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Riga 38:
Il generale [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]], comandante della 14ª Armata d'Area, trasferì il suo quartier generale a Baguio nel dicembre 1944, pianificando un'azione di ritardo contro gli statunitensi per dare tempo al Giappone di preparare le difese del proprio arcipelago principale.<ref name="YamashitaVolckmann">{{Cita libro |cognome=Morison |nome=Samuel Eliot |anno=2002 |titolo=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Liberation of the Philippines – Luzon, Mindanao, The Visayas, 1944–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nICvzYNBKiUC&q=Yamashita%20evacuates%20Baguio&pg=PA196 |editore=University of Illinois Press |p=196 |isbn=978-0-252-07064-8 |lingua=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro |cognome=Barnett |nome=Louise |data=21 gennaio 2010 |titolo=Atrocity and American Military Justice in Southeast Asia: Trial by Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASyMAgAAQBAJ&q=Yamashita%20evacuates%20Baguio&pg=PA138 |editore=Routledge |p=138 |isbn=978-1-135-17236-7 |lingua}}</ref> Ad inizio gennaio 1945, le forze statunitensi [[Invasione del Golfo di Lingayen|sbarcarono nel golfo di Lingayen]], sull'isola di Luzon.<ref name="ChXV">{{Cita libro |cognome=MacArthur |nome=Douglas |wkautore=Douglas MacArthur |anno=2006 |titolo=Reports of General MacArthur |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P2/index.htm#cont |capitolo=Chapter XV: Battle on Luzon |editore=Center of Military History |pp=467–527 |isbn=978-1-78266-037-8 |accesso=25 settembre 2014 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907044510/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P2/index.htm#cont |urlmorto=sì |lingua=en}}</ref> Da lì in poi, la [[Sixth United States Army|6ª Armata statunitense]] condusse la campagna militare in due direzioni: una verso le forze statunitensi a est della capitale [[Manila]], la seconda contro le forze del generale Yamashita nella Luzon settentrionale.<ref name="Leary">{{Cita libro |cognome=Leary |nome=William M. |data=1º maggio 2004 |titolo=We Shall Return!: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoVjgw1zkCkC&q=Yamashita%20Baguio%20Shobu%20Group&pg=PA83 |editore=University Press of Kentucky |p=83 |isbn=978-0-8131-9105-8 |lingua=en}}</ref>
 
== LaGli campagnascontri per Baguio ==
Tra la fine di febbraio e l'inizio di aprile 1945, le forze alleate, principalmente composte dalla [[33rd Infantry Division (United States Army)|33ª Divisione di Fanteria]], coadiuvate da reggimenti della resistenza filippina responsabili dell'area settentrionale di Luzon, avanzarono su Baguio.<ref name="Ch XXV" /> Per fine marzo, la città fu a tiro dell'artiglieria statunitense<ref name="ChXV" /> e, tra il 4 e il 10 del mese, gli aereoplani della [[Fifth Air Force|5ª Forza Aerea]] sganciarono 933 tonnellate di bombe e 1&nbsp;185 [[gallone|galloni]] di [[napalm]] sopra la città, riducendo molta di essa in cenere.<ref>{{Cita libro |cognome=Shaw |nome=Angel Velasco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ |titolo=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999 |cognome2=Francia |nome2=Luis H. |data=dicembre 2002 |editore=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4 |p=219 |lingua=en}}</ref> Il presidente dello [[stato fantoccio]] della [[Seconda Repubblica filippina]], [[José P. Laurel]], spostatosi da Manila a Baguio nel dicembre 1944, dovette lasciare Baguio stessa il 22 marzo, raggiungendo [[Taiwan]] il 30,<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |titolo=Government in Exile |cognome=Jose |nome=Ricardo T. |editore=Scalabrini Migration Center |accesso=24 settembre 2014 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081702/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |urlmorto=sì |lingua=en}}</ref> giorno in cui venne ordinato al resto del governo della Seconda Repubblica, assieme a civili giapponesi di evacuare Baguio stessa.<ref name="Ch XXV" /> Yamashita e il suo staff, a loro volta, si spostarono a [[Bambang]], nella [[provincia di Nueva Vizcaya]].<ref name="ChXV" /><ref name="Zeiler">{{Cita libro |cognome=Zeiler |nome=Thomas W. |anno=2004 |titolo=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gst1FpsWZQC&q=Yamashita%20evacuates%20Baguio&pg=PA134 |editore=Rowman & Littlefield |p=134 |isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9 |lingua=en}}</ref> Nessuna importante offensiva ebbe luogo fino a metà aprile, quando la [[37th Infantry Division (United States Army)|37ª Divisione di Fanteria]] statunitense, ad esclusione del 145º Reggimento, fu spostata da Manila per lanciare un assalto a Baguio assieme alla 33ª Divisione, da ovest e da sud.<ref name="Ch XXV" />
 
DuringDurante thel'avanzata Alliedda driveoccidente, towardsstatunitensi Baguioe fromgiapponesi thesi west,scontrarono ain six-dayuna battlebattaglia wasdi foughtsei atgiorni presso Irisan Gorge ande thelungo nearbyil Irisanfiume RiverIrisan.<ref name="Ch XXV" /><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Mathias |firstnome=Frank F. |dateanno=1999 |titletitolo=GI Jive: An Army Bandsman in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGxGCxTsohkC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA170 |publishereditore=University Press of Kentucky |pagep=170 |isbn=978-0-8131-2785-9 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Spector |firstnome=Ronald H. |datedata=11 Decemberdicembre 2012 |titletitolo=Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ObzQvjrsPwC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PT561 |publishereditore=Simon & Schuster |pagep=561 |isbn=978-1-4767-2742-4 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Ohl |firstnome=John Kennedy |dateanno=2001 |titletitolo=Minuteman: The Military Career of General Robert S. Beightler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-qtvhO5ewC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA202 |publishereditore=Lynne Rienner Publishers |pagep=202 |isbn=978-1-55587-923-5 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita news |lastcognome=Caluza |firstnome=Desiree |datedata=28 Aprilaprile 2009 |titletitolo=Gratitude, roses for liberators of Baguio |url=http://services.inquirer.net/mobile/09/04/28/html_output/xmlhtml/20090427-201795-xml.html |newspaperrivista=Inquirer Northern Luzon |access-dateaccesso=24 Septembersettembre 2014 |archive-urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135008/http://services.inquirer.net/mobile/09/04/28/html_output/xmlhtml/20090427-201795-xml.html |archive-dateurlmorto=6 October 2014 |url-statuslingua=dead en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Nalty |firstnome=Bernard C. |dateanno=1999 |titletitolo=War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay : the Story of the Bitter Struggle in the Pacific Theater of World War II, Featuring Commissioned Photographs of Artifacts from All the Major Combatants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd3fql_JoO4C&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA222 |publishereditore=University of Oklahoma Press |pagep=222 |isbn=978-0-8061-3199-3 |lingua=en}}</ref> ThisLa battlebattaglia involvedvide oneuno ofdegli theultimi lastscontri [[tank]]-versus-tanktra engagementscarri ofarmati thedella campagna Philippinesnelle campaignFilippine, betweentra gli [[M4 Sherman]]s ofstatunitensi the U.S. Army'sdella CompanyCompagnia B, 775th775º TankBattaglione BattalionCarri, ande i [[Type 97 Chi-Ha|Type 97]]s ofgiapponesi thedella IJA's 5th TankCompagnia CompanyCarri, 10th10º TankReggimento RegimentCarri.<ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Zaloga |firstnome=Steven J. |dateanno=2012 |titletitolo=M4 Sherman Vs Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WDKkAwAAQBAJ&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA73 |publishereditore=Osprey Publishing |pagep=73 |isbn=978-1-84908-638-7 |lingua=en}}</ref>
 
InA mid-Aprilmetà aprile, 7,&nbsp;000 civilianscivili, includinginclusi foreigndegli nationalsstranieri, madelasciarono theirBaguio wayraggiungendo fromle Baguio to Americanlinee linesstatunitensi.<ref name="ChiTrib1945">{{citeCita news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |datedata=18 Aprilaprile 1945 |titletitolo=M'Arthur Frees 7,000 Civilians In Luzon Drive: Troops Reach Edge of Baguio |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1945/04/18/page/5/article/marthur-frees-7-000-civilians-in-luzon-drive |newspaperrivista=Chicago Tribune |locationcittà=Manila |access-dateaccesso=3 Octoberottobre 2014 |lingua=en}}</ref> AmongTra themdi wereloro fivevi cabineterano memberscinque ofmembri thedel Secondgabinetto Republic;della BrigadierSeconda GeneralRepubblica: il brigadiere generale [[Manuel Roxas]] wasfu "freedliberato",<ref name="ChiTrib1945" /> thementre gli otheraltri fourquattro werefurono capturedcatturati ascome collaboratorscollaborazionisti.<ref>{{citeCita news |lastcognome=Harris |firstnome=Reg |datedata=19 Aprilaprile 1945 |titletitolo=Secret Trek Saves 7000 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48967927 |newspaperrivista=The Courier-Mail |locationcittà=Brisbane |access-dateaccesso=3 Octoberottobre 2014 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita news |lastcognome=Dexter |firstnome=Frank |datedata=19 Aprilaprile 1945 |titletitolo=7,000 Rescued From Baguio – "Puppet" Ministers Seized |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1093486 |newspaperrivista=The Argus |locationcittà=Melbourne |access-dateaccesso=3 Octoberottobwr 2014 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Chapman |firstnome=Abraham |chaptercapitolo=Notes on the Philippine elections |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yookbQZ-0yUC&q=Baguio%201945%20Roxas&pg=PA376 |dateanno=2001 |editor1-last=Krotaska |editor1-first=Paul H. |titletitolo=South East Asia, Colonial History: Peaceful transitions to independence (1945–1963) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yookbQZ-0yUC |publishereditore=Taylor & Francis |pagep=376 |isbn=978-0-415-24784-9 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Rovere |firstnome=Richard Halworth |dateanno=1992 |titletitolo=General MacArthur and President Truman: The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhN7MmdcGCsC&pg=PA83 |publishereditore=Transaction Publishers |pagep=83 |isbn=978-1-4128-2439-2 |lingua=en}}<br /ref><ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Karnow |firstnome=Stanley |datedata=24 Novembernovembre 2010 |titletitolo=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&q=Roxas%20Baguio%201945&pg=PT626 |publishereditore=Random House Publishing Group |pagep=626 |isbn=978-0-307-77543-6 |lingua=en}}</ref> OnIl 22 Aprilaprile, Majoril Generalmaggior generale Noakata Utsunomiya, whoche hadera beenstato leftlasciato in commandcomando ofdella thedifesa defense ofdi Baguio byda Yamashita, orderedordinò ala withdrawalritirata fromdalla Baguiocittà. OnDue 24giorni Aprildopo, thele firstprime Alliedforze forcesalleate, una apattuglia patroldel of129º theReggimento [[129thdi InfantryFanteria, Regimententrò (Unitedfinalmente States)|129th Infantry Regiment]] – entereda Baguio.<ref name="Ch XXV" />
 
== Le conseguenze ==
(continua nello stesso paragrafo)
[[File:Session_Road_Ruins.jpg|thumb|Un edificio con uffici lungo Session Road distrutto dal fuoco d'artiglieria durante la battaglia di Baguio. Gli uffici furono poi demoliti nel 2021 per lasciare posto ad un nuovo edificio]]
President [[Jose P. Laurel|José P. Laurel]] of the [[puppet state|collaborationist]] [[Second Philippine Republic]], having moved to Baguio from Manila in December 1944, departed Baguio on 22 March, reaching [[Taiwan]] on 30 March;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |title=Government in Exile |last1=Jose |first1=Ricardo T. |website=Scalabrini Migration Center |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081702/http://www.smc.org.ph/administrator/uploads/apmj_pdf/APMJ1999N1-2ART8.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the remainder of the Second Republic government in the Philippines, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on 30 March.<ref name="Ch XXV" /> Yamashita and his staff relocated to [[Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya|Bambang]].<ref name="ChXV" /><ref name="Zeiler">{{cite book |last=Zeiler |first=Thomas W. |date=2004 |title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gst1FpsWZQC&q=Yamashita%20evacuates%20Baguio&pg=PA134 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=134 |isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9 }}</ref> A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until mid-April, when United States Army's [[37th Infantry Division (United States)|37th Infantry Division]], minus the [[145th Armored Regiment#Luzon Campaign|145th Infantry Regiment]], was released from garrisoning Manila to launch a two-division assault into Baguio from the west and south.<ref name="Ch XXV" />
Yamashita, con i 50&nbsp;000 uomini del ''Gruppo Shobu'', appartenente alla 14ª Armata d'Area, continuò ad impegnare l'avanzata statunitense nella Luzon settentrionale fino al 15 agosto 1945.<ref name="ChXV" /><ref name="Zeiler" /><ref name="72-28">{{Cita web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/luzon/72-28.htm |titolo=Luzon 1944–1945 |data=3 ottobre 2003 |editore=United States Army |accesso=25 settembre 2014 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215091059/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/luzon/72-28.htm |urlmorto=sì |lingua=en}}</ref> Il 3 settembre 1945, il giorno dopo la [[resa del Giappone]], Yamashita ufficialmente si arrese con tutte le forze giapponesi nelle Filippine al residence del Campo John Hay, in presenza dei tenenti generali [[Arthur Percival]] e [[Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV|Jonathan M. Wainwright]].<ref name=multiref>{{Cita libro |autore=Staff del generale dell'Esercito [[Douglas MacArthur]] |anno=1966 |titolo=Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific, Volume I |capitolo=Chapter XIV: Japan's Surrender |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch14.htm |editore=United States Army |p=464 |isbn=978-1-78266-035-4 |accesso=25 settembre 2014 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181053/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/index.htm#contents |urlmorto=sì |lingua=en}}<br />{{Cita web |url=http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |titolo=The American Residence in Baguio |editore=United States Department of State |accesso=25 settembre 2014 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903065401/http://manila.usembassy.gov/about-us/american-residence-in-baguio.html |urlmorto=sì |lingua=en}}<br />{{Cita libro |cognome=Farrell |nome=Brian |cognome2=Hunter |nome2=Sandy |data=15 dicembre 2009 |titolo=A Great Betrayal: The Fall of Singapore Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQWJAAAAQBAJ&q=Japanese%20Surrender%20Baguio%20Yamashita&pg=PA163 |editore=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd |p=163 |isbn=9789814435468 |lingua=en}}<br />{{Cita libro |cognome=Tucker |nome=Spencer |data=21 novembre 2012 |titolo=Almanac of American Military History |volume=Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&q=Japanese%20Surrender%20Baguio%20Yamashita&pg=PA1727 |editore=ABC-CLIO |p=1727 |isbn=978-1-59884-530-3 |lingua=en}}</ref>
 
During the Allied drive towards Baguio from the west, a six-day battle was fought at Irisan Gorge and the nearby Irisan River.<ref name="Ch XXV" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Mathias |first=Frank F. |date=1999 |title=GI Jive: An Army Bandsman in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGxGCxTsohkC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA170 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |page=170 |isbn=978-0-8131-2785-9 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Spector |first=Ronald H. |date=11 December 2012 |title=Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ObzQvjrsPwC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PT561 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=561 |isbn=978-1-4767-2742-4 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Ohl |first=John Kennedy |date=2001 |title=Minuteman: The Military Career of General Robert S. Beightler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4F-qtvhO5ewC&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA202 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |page=202 |isbn=978-1-55587-923-5 }}<br />{{cite news |last=Caluza |first=Desiree |date=28 April 2009 |title=Gratitude, roses for liberators of Baguio |url=http://services.inquirer.net/mobile/09/04/28/html_output/xmlhtml/20090427-201795-xml.html |newspaper=Inquirer Northern Luzon |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135008/http://services.inquirer.net/mobile/09/04/28/html_output/xmlhtml/20090427-201795-xml.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite book |last=Nalty |first=Bernard C. |date=1999 |title=War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay : the Story of the Bitter Struggle in the Pacific Theater of World War II, Featuring Commissioned Photographs of Artifacts from All the Major Combatants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd3fql_JoO4C&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA222 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=222 |isbn=978-0-8061-3199-3 }}</ref> This battle involved one of the last [[tank]]-versus-tank engagements of the Philippines campaign, between [[M4 Sherman]]s of the U.S. Army's Company B, 775th Tank Battalion, and [[Type 97 Chi-Ha|Type 97]]s of the IJA's 5th Tank Company, 10th Tank Regiment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |date=2012 |title=M4 Sherman Vs Type 97 Chi-Ha: The Pacific 1945 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WDKkAwAAQBAJ&q=Irisan%20Gorge&pg=PA73 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=73 |isbn=978-1-84908-638-7 }}</ref>
 
In mid-April, 7,000 civilians, including foreign nationals, made their way from Baguio to American lines.<ref name="ChiTrib1945">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Associated Press |date=18 April 1945 |title=M'Arthur Frees 7,000 Civilians In Luzon Drive: Troops Reach Edge of Baguio |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1945/04/18/page/5/article/marthur-frees-7-000-civilians-in-luzon-drive |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |location=Manila |access-date=3 October 2014 }}</ref> Among them were five cabinet members of the Second Republic; Brigadier General [[Manuel Roxas]] was "freed",<ref name="ChiTrib1945" /> the other four were captured as collaborators.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Reg |date=19 April 1945 |title=Secret Trek Saves 7000 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48967927 |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |location=Brisbane |access-date=3 October 2014 }}<br />{{cite news |last=Dexter |first=Frank |date=19 April 1945 |title=7,000 Rescued From Baguio – "Puppet" Ministers Seized |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1093486 |newspaper=The Argus |location=Melbourne |access-date=3 October 2014 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Abraham |chapter=Notes on the Philippine elections |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yookbQZ-0yUC&q=Baguio%201945%20Roxas&pg=PA376 |date=2001 |editor1-last=Krotaska |editor1-first=Paul H. |title=South East Asia, Colonial History: Peaceful transitions to independence (1945–1963) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yookbQZ-0yUC |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=376 |isbn=978-0-415-24784-9 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Rovere |first=Richard Halworth |date=1992 |title=General MacArthur and President Truman: The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhN7MmdcGCsC&pg=PA83 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=83 |isbn=978-1-4128-2439-2 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |date=24 November 2010 |title=In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbwogbQ3l8UC&q=Roxas%20Baguio%201945&pg=PT626 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=626 |isbn=978-0-307-77543-6 }}</ref> On 22 April, Major General Noakata Utsunomiya, who had been left in command of the defense of Baguio by Yamashita, ordered a withdrawal from Baguio. On 24 April, the first Allied forces – a patrol of the [[129th Infantry Regiment (United States)|129th Infantry Regiment]] – entered Baguio.<ref name="Ch XXV" />
 
== Note ==
Line 56 ⟶ 55:
 
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== Collegamenti esterni ==
* {{Cita web |url=https://archive.org/details/ADC-4068b |titolo=U.S. Army footage of the battle of Baguio |lingua=en}}
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