are not susceptible to the anti-mycobacteria drugs that usually kill growing bacteria but not persistent mycobacteria. The emergence of antibiotic resistance strains has raised the need towards the development of new antibiotics or drug molecules which can kill or suppress the growth of pathogenic Mycobacterium species. Novel efforts in developing drugs that target the intracellular metabolism of M. tuberculosis often focus on metabolic pathways that are specific to mycobacterium. Potential drug targets were also identified from pathways related to lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, vitamin and cofactor biosynthetic pathways and nucleotide metabolism. The objective this paper was to review those mycobac...
Additional file 1: Supplement Figure 1. The Hain Genotype LPA result from 18 culture-positive iso... more Additional file 1: Supplement Figure 1. The Hain Genotype LPA result from 18 culture-positive isolates obtained from LJ culture.
Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.),... more Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), which cause severe disease in humans and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SAA). The disease results in loss of livestock and agricultural productivity with serious socio-economic consequences. In Ethiopia bovine trypanosomosis is widely distributed in western and southwestern part of the country. It is estimated that some 10 to 14 million heads of cattle in Ethiopia and an equivalent number of small ruminants together with a significant number of equines and camels are exposed to the risk of trypanosomosis. Six species of trypanosomes are recorded in Ethiopia and the most important trypanosomes in terms of economic loss are the tsetse transmitted species: Trypanosome congolense, T. vivax and T. b. brucei. Annual estimated losses for Ethiopia as a result of trypanosomosis is roughly $200 million, in terms of mortality and morbidity losses in livestock (excluding utilization of fertile la...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting... more African horse sickness is an infectious but non contagious arthropod born viral disease affecting all species of equidae. It is an OIE listed disease and has been classified as a notifiable disease worldwide and it is endemic to sub-Saharan, Central and East Africa. It is caused by a virus of the Reoviridae family, genus Orbivirus which is transmitted by haematophagus midges of the genus Culicoides. The disease exclusively affects members of the equidae family under natural conditions. Environmental factors, including topography, influence the distribution of midges within their overall range and therefore the disease has a geographical distribution. Four clinical presentations of the African horse sickness have been described, each associated with a specific pathogenesis and mortality ranging between 95% (Pulmonary form) to 0% (fever form). Gross findings in acute cases include sever hydrothorax and pulmonary edema and moderate ascites. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of typical...
Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming co... more Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming compounds with excellent broad-spectrum activity and safety. This led to the discovery of major drug classes available for ruminants each with distinct modes of action: benzimidazoles, imidothiazolestetrahydropyrimidine and macrocycliclactones. However, shortly after their introduction into the market, the development of resistance against all anthelmintic drug classes has been reported throughout the world. Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most serious threats to the effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, especially in small ruminants. Further complicating the situation today and for future parasite control program is the fact that all the economically important parasite species of sheep have developed resistance to all groups of anthelmintics. Although, the chief factors involved have long been recognized, it is evident that their importance varies greatly bet...
Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming co... more Between 1960 and 1990, the pharmaceutical industry made major progress in developing deworming compounds with excellent broad-spectrum activity and safety. This led to the discovery of major drug classes available for ruminants each with distinct modes of action: benzimidazoles, imidothiazolestetrahydropyrimidine and macrocycliclactones. However, shortly after their introduction into the market, the development of resistance against all anthelmintic drug classes has been reported throughout the world. Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most serious threats to the effective control of gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, especially in small ruminants. Further complicating the situation today and for future parasite control program is the fact that all the economically important parasite species of sheep have developed resistance to all groups of anthelmintics. Although, the chief factors involved have long been recognized, it is evident that their importance varies greatly bet...
Tick borne diseases are caused by different microorganisms and transmitted by ticks. They are the... more Tick borne diseases are caused by different microorganisms and transmitted by ticks. They are the most prevalent and devastating diseases in the developing countries all over the world. The objective of this paper is to review tick borne hemoparasitic diseases of ruminants. Tick borne hemoparasitic diseases of ruminants such as Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Theileriosis remain most important in tropics areas. Anaplasmosis, a rickettsial disease of blood caused by Anaplasma marginale and characterized by progressive anemia, jaundice and fever without hemoglobinuria. Babesiosis is the other tick- borne disease caused by protozoan of the genus Babesia and characterized by haemolytic anemia and fever, with hemoglobinuria. It is a disease with a world-wide distribution affecting many species of mammals with a major impact on cattle.Theilerioses is also a tick borne protozoal disease in ruminants caused by hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genus Theileria. Theileria parva, is the mo...
An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuron... more An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuronal discharge. The clinical symptoms are paroxysmal and may include impaired consciousness and motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic events perceived by the subject or an observer. Epilepsy occurs when 2 or more epileptic seizures occur unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause. And in the majority of patients with epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs effectively control their illness. However, more than 30% of people with epilepsy do not attain full seizure control, even with the best available treatment regimen. The aim of this study is to assess self-reported adherence in adult patients with epilepsy and to identify potential barriers for nonadherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in Dessie Referral Hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires including Morisky medication adherence scale and analysis was conducted descriptively using ...
An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuron... more An epileptic seizure is a clinical event presumed to result from an abnormal and excessive neuronal discharge. The clinical symptoms are paroxysmal and may include impaired consciousness and motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic events perceived by the subject or an observer. Epilepsy occurs when 2 or more epileptic seizures occur unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause. And in the majority of patients with epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs effectively control their illness. However, more than 30% of people with epilepsy do not attain full seizure control, even with the best available treatment regimen. The aim of this study is to assess self-reported adherence in adult patients with epilepsy and to identify potential barriers for nonadherence to antiepileptic drug treatment in Dessie Referral Hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires including Morisky medication adherence scale and analysis was conducted descriptively using ...
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