Considerando as comunidades ribeirinhas dos rios Arapiuns, Maró e Aruã, no Sudoeste Paraense como... more Considerando as comunidades ribeirinhas dos rios Arapiuns, Maró e Aruã, no Sudoeste Paraense como unidades socioespaciais que estruturam o fenômeno urbano na escala local, este artigo apresenta uma análise dos dados de campo que as descrevem. Questionários semiestruturados aplicados a 49 comunidades proveram 32 variáveis, usadas para compor cinco indicadores, que descrevem as condições de infraestrutura, saúde e educação, presença do estado, uso da terra e organização da comunidade. Com o objetivo de investigar a dependência a centros urbanos quanto às condições das comunidades, e a existência de situações similares para discriminar grupos de comunidades, técnicas estatísticas de análise de regressão simples e de agrupamento foram utilizadas. A distância fluvial até Santarém não explicou a variabilidade nos indicadores, apesar de influenciar o uso da terra e a presença do Estado. A organização das comunidades, explicou em parte os indicadores de Saúde e educação e de Infraestrutura....
In the Brazilian Amazon, dynamics of urbanization and forest conversion have complex logics, and ... more In the Brazilian Amazon, dynamics of urbanization and forest conversion have complex logics, and are dependent on factors and agents operating at different levels. This article explores the spatial and temporal evolution of urbanization and forest conversion in the Amazon region from measurable elements present in these processes: urban expansion, observable dimensions of urbanization processes, and deforestation, a measure of forest conversion processes. The identification of similar spatiotemporal patterns, evaluated according to trends in the evolution of the degree of urbanization and the increase of deforestation in the years 2000, 2010 and 2014, was the basis for proposing a typology of relation between urban expansion and deforestation for the states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon and municipalities of Pará State. The study also explored the relation between urban expansion and deforestation, using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), observing two spatial units of analys...
FIGURE 13. Distribution of examined material of Loxopholis guianense, L. osvaldoi, L. snethlageae... more FIGURE 13. Distribution of examined material of Loxopholis guianense, L. osvaldoi, L. snethlageae, and Micrablepharus atticolus.
FIGURE 11. Distribution of examined material of Gymnophthalmus vanzoi, Iphisa elegans elegans, an... more FIGURE 11. Distribution of examined material of Gymnophthalmus vanzoi, Iphisa elegans elegans, and I. e. soinnii.
FIGURE 9. Distribution of examined material of Cercosaura oshaughnessyi, C. parkeri, Cercosaura s... more FIGURE 9. Distribution of examined material of Cercosaura oshaughnessyi, C. parkeri, Cercosaura sp. 2, Cercosaura sp. 3, Cercosaura sp. 4, Gymnophthalmus leucomystax, and Gymnophthalmus sp.
Este artigo propoe um modelo de representacao espaco-temporal do fenomeno urbano na Amazonia. O t... more Este artigo propoe um modelo de representacao espaco-temporal do fenomeno urbano na Amazonia. O tempo e dimensao fundamental. O urbano e estado, enquanto sintese, e processo, enquanto objeto observado em um continuum. No plano teorico, associam-se a tese da urbanizacao extensiva as ideias sobre formas espaciais e conteudo social, resultando em um modelo integrado, estabelecido sobre tres sistemas: Objetos, Acoes e Valores. No plano metodologico, sao apontadas as possibilidades para representacao destes Sistemas. O Sistema de Objetos identifica elementos materiais associados as classes de cobertura da terra. O Sistema de Acoes parte da dinâmica das mudancas nessas classes para identificar atores e interesses especificos. O Sistema de Valores busca capturar a disseminacao dos modos de viver nas cidades para alem de seus dominios. Os elementos desses Sistemas compoem um espaco referencial continuum, cujas intensidades sao determinadas a partir de uma referencia regional. A evolucao tem...
Este trabalho apresenta uma analise da ocupacao intraurbana em Altamira (PA), em 2000 e 2010, bas... more Este trabalho apresenta uma analise da ocupacao intraurbana em Altamira (PA), em 2000 e 2010, baseada na interpolacao dasimetrica de dados de domicilios dos censos demograficos. A menor das unidades de divulgacao desses dados, os setores censitarios, sao delimitados em cada levantamento censitario a partir de criterios operacionais, o que dificulta a realizacao de estudos de comparacao temporal. Alem disso, a delimitacao dos setores nao necessariamente e a mais adequada para fins de planejamento urbano. A presente analise propoe superar essas dificuldades ao adotar o recorte espacial de bairros – delimitados a partir dos loteamentos e ocupacoes que os originaram – e analisar as transformacoes na distribuicao dos domicilios a partir dessas unidades. Os resultados obtidos mostram o crescimento desigual da cidade. Os bairros a sudoeste da cidade apresentaram maior crescimento de domicilios em termos absolutos, seguidos dos bairros novos localizados em areas mais perifericas. Observou-se ta...
<i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> Ávila-Pires, 1995 <b>Type-locality.</b> E o... more <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> Ávila-Pires, 1995 <b>Type-locality.</b> E of Porto Urucu, near Petrobrás RUC–2, Rio Urucu, Amazonas, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> is endemic to western Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru (Fig. 13), distributed along the Solimões river system and the lower/median courses of its main tributaries (Negro, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Jutaí, Ampiyacu, and Japurá Rivers). Until now it was only known from the type-locality and from the lower Purus River, in Brazil (Piagaçu-Purus Reserve—Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013). In Brazil, it is only known from the state of Amazonas. <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme and disturbed (logged) forests, where it is found amid the leaf litter, root mass, bark litter and on the soil at base of trees (Ávila-Pires 1995; Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013).
<i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> (Ávila-Pires, 1995) <b>Type-locality.</b> Righ... more <i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> (Ávila-Pires, 1995) <b>Type-locality.</b> Right bank Igarapé Paraíso, km 16, Line 62, Ouro Preto d'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (1999, 2011), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> is endemic to southern Brazilian Amazonia, distributed between the Xingu River and Purus river system (Fig. 13). It is known from the states of Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Loxopholis</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, where it is found among leaf litter (Ávila-Pires 1995; Kawashita-Ribeiro <i>et al.</i> 2011; Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013).
<i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> (Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires, 2005) <b>Type-loc... more <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> (Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires, 2005) <b>Type-locality.</b> Archipelago of Anavilhanas, Rio Negro, state of Amazonas, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Laguna <i>et al.</i> (2010), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> is endemic to the archipelago of Anavilhanas, lower Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 12). It represents a rare case of endemicity of a terrestrial vertebrate species to an archipelago or island in Amazonia. <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits the igapó forest present on the islands, where it is usually found in the leaf litter and under decomposing trunks and fallen palm leaves (personal communication with T. Ávila-Pires).
<i>Loxopholis guianense</i> (Ruibal, 1952) <b>Type-locality.</b> Dunoon, ... more <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> (Ruibal, 1952) <b>Type-locality.</b> Dunoon, Demerara River, British Guiana. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ruibal (1952), Uzzell &amp; Barry (1971), Hoogmoed (1973), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (1999, 2011), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> is endemic to eastern Amazonia, with its western distribution delimited by the Essequibo and Trombetas rivers north of the Amazon River, and Xingu River south of it, occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana (Fig. 13). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amapá, Pará, and Amazonas. <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme and flooded (varzea) forests, where it is found among the leaf litter, in shaded spots, mostly near creeks (Hoogmoed 1973; Gasc 1986; Hoogmoed &amp; Ávila-Pires 1991; Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al.</i> 2006; Ávila-Pires <i>et al.</i> 2010).
<i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Type-locality.</b> Pará, Braz... more <i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Type-locality.</b> Pará, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Gray (1851, 1852), Boulenger (1885), Hoogmoed (1973), Dixon (1974b), Duellman (1978), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (2001), Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> is endemic to, and widespread in, Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig 11). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Iphisa e. elegans</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, in some cases near creeks and in swampy areas, where it is mainly found among leaf litter, most commonly on sunny spots; individuals were also reported in and under rotten logs (Hoogmed 1973; Duellman 1978; Hoogmoed &amp; Ávila-Pires 1991; Vitt <i>et al.</i> 2008; Ávila &amp; Kawashita-Ribeiro 2011). MAR-J collected several individuals in a dry, open forest in eastern Pará state, same region from where <i>I. elegans</i> was described (see Hoogmoed 1973 and Ávila-Pires 1995) and is represented by only two specimens.
<i>Iphisa elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Nunes <i>... more <i>Iphisa elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012) demonstrated that several lineages exist within the nominal taxon, suggesting it is a complex of cryptic species. At present, however, it is not possible to distinguish most of them on the basis of external morphology. We therefore still recognize here only two taxa (irrespective of their taxonomic rank), as proposed by Dixon (1974b)—of which <i>Iphisa elegans soinii</i> seems to correspond to one of the lineages of Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012). Moreover, Dixon (1974b) interpreted the area in northern Peru (Cenepa River), where specimens both with and without prefrontals were found, as presenting gene flow between the two taxa. These same specimens were examined by us and they are here identified according to the presence (<i>I. e. elegans</i>) or absence (<i>I. e. soinii</i>) of prefrontals. The two taxa were also identified in sympatry in the Curuena River, Amazonas state, Brazil.
<i>Bachia scaea</i> Teixeira, Vechio, Nunes, Neto, Lobo, Storti, Gaiga, Dias &amp... more <i>Bachia scaea</i> Teixeira, Vechio, Nunes, Neto, Lobo, Storti, Gaiga, Dias &amp; Rodrigues, 2013 <b>Type-locality.</b> Left bank of the Madeira River, Porto Velho municipality, state of Rondônia, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic reference.</b> Teixeira <i>et al.</i> (2013b), Colli <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016), Ribeiro- Júnior <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Teixeira <i>et al.</i> (2013b) described <i>Bachia scaea</i> from the state of Rondônia, in Brazil, based on the absence of clawed fingers, and supralabials and parietals separated by the first temporal. However, these characters were also observed by us in some specimens of <i>Bachia peruana</i> and <i>B. dorbignyi</i> as well. For this reason we cited here <i>B. scaea</i> based only on type-specimens records available in Teixeira <i>et al</i>. (2013b), considering that more studies are necessary to confirm the validity of this species. <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Bachia scaea</i> is endemic to southern Amazonia, where it is only known from the left bank of the Madeira River in Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 3). It is semi-fossorial and diurnal, inhabits varzea forests (seasonally flooded forest by white-water rivers, such as the Madeira River) with dense leaf litter, where it is found among the leaf litter and under rotten trunks and fallen logs (Teixeira <i>et al</i>. 2013b).
<i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> Ruibal, 1952 <b>Type-locality.</b> Perené, Rio... more <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> Ruibal, 1952 <b>Type-locality.</b> Perené, Rio Perené, Peru. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ruibal (1952), Cunha (1961), Peters &amp; Donoso-Barros (1970), Ávila-Pires (1995), Doan (2003), Echevarría <i>et al</i>. (2015), Torres-Carvajal <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> is endemic to western Amazonia, with its eastern distribution delimited by the Negro River north of the Amazon, and the Madeira river system south of it, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 8). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amazonas, Acre, and Rondônia. <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits terra firme forest, where it is mainly found among leaf litter (Duellman &amp; Salas 1991; Schlüter <i>et al.</i> 2004; Macedo <i>et al.</i> 2008).
<i>Bachia remota</i> Ribeiro-Júnior, Silva &amp; Lima, 2016. <b>Type-locali... more <i>Bachia remota</i> Ribeiro-Júnior, Silva &amp; Lima, 2016. <b>Type-locality.</b> Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (211'36"N, 5435'15"W), Laranjal do Jari municipality, state of Amap, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic reference.</b> Colli <i>et al</i>. (2015), Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Bachia remota</i> is known from a single record from the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park, Brazil, close to the border with French Guiana and Suriname (Fig. 3). The specimen of <i>B. remota</i> was encountered in the leaf litter of a dense terra firme forest scattered with rocky outcrops and boulders, in the northwest portion of the National Park (Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al</i>. 2016).
<i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> (Griffin, 1917) <b>Type-locality.</b> Provin... more <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> (Griffin, 1917) <b>Type-locality.</b> Provincia de Sara, Beni, Bolivia, at an elevation of 400 meters. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Griffin (1917b), Uzzell (1970, 1973), Nascimento <i>et al.</i> (1988), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (2001), Doan (2003), Castoe <i>et al.</i> (2004), Echevarría <i>et al</i>. (2015), Torres-Carvajal <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> is endemic to southern Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 8). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme forest (well drained and not inundated), and it is rarely found off the leaf litter (Ávila-Pires 1995; Duellman &amp; Salas 1991; Vitt <i>et al.</i> 1998a). Ávila &amp; Kawashita-Ribeiro (2011) reported specimens in an open ombrophilous forest.
Considerando as comunidades ribeirinhas dos rios Arapiuns, Maró e Aruã, no Sudoeste Paraense como... more Considerando as comunidades ribeirinhas dos rios Arapiuns, Maró e Aruã, no Sudoeste Paraense como unidades socioespaciais que estruturam o fenômeno urbano na escala local, este artigo apresenta uma análise dos dados de campo que as descrevem. Questionários semiestruturados aplicados a 49 comunidades proveram 32 variáveis, usadas para compor cinco indicadores, que descrevem as condições de infraestrutura, saúde e educação, presença do estado, uso da terra e organização da comunidade. Com o objetivo de investigar a dependência a centros urbanos quanto às condições das comunidades, e a existência de situações similares para discriminar grupos de comunidades, técnicas estatísticas de análise de regressão simples e de agrupamento foram utilizadas. A distância fluvial até Santarém não explicou a variabilidade nos indicadores, apesar de influenciar o uso da terra e a presença do Estado. A organização das comunidades, explicou em parte os indicadores de Saúde e educação e de Infraestrutura....
In the Brazilian Amazon, dynamics of urbanization and forest conversion have complex logics, and ... more In the Brazilian Amazon, dynamics of urbanization and forest conversion have complex logics, and are dependent on factors and agents operating at different levels. This article explores the spatial and temporal evolution of urbanization and forest conversion in the Amazon region from measurable elements present in these processes: urban expansion, observable dimensions of urbanization processes, and deforestation, a measure of forest conversion processes. The identification of similar spatiotemporal patterns, evaluated according to trends in the evolution of the degree of urbanization and the increase of deforestation in the years 2000, 2010 and 2014, was the basis for proposing a typology of relation between urban expansion and deforestation for the states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon and municipalities of Pará State. The study also explored the relation between urban expansion and deforestation, using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), observing two spatial units of analys...
FIGURE 13. Distribution of examined material of Loxopholis guianense, L. osvaldoi, L. snethlageae... more FIGURE 13. Distribution of examined material of Loxopholis guianense, L. osvaldoi, L. snethlageae, and Micrablepharus atticolus.
FIGURE 11. Distribution of examined material of Gymnophthalmus vanzoi, Iphisa elegans elegans, an... more FIGURE 11. Distribution of examined material of Gymnophthalmus vanzoi, Iphisa elegans elegans, and I. e. soinnii.
FIGURE 9. Distribution of examined material of Cercosaura oshaughnessyi, C. parkeri, Cercosaura s... more FIGURE 9. Distribution of examined material of Cercosaura oshaughnessyi, C. parkeri, Cercosaura sp. 2, Cercosaura sp. 3, Cercosaura sp. 4, Gymnophthalmus leucomystax, and Gymnophthalmus sp.
Este artigo propoe um modelo de representacao espaco-temporal do fenomeno urbano na Amazonia. O t... more Este artigo propoe um modelo de representacao espaco-temporal do fenomeno urbano na Amazonia. O tempo e dimensao fundamental. O urbano e estado, enquanto sintese, e processo, enquanto objeto observado em um continuum. No plano teorico, associam-se a tese da urbanizacao extensiva as ideias sobre formas espaciais e conteudo social, resultando em um modelo integrado, estabelecido sobre tres sistemas: Objetos, Acoes e Valores. No plano metodologico, sao apontadas as possibilidades para representacao destes Sistemas. O Sistema de Objetos identifica elementos materiais associados as classes de cobertura da terra. O Sistema de Acoes parte da dinâmica das mudancas nessas classes para identificar atores e interesses especificos. O Sistema de Valores busca capturar a disseminacao dos modos de viver nas cidades para alem de seus dominios. Os elementos desses Sistemas compoem um espaco referencial continuum, cujas intensidades sao determinadas a partir de uma referencia regional. A evolucao tem...
Este trabalho apresenta uma analise da ocupacao intraurbana em Altamira (PA), em 2000 e 2010, bas... more Este trabalho apresenta uma analise da ocupacao intraurbana em Altamira (PA), em 2000 e 2010, baseada na interpolacao dasimetrica de dados de domicilios dos censos demograficos. A menor das unidades de divulgacao desses dados, os setores censitarios, sao delimitados em cada levantamento censitario a partir de criterios operacionais, o que dificulta a realizacao de estudos de comparacao temporal. Alem disso, a delimitacao dos setores nao necessariamente e a mais adequada para fins de planejamento urbano. A presente analise propoe superar essas dificuldades ao adotar o recorte espacial de bairros – delimitados a partir dos loteamentos e ocupacoes que os originaram – e analisar as transformacoes na distribuicao dos domicilios a partir dessas unidades. Os resultados obtidos mostram o crescimento desigual da cidade. Os bairros a sudoeste da cidade apresentaram maior crescimento de domicilios em termos absolutos, seguidos dos bairros novos localizados em areas mais perifericas. Observou-se ta...
<i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> Ávila-Pires, 1995 <b>Type-locality.</b> E o... more <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> Ávila-Pires, 1995 <b>Type-locality.</b> E of Porto Urucu, near Petrobrás RUC–2, Rio Urucu, Amazonas, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> is endemic to western Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru (Fig. 13), distributed along the Solimões river system and the lower/median courses of its main tributaries (Negro, Purus, Tefé, Juruá, Jutaí, Ampiyacu, and Japurá Rivers). Until now it was only known from the type-locality and from the lower Purus River, in Brazil (Piagaçu-Purus Reserve—Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013). In Brazil, it is only known from the state of Amazonas. <i>Loxopholis snethlageae</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme and disturbed (logged) forests, where it is found amid the leaf litter, root mass, bark litter and on the soil at base of trees (Ávila-Pires 1995; Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013).
<i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> (Ávila-Pires, 1995) <b>Type-locality.</b> Righ... more <i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> (Ávila-Pires, 1995) <b>Type-locality.</b> Right bank Igarapé Paraíso, km 16, Line 62, Ouro Preto d'Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (1999, 2011), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis osvaldoi</i> is endemic to southern Brazilian Amazonia, distributed between the Xingu River and Purus river system (Fig. 13). It is known from the states of Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Loxopholis</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, where it is found among leaf litter (Ávila-Pires 1995; Kawashita-Ribeiro <i>et al.</i> 2011; Waldez <i>et al.</i> 2013).
<i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> (Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires, 2005) <b>Type-loc... more <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> (Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires, 2005) <b>Type-locality.</b> Archipelago of Anavilhanas, Rio Negro, state of Amazonas, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ávila-Pires (1995), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Laguna <i>et al.</i> (2010), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> is endemic to the archipelago of Anavilhanas, lower Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 12). It represents a rare case of endemicity of a terrestrial vertebrate species to an archipelago or island in Amazonia. <i>Loxopholis ferreirai</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits the igapó forest present on the islands, where it is usually found in the leaf litter and under decomposing trunks and fallen palm leaves (personal communication with T. Ávila-Pires).
<i>Loxopholis guianense</i> (Ruibal, 1952) <b>Type-locality.</b> Dunoon, ... more <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> (Ruibal, 1952) <b>Type-locality.</b> Dunoon, Demerara River, British Guiana. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ruibal (1952), Uzzell &amp; Barry (1971), Hoogmoed (1973), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (1999, 2011), Rodrigues &amp; Ávila-Pires (2005), Rodrigues <i>et al</i>. (2013), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> is endemic to eastern Amazonia, with its western distribution delimited by the Essequibo and Trombetas rivers north of the Amazon River, and Xingu River south of it, occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, and Guyana (Fig. 13). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amapá, Pará, and Amazonas. <i>Loxopholis guianense</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme and flooded (varzea) forests, where it is found among the leaf litter, in shaded spots, mostly near creeks (Hoogmoed 1973; Gasc 1986; Hoogmoed &amp; Ávila-Pires 1991; Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al.</i> 2006; Ávila-Pires <i>et al.</i> 2010).
<i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Type-locality.</b> Pará, Braz... more <i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Type-locality.</b> Pará, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Gray (1851, 1852), Boulenger (1885), Hoogmoed (1973), Dixon (1974b), Duellman (1978), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (2001), Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Iphisa elegans elegans</i> is endemic to, and widespread in, Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig 11). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amapá, Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Iphisa e. elegans</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary and secondary terra firme forests, in some cases near creeks and in swampy areas, where it is mainly found among leaf litter, most commonly on sunny spots; individuals were also reported in and under rotten logs (Hoogmed 1973; Duellman 1978; Hoogmoed &amp; Ávila-Pires 1991; Vitt <i>et al.</i> 2008; Ávila &amp; Kawashita-Ribeiro 2011). MAR-J collected several individuals in a dry, open forest in eastern Pará state, same region from where <i>I. elegans</i> was described (see Hoogmoed 1973 and Ávila-Pires 1995) and is represented by only two specimens.
<i>Iphisa elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Nunes <i>... more <i>Iphisa elegans</i> Gray, 1851 <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012) demonstrated that several lineages exist within the nominal taxon, suggesting it is a complex of cryptic species. At present, however, it is not possible to distinguish most of them on the basis of external morphology. We therefore still recognize here only two taxa (irrespective of their taxonomic rank), as proposed by Dixon (1974b)—of which <i>Iphisa elegans soinii</i> seems to correspond to one of the lineages of Nunes <i>et al.</i> (2012). Moreover, Dixon (1974b) interpreted the area in northern Peru (Cenepa River), where specimens both with and without prefrontals were found, as presenting gene flow between the two taxa. These same specimens were examined by us and they are here identified according to the presence (<i>I. e. elegans</i>) or absence (<i>I. e. soinii</i>) of prefrontals. The two taxa were also identified in sympatry in the Curuena River, Amazonas state, Brazil.
<i>Bachia scaea</i> Teixeira, Vechio, Nunes, Neto, Lobo, Storti, Gaiga, Dias &amp... more <i>Bachia scaea</i> Teixeira, Vechio, Nunes, Neto, Lobo, Storti, Gaiga, Dias &amp; Rodrigues, 2013 <b>Type-locality.</b> Left bank of the Madeira River, Porto Velho municipality, state of Rondônia, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic reference.</b> Teixeira <i>et al.</i> (2013b), Colli <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016), Ribeiro- Júnior <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Taxonomic remarks.</b> Teixeira <i>et al.</i> (2013b) described <i>Bachia scaea</i> from the state of Rondônia, in Brazil, based on the absence of clawed fingers, and supralabials and parietals separated by the first temporal. However, these characters were also observed by us in some specimens of <i>Bachia peruana</i> and <i>B. dorbignyi</i> as well. For this reason we cited here <i>B. scaea</i> based only on type-specimens records available in Teixeira <i>et al</i>. (2013b), considering that more studies are necessary to confirm the validity of this species. <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Bachia scaea</i> is endemic to southern Amazonia, where it is only known from the left bank of the Madeira River in Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil (Fig. 3). It is semi-fossorial and diurnal, inhabits varzea forests (seasonally flooded forest by white-water rivers, such as the Madeira River) with dense leaf litter, where it is found among the leaf litter and under rotten trunks and fallen logs (Teixeira <i>et al</i>. 2013b).
<i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> Ruibal, 1952 <b>Type-locality.</b> Perené, Rio... more <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> Ruibal, 1952 <b>Type-locality.</b> Perené, Rio Perené, Peru. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Ruibal (1952), Cunha (1961), Peters &amp; Donoso-Barros (1970), Ávila-Pires (1995), Doan (2003), Echevarría <i>et al</i>. (2015), Torres-Carvajal <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> is endemic to western Amazonia, with its eastern distribution delimited by the Negro River north of the Amazon, and the Madeira river system south of it, occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 8). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Amazonas, Acre, and Rondônia. <i>Cercosaura bassleri</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits terra firme forest, where it is mainly found among leaf litter (Duellman &amp; Salas 1991; Schlüter <i>et al.</i> 2004; Macedo <i>et al.</i> 2008).
<i>Bachia remota</i> Ribeiro-Júnior, Silva &amp; Lima, 2016. <b>Type-locali... more <i>Bachia remota</i> Ribeiro-Júnior, Silva &amp; Lima, 2016. <b>Type-locality.</b> Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (211'36"N, 5435'15"W), Laranjal do Jari municipality, state of Amap, Brazil. <b>Pertinent taxonomic reference.</b> Colli <i>et al</i>. (2015), Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Bachia remota</i> is known from a single record from the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park, Brazil, close to the border with French Guiana and Suriname (Fig. 3). The specimen of <i>B. remota</i> was encountered in the leaf litter of a dense terra firme forest scattered with rocky outcrops and boulders, in the northwest portion of the National Park (Ribeiro-Júnior <i>et al</i>. 2016).
<i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> (Griffin, 1917) <b>Type-locality.</b> Provin... more <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> (Griffin, 1917) <b>Type-locality.</b> Provincia de Sara, Beni, Bolivia, at an elevation of 400 meters. <b>Pertinent taxonomic references.</b> Griffin (1917b), Uzzell (1970, 1973), Nascimento <i>et al.</i> (1988), Ávila-Pires (1995), Pellegrino <i>et al.</i> (2001), Doan (2003), Castoe <i>et al.</i> (2004), Echevarría <i>et al</i>. (2015), Torres-Carvajal <i>et al</i>. (2015), Goicoechea <i>et al</i>. (2016). <b>Distribution and habitat.</b> <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> is endemic to southern Amazonia, occurring in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia (Fig. 8). In Brazil, it is known from the states of Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. <i>Cercosaura eigenmanni</i> is terrestrial and diurnal, inhabits primary terra firme forest (well drained and not inundated), and it is rarely found off the leaf litter (Ávila-Pires 1995; Duellman &amp; Salas 1991; Vitt <i>et al.</i> 1998a). Ávila &amp; Kawashita-Ribeiro (2011) reported specimens in an open ombrophilous forest.
Geoprocessamento e Biodiversidade: contribuições para a modelagem da distribuição de palmeiras Amazônicas, 2013
This work contributes to the knowledge of the Amazonian biodiversity, specifically regarding the ... more This work contributes to the knowledge of the Amazonian biodiversity, specifically regarding the climate and environmental characteristic that have influenced the geographical distribution of the Brazilian Amazoni palms. The main goal was to highlight the importance of both remote sensing (RS) data to characterize the palm ecological niche, and geoprocessing tools to obtain and validate distribution maps from potential species distribution modeling (SDM). We selected 21 palm species typical of the Brazilian Amazon that contained at least 10 occurrence points available to generate its SDMs considering the current climate. For each species, from the environmental variables available for the Amazon we first identified a unique subset of variables, according to the species ecology and physiology, avoiding auto-correlation. Applying binary thresholds over the SDMs, we produced the maps of palm species occurrence. Overlaying historical distribution maps with the resulting modeling maps, only two species did not match with the literature reference. A map of palm species richness was the result of summing individual species occurrence maps, depicting the richness distribution along endemism regions in Amazon. Variables derived from remote sensing were essential to characterize the physical environment, especially the topography and soil moisture, both from the SRTM data. Geoprocessing procedures such as reclassification, georeferencing, overlaying, and algebra over maps were essential to characterize the spatial distribution of biodiversity. Even though we have only tested 21 species from 189 Amazon palms, our results evidenced the dependence of SDM approaches on RS data and geoprocessing procedures to characterize the spatial distribution of species diversity.
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