Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta and White) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is an invasive fruit fly spec... more Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta and White) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is an invasive fruit fly species of Asian origin which was detected in twenty African countries. Now, the species is well established in several parts of the Sudan. The effects of Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid and neem seed powder on emergence of B. invadens adults were determined under laboratory condition. Third instars larvae were exposed to treated and untreated (control) sand. Chlorpyrfos were tested at 2, 4,8,12,16 and 32 ppm, Imidacloprid at 2, 4, 8,16 and 32 ppm and neem seed powder at 312.5 (0.031%), 625 (0.063%),1250 (0.125%), 2500 (0.25%) and 5000 ppm (0.5%). Twenty mature third instars larvae were placed in petri dish (15 cm in diameter) to allow them to pupate in the treated and untreated sand. They were supplied with small pieces of mango fruit pulp to feed on. The experiment was replicated three times. Number of emerged adults was recorded after ten days and the mortality rate (%) was calculated. Obser...
Bacterial leaf blight of onion, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. allii, is a new disease of g... more Bacterial leaf blight of onion, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. allii, is a new disease of green bulb onion in Sudan. A study was conducted to test pathogenicity of the causative agent of onion bacterial leaf blight and evaluate the efficacy of certain plant extracts against the pathogen. Antibacterial activity of aqueous ethanolic plant extracts of desert rose (Adenium obesum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus microtheca), button wood (Conocarpus erectus), tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mesquite (Prosopis julifora), at different concentrations, was assayed in vitro by well diffusion technique. The bacterium X. campestris pv. allii was isolated from leaf lesions and its pathogenicity was confirmed on onion leaves. There were significant differences between the extracts in their effect on bacterial growth and the best results were obtained at a high concentration (420 ppm) of plant extracts. Among the test plant extracts, mesquite extract revealed a high anti-bacterial activity with inh...
As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the use of inse... more As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the use of insecticides to control mosquitoes. The control of mosquito is dependent on the use of insecticides over a long period of time (initially organochlorines, followed by organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids). This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis adult to the public health and agricultural insecticides, namely, DDT 4%, fenitrothion 1%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05% and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% at El Rahad Agricultural Corporation (RAC) area, Central Sudan, to provide base-line data about the Anopheles susceptibility, by determining their KDT50 and KDT95. The WHO procedure was adopted. The number of knockdown (kd) mosquitoes was recorded after 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min of exposure. The percent mortalities after 24 h for each chemical were determined. The KDT50 and KDT95 were calculated with the 95% Cl. These we...
... This indicates that the American cockroach was more susceptible to deltamethrin than lambda-c... more ... This indicates that the American cockroach was more susceptible to deltamethrin than lambda-cyhalothrin. That is why the term RR'was introduced since 1984 byBashir (personal communication)(RR'is generated by Page 13. ...
Fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) are among the major constrains in commercial horticultural prod... more Fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) are among the major constrains in commercial horticultural production in many African countries. DNA barcoding was used in this study to obtain quick and precise identification and to confirm the morphological identification of fruit fly specimens. Yellow sticky and Dome traps were used to collect some specimens from Sennar State whereas other specimens were reared under laboratory conditions at University of Gezira, from infested fruits. DNA from different specimens was extracted using the NucleoSpin® Tissue method. Three DNA fragments with sizes of 340, 220 and 280 bp. (base pairs) were recognized using specific primers and amplified from the 5’ region of the cox1 gene from the mitochondrial DNA to give a full barcode of 660 bp. Then, purified PCR products were subjected to sequencing reactions using the BigDye Cycle Sequencing Kit. The nucleotide sequences were aligned using the cluster W algorithm included in the Bioedit 7.0 software package. Se...
Pollution is a major national and world problem. Industries, including sugar industry, represent ... more Pollution is a major national and world problem. Industries, including sugar industry, represent one of the pollution causes. This study aims to evaluate the extent of pollution in waste-water (WW), plants, and soil caused by the sugar industry in Elgenaid area, Gezira State, central Sudan. Completely randomized design was adopted. Samples were collected from the factory WW, trees, and soil from the area of study and compared with other areas far from the factory within the state. The WW samples were analyzed using titration methods to determine levels of sulfide, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Moreover, all samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu. The results showed that the sulfides concentration was ranging from 1.36 2.90 mg/L (average 2.21 mg/L), i.e. within the permissible limits. The COD was between 1,600 5,330 mg/L (av. 4,073 mg/L), while the BOD was betwe...
Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The p... more Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The present study aims to monitor and investigate the susceptibility of the larvae Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in three administrative localities in the GBZ, following WHO standard protocols. These localities were Kolentebay village (west), Selam suburb (Barentu town; center) and Molqui town (East). The study was conducted from Dec. 2017 –May 2018. The larvicide tested, at different concentrations, were temephos (the only larvicide used in the country), bendiocarb (used for indoor residual spraying, IRS) and permethrin (used for insecticide treated nets, ITNs). After mapping the breeding habitats in the three localities, larvae were collected, taken to the laboratory; the 3 and 4 instars (L3 and L4) were separated from the others. A total of 1,350 larvae were used in the bioassay. Results were analyzed by SPSS Programs (V.23). For the populations collected...
This study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity of the aqueous-extract of colocynth (Hanzal)... more This study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity of the aqueous-extract of colocynth (Hanzal) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, using albino laboratory rats Rattus norvigicus as laboratory experimental animals. Five dosage levels were selected according to preliminary screening tests. These were 90, 180, 225, 270 and 315 mg. They were administered orally through intubation to each group of albino rats. The treated rats were observed for 24 hr for acute toxicity symptoms. Death almost occurred between 1 – 18 hrs after the treatment. Corrected mortalities were 0, 33.3, 50, 66.7 and 100 corresponding to the above mentioned dosage levels respectively. The mean oral LD50 was determined through probit analysis, it was found to be 2402 mg/kg body weight. Symptoms of toxicity were severe anorexia, diarrhoea, difficulty in breathing, inability to stand upright, collapse, muscles atrophy and death. Abbreviations: Hf.Aq.Extr. : Hanzal fruit Aqeous extract
Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to combat pests, including insects, rodents, fung... more Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to combat pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in public health to fight vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to combat pests that damage International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 7 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6.9 (2018): 829-837., 2018
The contamination of metals is a major environmental problem and, especially in the aquatic envir... more The contamination of metals is a major environmental problem and, especially in the aquatic environment. Some metals are potentially toxic or carcinogenic even at very low concentration and are, thus, hazardous to human, if they enter the food -chain. This study aims to identify and determine the levels the heavy metals ( HMs) in the River Nile in two town in the Northern State, Sudan, and other drinking water source. . The water was analyzed in the Central Petroleum Laboratories , Khartoum, Sudan, using Inductively Coupled Plasma– Optical Emission Spectrometer ICP-OES 725 E) instrument to determine Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Li, and Hg levels and compare their concentrations with the permissible levels (PLs), using the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The results from Dongola locality revealed the presence of high concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, and Fe in River Nile drinking water (RNW) samples (4.92, 16.535, 0.013 and 0.46 ppm, respectively), which ...
Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoo... more Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoor Ultra-low Volume ( UL) with cyfluthrin 5% EW, and indoor thermal fogging (TF) with deltamethrin 2% EW as space spraying (SS), at the recommended and higher dose for controlling of Aedes aegypti were evaluated in Alsharayie area of the city, following WHO standard protocols. Bioassay tests for females were carried out for sugarfed adults upon emergence (1-5) days. The efficacy of UL at different distances from the spray path (5, 15, 25, 40 and 50 m), and TF at 5 locations inside the house (center, corner, dark, window and hall) was also investigated. The data showed that the SS efficacy was significantly affected by the dose applied of pyrethroid. Tested distances from the spray path did not affect UL efficacy. Similarly, the locations of the cages indoor showed no difference on the performance of TF. However, it was observed that the TF efficiency was affected by the volume/size of the...
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of some insecticides against sesame webworm, Ant... more A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of some insecticides against sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis on sesame crop and to determine the appropriate time and frequency of insecticide application (insecticide application schedule). It was carried out for two seasons 2006/07 and 2007/08 at the northern area of Gedarif State (Gadambalia area), Sudan with seven treatments four replications. The treatments were malathion 5% WP 0.75 kg/fedd, malathion 5% WP 0.50 kg/fedd, malathion 5% WP 0.25 kg/fedd, malathion 57% EC at rate 1.016 L/F, bifenthrin (Talstar) EC 0.15 lit/fedd and fenpropthrin (Danitol) 20% 0.25 lit/fedd. Among the treatments evaluated bifenthrin and fenpropthrin are found effective against sesame web worm in terms of reduction in mean number of larvae and increase in mean number of flowers after one week of treatment and yield. All the treatments were found significantly superior to untreated check.
Currently mosquitoes control is the cornerstone to minimize the rising number of mosquito borne d... more Currently mosquitoes control is the cornerstone to minimize the rising number of mosquito borne diseases. There is an urgent need looking for alternatives to the current reliance on synthetic insecticides for the vectors control. Application of active toxic agents from plant extracts as an alternative control strategy was available from ancient times. These are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vectors. Natural products with repellency properties are urgently needed. An insect repellent works by masking human scent, and a number of natural and synthetic mosquito repellents were studied. The main aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals and compare their potentials as mosquito repellents from the ethanol (Et. OH) and hexane (hex) leaf extracts (LEs) of Ocimum basilicum, Coleus forskohlii, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cymbopogon flexuosus under laboratory condition...
Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta and White) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is an invasive fruit fly spec... more Bactrocera invadens (Drew, Tsuruta and White) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is an invasive fruit fly species of Asian origin which was detected in twenty African countries. Now, the species is well established in several parts of the Sudan. The effects of Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid and neem seed powder on emergence of B. invadens adults were determined under laboratory condition. Third instars larvae were exposed to treated and untreated (control) sand. Chlorpyrfos were tested at 2, 4,8,12,16 and 32 ppm, Imidacloprid at 2, 4, 8,16 and 32 ppm and neem seed powder at 312.5 (0.031%), 625 (0.063%),1250 (0.125%), 2500 (0.25%) and 5000 ppm (0.5%). Twenty mature third instars larvae were placed in petri dish (15 cm in diameter) to allow them to pupate in the treated and untreated sand. They were supplied with small pieces of mango fruit pulp to feed on. The experiment was replicated three times. Number of emerged adults was recorded after ten days and the mortality rate (%) was calculated. Obser...
Bacterial leaf blight of onion, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. allii, is a new disease of g... more Bacterial leaf blight of onion, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. allii, is a new disease of green bulb onion in Sudan. A study was conducted to test pathogenicity of the causative agent of onion bacterial leaf blight and evaluate the efficacy of certain plant extracts against the pathogen. Antibacterial activity of aqueous ethanolic plant extracts of desert rose (Adenium obesum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus microtheca), button wood (Conocarpus erectus), tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mesquite (Prosopis julifora), at different concentrations, was assayed in vitro by well diffusion technique. The bacterium X. campestris pv. allii was isolated from leaf lesions and its pathogenicity was confirmed on onion leaves. There were significant differences between the extracts in their effect on bacterial growth and the best results were obtained at a high concentration (420 ppm) of plant extracts. Among the test plant extracts, mesquite extract revealed a high anti-bacterial activity with inh...
As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the use of inse... more As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the use of insecticides to control mosquitoes. The control of mosquito is dependent on the use of insecticides over a long period of time (initially organochlorines, followed by organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids). This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis adult to the public health and agricultural insecticides, namely, DDT 4%, fenitrothion 1%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05% and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% at El Rahad Agricultural Corporation (RAC) area, Central Sudan, to provide base-line data about the Anopheles susceptibility, by determining their KDT50 and KDT95. The WHO procedure was adopted. The number of knockdown (kd) mosquitoes was recorded after 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min of exposure. The percent mortalities after 24 h for each chemical were determined. The KDT50 and KDT95 were calculated with the 95% Cl. These we...
... This indicates that the American cockroach was more susceptible to deltamethrin than lambda-c... more ... This indicates that the American cockroach was more susceptible to deltamethrin than lambda-cyhalothrin. That is why the term RR'was introduced since 1984 byBashir (personal communication)(RR'is generated by Page 13. ...
Fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) are among the major constrains in commercial horticultural prod... more Fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) are among the major constrains in commercial horticultural production in many African countries. DNA barcoding was used in this study to obtain quick and precise identification and to confirm the morphological identification of fruit fly specimens. Yellow sticky and Dome traps were used to collect some specimens from Sennar State whereas other specimens were reared under laboratory conditions at University of Gezira, from infested fruits. DNA from different specimens was extracted using the NucleoSpin® Tissue method. Three DNA fragments with sizes of 340, 220 and 280 bp. (base pairs) were recognized using specific primers and amplified from the 5’ region of the cox1 gene from the mitochondrial DNA to give a full barcode of 660 bp. Then, purified PCR products were subjected to sequencing reactions using the BigDye Cycle Sequencing Kit. The nucleotide sequences were aligned using the cluster W algorithm included in the Bioedit 7.0 software package. Se...
Pollution is a major national and world problem. Industries, including sugar industry, represent ... more Pollution is a major national and world problem. Industries, including sugar industry, represent one of the pollution causes. This study aims to evaluate the extent of pollution in waste-water (WW), plants, and soil caused by the sugar industry in Elgenaid area, Gezira State, central Sudan. Completely randomized design was adopted. Samples were collected from the factory WW, trees, and soil from the area of study and compared with other areas far from the factory within the state. The WW samples were analyzed using titration methods to determine levels of sulfide, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Moreover, all samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu. The results showed that the sulfides concentration was ranging from 1.36 2.90 mg/L (average 2.21 mg/L), i.e. within the permissible limits. The COD was between 1,600 5,330 mg/L (av. 4,073 mg/L), while the BOD was betwe...
Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The p... more Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The present study aims to monitor and investigate the susceptibility of the larvae Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in three administrative localities in the GBZ, following WHO standard protocols. These localities were Kolentebay village (west), Selam suburb (Barentu town; center) and Molqui town (East). The study was conducted from Dec. 2017 –May 2018. The larvicide tested, at different concentrations, were temephos (the only larvicide used in the country), bendiocarb (used for indoor residual spraying, IRS) and permethrin (used for insecticide treated nets, ITNs). After mapping the breeding habitats in the three localities, larvae were collected, taken to the laboratory; the 3 and 4 instars (L3 and L4) were separated from the others. A total of 1,350 larvae were used in the bioassay. Results were analyzed by SPSS Programs (V.23). For the populations collected...
This study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity of the aqueous-extract of colocynth (Hanzal)... more This study aimed at investigating the acute toxicity of the aqueous-extract of colocynth (Hanzal) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, using albino laboratory rats Rattus norvigicus as laboratory experimental animals. Five dosage levels were selected according to preliminary screening tests. These were 90, 180, 225, 270 and 315 mg. They were administered orally through intubation to each group of albino rats. The treated rats were observed for 24 hr for acute toxicity symptoms. Death almost occurred between 1 – 18 hrs after the treatment. Corrected mortalities were 0, 33.3, 50, 66.7 and 100 corresponding to the above mentioned dosage levels respectively. The mean oral LD50 was determined through probit analysis, it was found to be 2402 mg/kg body weight. Symptoms of toxicity were severe anorexia, diarrhoea, difficulty in breathing, inability to stand upright, collapse, muscles atrophy and death. Abbreviations: Hf.Aq.Extr. : Hanzal fruit Aqeous extract
Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to combat pests, including insects, rodents, fung... more Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to combat pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in public health to fight vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to combat pests that damage International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 7 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
EC Pharmacology and Toxicology 6.9 (2018): 829-837., 2018
The contamination of metals is a major environmental problem and, especially in the aquatic envir... more The contamination of metals is a major environmental problem and, especially in the aquatic environment. Some metals are potentially toxic or carcinogenic even at very low concentration and are, thus, hazardous to human, if they enter the food -chain. This study aims to identify and determine the levels the heavy metals ( HMs) in the River Nile in two town in the Northern State, Sudan, and other drinking water source. . The water was analyzed in the Central Petroleum Laboratories , Khartoum, Sudan, using Inductively Coupled Plasma– Optical Emission Spectrometer ICP-OES 725 E) instrument to determine Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Li, and Hg levels and compare their concentrations with the permissible levels (PLs), using the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The results from Dongola locality revealed the presence of high concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd, and Fe in River Nile drinking water (RNW) samples (4.92, 16.535, 0.013 and 0.46 ppm, respectively), which ...
Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoo... more Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoor Ultra-low Volume ( UL) with cyfluthrin 5% EW, and indoor thermal fogging (TF) with deltamethrin 2% EW as space spraying (SS), at the recommended and higher dose for controlling of Aedes aegypti were evaluated in Alsharayie area of the city, following WHO standard protocols. Bioassay tests for females were carried out for sugarfed adults upon emergence (1-5) days. The efficacy of UL at different distances from the spray path (5, 15, 25, 40 and 50 m), and TF at 5 locations inside the house (center, corner, dark, window and hall) was also investigated. The data showed that the SS efficacy was significantly affected by the dose applied of pyrethroid. Tested distances from the spray path did not affect UL efficacy. Similarly, the locations of the cages indoor showed no difference on the performance of TF. However, it was observed that the TF efficiency was affected by the volume/size of the...
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of some insecticides against sesame webworm, Ant... more A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of some insecticides against sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis on sesame crop and to determine the appropriate time and frequency of insecticide application (insecticide application schedule). It was carried out for two seasons 2006/07 and 2007/08 at the northern area of Gedarif State (Gadambalia area), Sudan with seven treatments four replications. The treatments were malathion 5% WP 0.75 kg/fedd, malathion 5% WP 0.50 kg/fedd, malathion 5% WP 0.25 kg/fedd, malathion 57% EC at rate 1.016 L/F, bifenthrin (Talstar) EC 0.15 lit/fedd and fenpropthrin (Danitol) 20% 0.25 lit/fedd. Among the treatments evaluated bifenthrin and fenpropthrin are found effective against sesame web worm in terms of reduction in mean number of larvae and increase in mean number of flowers after one week of treatment and yield. All the treatments were found significantly superior to untreated check.
Currently mosquitoes control is the cornerstone to minimize the rising number of mosquito borne d... more Currently mosquitoes control is the cornerstone to minimize the rising number of mosquito borne diseases. There is an urgent need looking for alternatives to the current reliance on synthetic insecticides for the vectors control. Application of active toxic agents from plant extracts as an alternative control strategy was available from ancient times. These are non-toxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable and show broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vectors. Natural products with repellency properties are urgently needed. An insect repellent works by masking human scent, and a number of natural and synthetic mosquito repellents were studied. The main aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals and compare their potentials as mosquito repellents from the ethanol (Et. OH) and hexane (hex) leaf extracts (LEs) of Ocimum basilicum, Coleus forskohlii, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cymbopogon flexuosus under laboratory condition...
Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoo... more Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoor Ultra-low Volume (UL) with cyfluthrin 5% EW, and indoor thermal fogging (TF) with deltamethrin 2% EW as space spraying (SS), at the recommended and higher dose for controlling of Aedes aegypti were evaluated in Alsharayie area of the city, following WHO standard protocols. Bioassay tests for females were carried out for sugar-fed adults upon emergence (1-5) days. The efficacy of UL at different distances from the spray path (5, 15, 25, 40 and 50 m), and TF at 5 locations inside the house (center, corner, dark, window and hall) was also investigated. The data showed that the SS efficacy was significantly affected by the dose applied of pyrethroid. Tested distances from the spray path did not affect UL efficacy. Similarly, the locations of the cages indoor showed no difference on the performance of TF. However, it was observed that the TF efficiency was affected by the volume/size of the sprayed area, i.e. ≤20 m 2 inside the rooms (73.8 to 96.6 %), compared with ≥30 m 2 hall (57.7 to 79.7%). Regarding KdT, adults were rapidly knocked-down with UL (cyfluthrin) 29 min, when compared to TF (deltamethrin) 40 min. The results revealed that the LC50 and LC90 values for cyfluthrin against Ae. aegypti were 0.026 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. While the respective values for deltamethrin were 0.008 mg/L and 0.015 mg/L. It can be concluded that the two pyrethroids are not effective at currently recommended doses SS against adult. Doses 300mg/L of cyfluthrin, and 160mg/L of deltamethrin proved to be more effective and recommended for the control of this vector.
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