In 28 June 1989 several hundred thousand Serbs assemble at the battlefield site of Gazimestan, ou... more In 28 June 1989 several hundred thousand Serbs assemble at the battlefield site of Gazimestan, outside the Kosovar capital, Pristina, to celebrate the six hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. For many weeks a ferment of national feeling had been created inside Serbia; the bones of Prince Lazar, who died at the battle, had been taken on a tour of the country, becoming an object of pilgrimage wherever they were. In the courtyard of the monastery at Gracanica (south of Priština), while people queued to pay their devotions to the Prince's bones inside, stalls sold icon-style posters of Jesus Christ, Prince Lazar and Slobodan Miloševic side by side. At the ceremony on the battlefield Miloševic was accompanied by black-robed metropolitans of the Orthodox Church, singers in traditional Serbian folk costumes, and members of the security police in their traditional dress of dark suits and sun glasses. 'After six centuries', Miloševic told the crowd, “We are again engaged in battles and quarrels. They are not armed battles, but this cannot be excluded yet.” The crowd roared its approval. Dissolution of Yugoslavia get a start from the words of Miloševic.
By 1990, after forty-five years of communism, all of Bosnian society was very secularized, and th... more By 1990, after forty-five years of communism, all of Bosnian society was very secularized, and though all three ethnic groups had their origins in a religion, religion played little role in the lives of any of the elite. Thus one not should see Bosniak, Serbs, and Croats as being Muslim, Orthodox, and Catholic, but as being of those three respective backgrounds. As since persons of all ethnicities were twenty-century, modern, secular Europeans, led by members of the Communist Party of BiH, there was much intermarriage among different groups in BiH cities. Between the Second World War and 1991 roughly 40 percent of urban marriages were mixed and over 20 percent of urban Bosnians declared themselves in censuses “Yugoslav” or other, refusing to define themselves in ethnic terms. Thus the first definition for the term “Muslim” after the 1968 was ethnic and few educated Muslims gave Islam much thought.
In the twentyfirst century the most important prerequisite of the global peace is the recognition... more In the twentyfirst century the most important prerequisite of the global peace is the recognition of the right to survival of several different civilizational identities in an atmosphere of coexistence. The existing civilizational crisis could only be overcome by a civilizational dialogue and a free exchange of values. Uni-cultural monopolization has been the main dilemma of modern western civilization and has led to the destruction of traditional civilizations. The current revival of traditional civilizations is not simply a reaction against this uni-cultural monopolization, but it has its own dynamics summarized by some authors by the label “The Return of God”, or “The Revenge of God”. In this chapter we will try to blueprint a strategy for the national Islamic organizations, Meshiats, of the former Yugoslavia region, as well as Islamic organizations representing the societies resident as minorities in all over the world.
Historians still argue over whether it was Serb nationalism or Yugoslavism, Serbian secret societ... more Historians still argue over whether it was Serb nationalism or Yugoslavism, Serbian secret societies or sheer local initiative that had caused the assassination to happen. Many Bosnians made up their minds very quickly about who was to blame: The assassination by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June 1914 of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand was sponsored by a group of "national revolutionaries," nationalist Serb youth generally known by the name Mlada Bosna, or Young Bosnia.
Srebrenica’da ve diğer Müslüman yoğun yerleşim merkezlerinde Müslümanların uğradığı soykırımın en... more Srebrenica’da ve diğer Müslüman yoğun yerleşim merkezlerinde Müslümanların uğradığı soykırımın en onemli sebebi Bosna’nın Müslüman halkının, Bosna toprakları üzerinden Büyük Sırbistana ulaşmak isteyen Sırp saldırganlığıyla hiç hazır olmadıkları bir zamanda karşılaşmış olmalarıdır. Sırpların Bosnanın bağımsızlık kararına nasıl tepki verecekleri Sırplar tarafından Bosna Parlementosunda açıkça ifade edildiği halde, Boşnak siyasi liderliği bu tehdidi ve başta ABD, İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, BM olmak üzere uluslararsı aktörlerin nasıl davranacaklarını yeterince değerlendirememiş, Sırp saldırılarına karşı Müslumanların savunulması konusunda ciddi bir planlama yapmayı başaramamıştır. Siyasi liderliğin bu başarısızlığında, Müslümanların Tito döneminin bitmeyeceği anlayışıyla rehavete kapılmış olmaları, Bosna’nın Hiristiyan ahalisi kendisini Tito sonrasina hazirlarken, Bosnalı Müslümanların dünkü komşularının kendilerine neler yapabileceği konusunda bilinçlerinin son derece zayıflamış olmasının da rolü görülüyor. Alija İzetbegovic, bu gün Bosna’da Müslümanların kavuştuğu tanınmışlığın mimarı olarak övgüye layık olmakla birlikte, Bosna savaşını bir Müslüman-Hristiyan çatışması görünümünden çıkarmak için Müslüman ülkelere koyduğu mesafe ile ve uluslararası Hristiyan topluluğa fazla bel bağlamış olmakla siyasi kariyerine bir gölge düştüğü kanaatimizi tekrarlamak isteriz. Unutulmaması gereken ders: Innemel Mu’minine ihvetun إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ Sadece Mü'minler kardeştir. Hucurat-10
Saraybosna’daki on yılı aşan ikametim boyunca daima Alija İzetbegović’in bu günkü Bosna’da Müslüm... more Saraybosna’daki on yılı aşan ikametim boyunca daima Alija İzetbegović’in bu günkü Bosna’da Müslümanların, sahip olduğu konuma ulaşmalarındaki emsalsiz rolü ve liderliği ile, Srebrenica soykırımı sırasındaki başarısızlığını telif etme güçlüğü çektim. Yaptığım araştırmalar beni hep, Alija İzetbegović ile Sırbistan’ın verdiği hiç bir sözünde durmamış fırıldak Cumhurbaşkanı Slobodan Miloşevic arasında kapalı kapılar arkasında varılmış bir anlaşmaya sadık kalma naivliğine götürüyorken, ardı ardına ortaya çıkan yeni bilgiler çerçevesinde yeni yol kavşakları ortaya çıkıyordu. Alija izetbegović’in kişiliğini yakından tanıyan bir çok insan’dan “Alija İzetbegović adı ile ihanet bir arada telaffuz edilemez” şahitliği her seferinde Alija’nın defterini açık bırakmamıza neden oluyordu.
Western Europe's reencounter with Islam in both its domestic and foreign dimensions offers a rang... more Western Europe's reencounter with Islam in both its domestic and foreign dimensions offers a range of opportunities for positive change in the world. Yet, Europe's track record of engagement with Islam over the last 1,350 years is not encouraging. Although exploring some new initiatives, Europeans today seem inclined to pursue a status quo approach at home and abroad, preferring caution, predictability, control, and established structures over the boldness, adaptability, engagement, and re-defined relationships that the new situation requires. A similar mind-set is evident among Europe's Muslim population.
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The on... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH). Although to save the face in front of the international community, Bosnian Croats created a shallow military organization named Croatian Defense Council (HVO) the, the actual fighters in the Bosnian Croats side was the Croatian Army. In the case of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), with is commanding team, and armament, was completely an organic subunit of Yugoslavian National Army (JNA)
To be biologically functional, all proteins must adopt specific folded three-dimensional structur... more To be biologically functional, all proteins must adopt specific folded three-dimensional structures. Some believes in that the genetic information for the protein specifies only the primary structure, the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide backbone, and most purified proteins can spontaneously refold in vitro after being completely unfolded, so the three-dimensional structure must be determined by the primary structure (Creighton, 1990). How this occurs has come to be known as 'the protein folding problem'. As a part of the protein folding problem, the existence of similar substrings in diverse proteins is remarkable. Some scientist call it “conserved core” which echoes the claim that all proteins diversified from a common ancestor protein, and these similar pieces of the two or several proteins are the substrings that resisted the pressure of the evolution. Due to naturally-occurring (DNA fails to copy accurately) and external influences just like ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic fields, atomic radiations, protein coding genes and proteins may undergo some changes by the time in response to mutations. The rate of these mutations is strongly correlated to the intensity of the environmental conditions, and it is not possible to estimate a constant rate just in the case of radioactive decay. Also there is no much evidence that the diversity of proteins relies on only these mutations. For this reason we prefer the term "similar substrings". In this paper we focused in the relation between primary and secondary structure mismatches of the substrings of length seventeen residues. We have seen that the mismatches in the corresponding secondary structure sequence substrings of the same length lags behind primary mismatches. We constructed a conditional probability landscape that resembles the conditional probability of a certain secondary substring mismatch given the primary substring mismatch. This landscape shows that even when 6-7 mismatches exist in two primary substrings of length 17 that belong to the two different proteins, the probability of full match of corresponding secondary structure substrings is remarkable. We downloaded primary and secondary sequences of all 303,524 proteins of the PDB protein databank. Eliminating the duplicates and proteins of residue length less than 30, we have got a non redundant database of 80,592. We developed a search algorithm FIND-SIM to find similar primary sequence substrings in a query protein and target proteins. Some examples of full secondary structure matches of short substrings corresponding to short primary structure substrings with high mismatches are given.
The mystery of the relation between amino acid sequences and folding of the proteins started to f... more The mystery of the relation between amino acid sequences and folding of the proteins started to fascinate researchers starting from 1960'ies. When three-dimensional structures of globular proteins were first obtained by X-ray crystallography, there was no obvious relation foundbetween amino acid sequence and conformation. The ability of globular proteins refold from their denatured, time-random coils in the absence of other biological material, led some scientists to believe in that all the information for the native, biologically active conformation is contained within the amino acid sequence. In 1970'ies Anfinsen postulated that the native structure of a protein depends only on the amino acid sequence and on the conditions of solution, and not on the kinetic folding pathway. During that decade protein folding code was seen as a sum of many small interactions. But the key idea was that the primary sequence encoded secondary structures, which then encoded tertiary structures. In this article the claim that primary sequence encodes the secondary structure will be tested by the propensity of amino acids to helix-sheet-coil conformations.
Protein secondary structure prediction is one of the hot topics of bioinformatics and computation... more Protein secondary structure prediction is one of the hot topics of bioinformatics and computational biology. In this article we present a new method to predict secondary structure of proteins. PSSMs of proteins are used to generate pseudo image of proteins. These protein images are used to extract digital image features. Digital image features vectors used for similarity analysis. We believe that PSSM pseudo digital images of proteins could help us to represent protein global intrinsic information in order find globally similar proteins and use these similar proteins during prediction. Highest prediction accuracy for Q3 recorded as 72.1% by using the system. Beside the high accuracy, this method allows us to shorten computational time for predicting secondary structure of proteins.
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia.
Croat... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. Croat army troops and Bosnia Croats’ HVO combatants were 50-50 in Bosnia War. Commanding team of Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) composed of senior JNA officers. VRS received continuous logistic, and combatant support from JNA. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH). UN Protect force UNPROFOR shortened its responsibility to peace keeping when it does exist. Turkish, Pakistanian, Malaysian, Bangladesh, Jordanian battalions with a total of 15.000 troops under UNPROFOR command hierarchy are trapped in non clash areas.
For Muslim troops under UNPROFOR it should be very sad to be in the audience of Bosnia tragedy that started and ended in front of their eyes...
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia.
The o... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH). Although the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries, the presence of foreign fighters is well documented, and none of these groups comprised more than five percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength. The fact that the The fact that the Dayton Peace Agreement signed by Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and Croatia President Franjo Tucman in November 21, 1995 is the proof of the reality that the main actors in Bosnia War 1992-1995 was Serbian and Croatian armies, not the local Bosnians.
Srebrenica katliaminin en onemli sebebi Müslüman Bosnak siyasi liderliginin Müslumanların savunul... more Srebrenica katliaminin en onemli sebebi Müslüman Bosnak siyasi liderliginin Müslumanların savunulması konusunda ciddi bir planlama yapmayı basaramamasıdır. Onların, Bosna Hiristiyan ahalisinin kendilerine karsı neler yapabilecegi konusunda bilinçleri son derece zayıftı. Dünkü komsularından böyle bir seyi asla beklemiyorlardı. Tamamen gafil avlandılar. Siyasi Liderlik, Müslumanların savunması için gayrimüslim uluslararası güce çok fazla güvendi. Unutulmaması gereken ders: Mü'minler kardestir.
Dönüs yolunda, Habsburgların sisler içinde yarı kaybolmus saraylarının slüetini seyrederek Prinz ... more Dönüs yolunda, Habsburgların sisler içinde yarı kaybolmus saraylarının slüetini seyrederek Prinz Eugen meydanına geldiklerinde, bulutlu ögle sonrası ısıklarının aydınlattıgı heykelin atının ayakları altındaki hilalli sancak, Mula’ya utançla karısık derin bir hüzün vermisti. 1697’de Savoy’lu Prens Eugene komutasında Kutsal Roma ve Macar Imparatorluklarının bu günkü Sırbistan’ın Zenta sehri yakınlarında Osmanlı ordusunu maglup etmis ve Eugene Bosna ve Sırbistandaki camiler basta olmak üzere bütün Osmanlı eserlerini yakıp yıkmıstı. O sancak, bu zalimin atının ayagı altından muhakkak kaldırılmalıydı.
31 Mart hadisesini, ttihat Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Alman yanlısı kanadı ile, sonradan ngiltere tar... more 31 Mart hadisesini, ttihat Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Alman yanlısı kanadı ile, sonradan ngiltere tarafından desteklenen, Alman nufuzuna karsı kanadının iktidar mücadelesi olarak takdim eden degerlendirmemiz, bu güne kadar bir çok arastırmacı tarafından çesitli vesilelerle ima edilen, ancak bu kadar açıkça ortaya konulmayan bir iddiadır. Bu iddianın kuru bir komplo teorisi olmadıgına dair bir çok isarette beri, 1908 htilali’nin tartısmasız kahramanlarından Resne’li Ahmet Niyazi Bey’in hayat hikayesidir.
Vergi sisteminin oturtulamayisi ve 1870’lerde yasanan tabii afetler, Osmanli mali sisteminin çökm... more Vergi sisteminin oturtulamayisi ve 1870’lerde yasanan tabii afetler, Osmanli mali sisteminin çökmesinde önemli rol oynadi. Tanzimatin vergi ve toprak reformlari Bosnalilarin yasamina önemli bir degisiklik getirmedi. Tanzimatin liberizasyon havasi Bosna’nin gayrimüslim ahalisinde Osmanliligi degil, Osmanli karsitligini alevlendirdi. Ticaretle ugrasan ya da topragina sahip olan Hiristiyan orta sinif, Osmanli karsiti direnme ve ayaklanmalarin ekseni oldu.
Osmanlı Imparatorlugunun genis bir cografyada ve çok farklı kültürler üzerinde sürdürdügü uzun öm... more Osmanlı Imparatorlugunun genis bir cografyada ve çok farklı kültürler üzerinde sürdürdügü uzun ömrü, onun tebasına sagladıgı genis inanç özgürlügüne baglayan tarihçiler çoktur. Günümüzde de, özellikle Batı Avrupa’da çıkmaza girmis entegrasyon-asimilasyon politikaları yüzünden çözüm arayısına girmis politikacılara da yol gösterebilecek bir analiz sunuyoruz.
Kosova'yi 3000 yil önce ilk iskan edenlerin Akdeniz kavimleri olduguna inaniliyor. Son iki bin se... more Kosova'yi 3000 yil önce ilk iskan edenlerin Akdeniz kavimleri olduguna inaniliyor. Son iki bin sene boyunca da bir çok göç dalgalarinin son duragi oldu. Akinlarla bölgeye girip de yerlesip kalanlar arasinda Hunlar, Iskitler, Illiryalilar, Mogollar bile var. MS altinci ve yedinci yüzyillarda kuzeyden Slav kavimleri de indiler. Ancak Kosova'ya medeniyet kimligi veren gelismeler, on birinci yüzyildan itibaren, Islam tebligcisi tarikatlarin bölgeye girmesiyle baþladi. Medeniyet kimligi, 1389 Kosova Savasi'ndan itibaren 1913'e kadar Osmanli semsiyesi altinda geçen bes yüz yila yakin dönemde kesinlesti.
Hasan Kaimi Baba’nin dergahi Drina’nin yaslandigi tepelerden birinin üstünde, Kula Grad denilen Z... more Hasan Kaimi Baba’nin dergahi Drina’nin yaslandigi tepelerden birinin üstünde, Kula Grad denilen Zvornik Kalesi’nin dibinde. Dergahtan Drina’yi ve sonradan olusmus baraj gölünün harika manzarasini seyretmek, gönül ferahlatiyor.
In 28 June 1989 several hundred thousand Serbs assemble at the battlefield site of Gazimestan, ou... more In 28 June 1989 several hundred thousand Serbs assemble at the battlefield site of Gazimestan, outside the Kosovar capital, Pristina, to celebrate the six hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. For many weeks a ferment of national feeling had been created inside Serbia; the bones of Prince Lazar, who died at the battle, had been taken on a tour of the country, becoming an object of pilgrimage wherever they were. In the courtyard of the monastery at Gracanica (south of Priština), while people queued to pay their devotions to the Prince's bones inside, stalls sold icon-style posters of Jesus Christ, Prince Lazar and Slobodan Miloševic side by side. At the ceremony on the battlefield Miloševic was accompanied by black-robed metropolitans of the Orthodox Church, singers in traditional Serbian folk costumes, and members of the security police in their traditional dress of dark suits and sun glasses. 'After six centuries', Miloševic told the crowd, “We are again engaged in battles and quarrels. They are not armed battles, but this cannot be excluded yet.” The crowd roared its approval. Dissolution of Yugoslavia get a start from the words of Miloševic.
By 1990, after forty-five years of communism, all of Bosnian society was very secularized, and th... more By 1990, after forty-five years of communism, all of Bosnian society was very secularized, and though all three ethnic groups had their origins in a religion, religion played little role in the lives of any of the elite. Thus one not should see Bosniak, Serbs, and Croats as being Muslim, Orthodox, and Catholic, but as being of those three respective backgrounds. As since persons of all ethnicities were twenty-century, modern, secular Europeans, led by members of the Communist Party of BiH, there was much intermarriage among different groups in BiH cities. Between the Second World War and 1991 roughly 40 percent of urban marriages were mixed and over 20 percent of urban Bosnians declared themselves in censuses “Yugoslav” or other, refusing to define themselves in ethnic terms. Thus the first definition for the term “Muslim” after the 1968 was ethnic and few educated Muslims gave Islam much thought.
In the twentyfirst century the most important prerequisite of the global peace is the recognition... more In the twentyfirst century the most important prerequisite of the global peace is the recognition of the right to survival of several different civilizational identities in an atmosphere of coexistence. The existing civilizational crisis could only be overcome by a civilizational dialogue and a free exchange of values. Uni-cultural monopolization has been the main dilemma of modern western civilization and has led to the destruction of traditional civilizations. The current revival of traditional civilizations is not simply a reaction against this uni-cultural monopolization, but it has its own dynamics summarized by some authors by the label “The Return of God”, or “The Revenge of God”. In this chapter we will try to blueprint a strategy for the national Islamic organizations, Meshiats, of the former Yugoslavia region, as well as Islamic organizations representing the societies resident as minorities in all over the world.
Historians still argue over whether it was Serb nationalism or Yugoslavism, Serbian secret societ... more Historians still argue over whether it was Serb nationalism or Yugoslavism, Serbian secret societies or sheer local initiative that had caused the assassination to happen. Many Bosnians made up their minds very quickly about who was to blame: The assassination by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June 1914 of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand was sponsored by a group of "national revolutionaries," nationalist Serb youth generally known by the name Mlada Bosna, or Young Bosnia.
Srebrenica’da ve diğer Müslüman yoğun yerleşim merkezlerinde Müslümanların uğradığı soykırımın en... more Srebrenica’da ve diğer Müslüman yoğun yerleşim merkezlerinde Müslümanların uğradığı soykırımın en onemli sebebi Bosna’nın Müslüman halkının, Bosna toprakları üzerinden Büyük Sırbistana ulaşmak isteyen Sırp saldırganlığıyla hiç hazır olmadıkları bir zamanda karşılaşmış olmalarıdır. Sırpların Bosnanın bağımsızlık kararına nasıl tepki verecekleri Sırplar tarafından Bosna Parlementosunda açıkça ifade edildiği halde, Boşnak siyasi liderliği bu tehdidi ve başta ABD, İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya, BM olmak üzere uluslararsı aktörlerin nasıl davranacaklarını yeterince değerlendirememiş, Sırp saldırılarına karşı Müslumanların savunulması konusunda ciddi bir planlama yapmayı başaramamıştır. Siyasi liderliğin bu başarısızlığında, Müslümanların Tito döneminin bitmeyeceği anlayışıyla rehavete kapılmış olmaları, Bosna’nın Hiristiyan ahalisi kendisini Tito sonrasina hazirlarken, Bosnalı Müslümanların dünkü komşularının kendilerine neler yapabileceği konusunda bilinçlerinin son derece zayıflamış olmasının da rolü görülüyor. Alija İzetbegovic, bu gün Bosna’da Müslümanların kavuştuğu tanınmışlığın mimarı olarak övgüye layık olmakla birlikte, Bosna savaşını bir Müslüman-Hristiyan çatışması görünümünden çıkarmak için Müslüman ülkelere koyduğu mesafe ile ve uluslararası Hristiyan topluluğa fazla bel bağlamış olmakla siyasi kariyerine bir gölge düştüğü kanaatimizi tekrarlamak isteriz. Unutulmaması gereken ders: Innemel Mu’minine ihvetun إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ Sadece Mü'minler kardeştir. Hucurat-10
Saraybosna’daki on yılı aşan ikametim boyunca daima Alija İzetbegović’in bu günkü Bosna’da Müslüm... more Saraybosna’daki on yılı aşan ikametim boyunca daima Alija İzetbegović’in bu günkü Bosna’da Müslümanların, sahip olduğu konuma ulaşmalarındaki emsalsiz rolü ve liderliği ile, Srebrenica soykırımı sırasındaki başarısızlığını telif etme güçlüğü çektim. Yaptığım araştırmalar beni hep, Alija İzetbegović ile Sırbistan’ın verdiği hiç bir sözünde durmamış fırıldak Cumhurbaşkanı Slobodan Miloşevic arasında kapalı kapılar arkasında varılmış bir anlaşmaya sadık kalma naivliğine götürüyorken, ardı ardına ortaya çıkan yeni bilgiler çerçevesinde yeni yol kavşakları ortaya çıkıyordu. Alija izetbegović’in kişiliğini yakından tanıyan bir çok insan’dan “Alija İzetbegović adı ile ihanet bir arada telaffuz edilemez” şahitliği her seferinde Alija’nın defterini açık bırakmamıza neden oluyordu.
Western Europe's reencounter with Islam in both its domestic and foreign dimensions offers a rang... more Western Europe's reencounter with Islam in both its domestic and foreign dimensions offers a range of opportunities for positive change in the world. Yet, Europe's track record of engagement with Islam over the last 1,350 years is not encouraging. Although exploring some new initiatives, Europeans today seem inclined to pursue a status quo approach at home and abroad, preferring caution, predictability, control, and established structures over the boldness, adaptability, engagement, and re-defined relationships that the new situation requires. A similar mind-set is evident among Europe's Muslim population.
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The on... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH). Although to save the face in front of the international community, Bosnian Croats created a shallow military organization named Croatian Defense Council (HVO) the, the actual fighters in the Bosnian Croats side was the Croatian Army. In the case of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), with is commanding team, and armament, was completely an organic subunit of Yugoslavian National Army (JNA)
To be biologically functional, all proteins must adopt specific folded three-dimensional structur... more To be biologically functional, all proteins must adopt specific folded three-dimensional structures. Some believes in that the genetic information for the protein specifies only the primary structure, the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide backbone, and most purified proteins can spontaneously refold in vitro after being completely unfolded, so the three-dimensional structure must be determined by the primary structure (Creighton, 1990). How this occurs has come to be known as 'the protein folding problem'. As a part of the protein folding problem, the existence of similar substrings in diverse proteins is remarkable. Some scientist call it “conserved core” which echoes the claim that all proteins diversified from a common ancestor protein, and these similar pieces of the two or several proteins are the substrings that resisted the pressure of the evolution. Due to naturally-occurring (DNA fails to copy accurately) and external influences just like ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic fields, atomic radiations, protein coding genes and proteins may undergo some changes by the time in response to mutations. The rate of these mutations is strongly correlated to the intensity of the environmental conditions, and it is not possible to estimate a constant rate just in the case of radioactive decay. Also there is no much evidence that the diversity of proteins relies on only these mutations. For this reason we prefer the term "similar substrings". In this paper we focused in the relation between primary and secondary structure mismatches of the substrings of length seventeen residues. We have seen that the mismatches in the corresponding secondary structure sequence substrings of the same length lags behind primary mismatches. We constructed a conditional probability landscape that resembles the conditional probability of a certain secondary substring mismatch given the primary substring mismatch. This landscape shows that even when 6-7 mismatches exist in two primary substrings of length 17 that belong to the two different proteins, the probability of full match of corresponding secondary structure substrings is remarkable. We downloaded primary and secondary sequences of all 303,524 proteins of the PDB protein databank. Eliminating the duplicates and proteins of residue length less than 30, we have got a non redundant database of 80,592. We developed a search algorithm FIND-SIM to find similar primary sequence substrings in a query protein and target proteins. Some examples of full secondary structure matches of short substrings corresponding to short primary structure substrings with high mismatches are given.
The mystery of the relation between amino acid sequences and folding of the proteins started to f... more The mystery of the relation between amino acid sequences and folding of the proteins started to fascinate researchers starting from 1960'ies. When three-dimensional structures of globular proteins were first obtained by X-ray crystallography, there was no obvious relation foundbetween amino acid sequence and conformation. The ability of globular proteins refold from their denatured, time-random coils in the absence of other biological material, led some scientists to believe in that all the information for the native, biologically active conformation is contained within the amino acid sequence. In 1970'ies Anfinsen postulated that the native structure of a protein depends only on the amino acid sequence and on the conditions of solution, and not on the kinetic folding pathway. During that decade protein folding code was seen as a sum of many small interactions. But the key idea was that the primary sequence encoded secondary structures, which then encoded tertiary structures. In this article the claim that primary sequence encodes the secondary structure will be tested by the propensity of amino acids to helix-sheet-coil conformations.
Protein secondary structure prediction is one of the hot topics of bioinformatics and computation... more Protein secondary structure prediction is one of the hot topics of bioinformatics and computational biology. In this article we present a new method to predict secondary structure of proteins. PSSMs of proteins are used to generate pseudo image of proteins. These protein images are used to extract digital image features. Digital image features vectors used for similarity analysis. We believe that PSSM pseudo digital images of proteins could help us to represent protein global intrinsic information in order find globally similar proteins and use these similar proteins during prediction. Highest prediction accuracy for Q3 recorded as 72.1% by using the system. Beside the high accuracy, this method allows us to shorten computational time for predicting secondary structure of proteins.
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia.
Croat... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. Croat army troops and Bosnia Croats’ HVO combatants were 50-50 in Bosnia War. Commanding team of Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) composed of senior JNA officers. VRS received continuous logistic, and combatant support from JNA. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH). UN Protect force UNPROFOR shortened its responsibility to peace keeping when it does exist. Turkish, Pakistanian, Malaysian, Bangladesh, Jordanian battalions with a total of 15.000 troops under UNPROFOR command hierarchy are trapped in non clash areas.
For Muslim troops under UNPROFOR it should be very sad to be in the audience of Bosnia tragedy that started and ended in front of their eyes...
The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia.
The o... more The Bosnian War essentially fought between Bosnian Muslim Population, Croatia, and Serbia. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH). Although the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries, the presence of foreign fighters is well documented, and none of these groups comprised more than five percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength. The fact that the The fact that the Dayton Peace Agreement signed by Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and Croatia President Franjo Tucman in November 21, 1995 is the proof of the reality that the main actors in Bosnia War 1992-1995 was Serbian and Croatian armies, not the local Bosnians.
Srebrenica katliaminin en onemli sebebi Müslüman Bosnak siyasi liderliginin Müslumanların savunul... more Srebrenica katliaminin en onemli sebebi Müslüman Bosnak siyasi liderliginin Müslumanların savunulması konusunda ciddi bir planlama yapmayı basaramamasıdır. Onların, Bosna Hiristiyan ahalisinin kendilerine karsı neler yapabilecegi konusunda bilinçleri son derece zayıftı. Dünkü komsularından böyle bir seyi asla beklemiyorlardı. Tamamen gafil avlandılar. Siyasi Liderlik, Müslumanların savunması için gayrimüslim uluslararası güce çok fazla güvendi. Unutulmaması gereken ders: Mü'minler kardestir.
Dönüs yolunda, Habsburgların sisler içinde yarı kaybolmus saraylarının slüetini seyrederek Prinz ... more Dönüs yolunda, Habsburgların sisler içinde yarı kaybolmus saraylarının slüetini seyrederek Prinz Eugen meydanına geldiklerinde, bulutlu ögle sonrası ısıklarının aydınlattıgı heykelin atının ayakları altındaki hilalli sancak, Mula’ya utançla karısık derin bir hüzün vermisti. 1697’de Savoy’lu Prens Eugene komutasında Kutsal Roma ve Macar Imparatorluklarının bu günkü Sırbistan’ın Zenta sehri yakınlarında Osmanlı ordusunu maglup etmis ve Eugene Bosna ve Sırbistandaki camiler basta olmak üzere bütün Osmanlı eserlerini yakıp yıkmıstı. O sancak, bu zalimin atının ayagı altından muhakkak kaldırılmalıydı.
31 Mart hadisesini, ttihat Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Alman yanlısı kanadı ile, sonradan ngiltere tar... more 31 Mart hadisesini, ttihat Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Alman yanlısı kanadı ile, sonradan ngiltere tarafından desteklenen, Alman nufuzuna karsı kanadının iktidar mücadelesi olarak takdim eden degerlendirmemiz, bu güne kadar bir çok arastırmacı tarafından çesitli vesilelerle ima edilen, ancak bu kadar açıkça ortaya konulmayan bir iddiadır. Bu iddianın kuru bir komplo teorisi olmadıgına dair bir çok isarette beri, 1908 htilali’nin tartısmasız kahramanlarından Resne’li Ahmet Niyazi Bey’in hayat hikayesidir.
Vergi sisteminin oturtulamayisi ve 1870’lerde yasanan tabii afetler, Osmanli mali sisteminin çökm... more Vergi sisteminin oturtulamayisi ve 1870’lerde yasanan tabii afetler, Osmanli mali sisteminin çökmesinde önemli rol oynadi. Tanzimatin vergi ve toprak reformlari Bosnalilarin yasamina önemli bir degisiklik getirmedi. Tanzimatin liberizasyon havasi Bosna’nin gayrimüslim ahalisinde Osmanliligi degil, Osmanli karsitligini alevlendirdi. Ticaretle ugrasan ya da topragina sahip olan Hiristiyan orta sinif, Osmanli karsiti direnme ve ayaklanmalarin ekseni oldu.
Osmanlı Imparatorlugunun genis bir cografyada ve çok farklı kültürler üzerinde sürdürdügü uzun öm... more Osmanlı Imparatorlugunun genis bir cografyada ve çok farklı kültürler üzerinde sürdürdügü uzun ömrü, onun tebasına sagladıgı genis inanç özgürlügüne baglayan tarihçiler çoktur. Günümüzde de, özellikle Batı Avrupa’da çıkmaza girmis entegrasyon-asimilasyon politikaları yüzünden çözüm arayısına girmis politikacılara da yol gösterebilecek bir analiz sunuyoruz.
Kosova'yi 3000 yil önce ilk iskan edenlerin Akdeniz kavimleri olduguna inaniliyor. Son iki bin se... more Kosova'yi 3000 yil önce ilk iskan edenlerin Akdeniz kavimleri olduguna inaniliyor. Son iki bin sene boyunca da bir çok göç dalgalarinin son duragi oldu. Akinlarla bölgeye girip de yerlesip kalanlar arasinda Hunlar, Iskitler, Illiryalilar, Mogollar bile var. MS altinci ve yedinci yüzyillarda kuzeyden Slav kavimleri de indiler. Ancak Kosova'ya medeniyet kimligi veren gelismeler, on birinci yüzyildan itibaren, Islam tebligcisi tarikatlarin bölgeye girmesiyle baþladi. Medeniyet kimligi, 1389 Kosova Savasi'ndan itibaren 1913'e kadar Osmanli semsiyesi altinda geçen bes yüz yila yakin dönemde kesinlesti.
Hasan Kaimi Baba’nin dergahi Drina’nin yaslandigi tepelerden birinin üstünde, Kula Grad denilen Z... more Hasan Kaimi Baba’nin dergahi Drina’nin yaslandigi tepelerden birinin üstünde, Kula Grad denilen Zvornik Kalesi’nin dibinde. Dergahtan Drina’yi ve sonradan olusmus baraj gölünün harika manzarasini seyretmek, gönül ferahlatiyor.
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to the Prince's bones inside, stalls sold icon-style posters of Jesus Christ, Prince Lazar and Slobodan Miloševic side by side. At the ceremony on the
battlefield Miloševic was accompanied by black-robed metropolitans of the Orthodox Church, singers in traditional Serbian folk costumes, and members
of the security police in their traditional dress of dark suits and sun glasses. 'After six centuries', Miloševic told the crowd, “We are again engaged in battles and quarrels. They are not armed battles, but this cannot be excluded yet.” The crowd roared its approval. Dissolution of Yugoslavia get a start from the words of Miloševic.
not should see Bosniak, Serbs, and Croats as being Muslim, Orthodox, and Catholic, but as being of those three respective backgrounds. As since persons of all ethnicities were twenty-century, modern, secular Europeans, led by members of the Communist Party of BiH, there was much intermarriage among different groups in BiH cities. Between the Second World War and 1991 roughly 40 percent of urban marriages were mixed and over 20 percent of urban Bosnians declared themselves in censuses “Yugoslav” or other, refusing to define themselves in ethnic terms. Thus the first definition for the term “Muslim” after the 1968 was ethnic and few educated Muslims gave Islam much thought.
The existing civilizational crisis could only be overcome by a civilizational dialogue and a free exchange of values. Uni-cultural monopolization has been the main dilemma of modern western civilization and has led to the destruction of traditional civilizations. The current revival of traditional civilizations is not simply a reaction against this uni-cultural monopolization, but it has its own dynamics summarized by some authors by the label “The Return of God”, or “The Revenge of God”.
In this chapter we will try to blueprint a strategy for the national Islamic organizations, Meshiats, of the former Yugoslavia region, as well as Islamic organizations representing the societies resident as minorities in all over the world.
assassination to happen. Many Bosnians made up their minds very quickly about who was to blame: The assassination by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June
1914 of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand was sponsored by a group of "national revolutionaries," nationalist Serb youth generally known by the
name Mlada Bosna, or Young Bosnia.
Siyasi liderliğin bu başarısızlığında, Müslümanların Tito döneminin bitmeyeceği anlayışıyla rehavete kapılmış olmaları, Bosna’nın Hiristiyan ahalisi kendisini Tito sonrasina hazirlarken, Bosnalı Müslümanların dünkü komşularının kendilerine neler yapabileceği konusunda bilinçlerinin son derece zayıflamış olmasının da rolü görülüyor.
Alija İzetbegovic, bu gün Bosna’da Müslümanların kavuştuğu tanınmışlığın mimarı olarak övgüye layık olmakla birlikte, Bosna savaşını bir Müslüman-Hristiyan çatışması görünümünden çıkarmak için Müslüman ülkelere koyduğu mesafe ile ve uluslararası Hristiyan topluluğa fazla bel bağlamış olmakla siyasi kariyerine bir gölge düştüğü kanaatimizi tekrarlamak isteriz.
Unutulmaması gereken ders:
Innemel Mu’minine ihvetun
إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ
Sadece Mü'minler kardeştir.
Hucurat-10
Croat army troops and Bosnia Croats’ HVO combatants were 50-50 in Bosnia War. Commanding team of Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) composed of senior JNA officers. VRS received continuous logistic, and combatant support from JNA. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH). UN Protect force UNPROFOR shortened its responsibility to peace keeping when it does exist. Turkish, Pakistanian, Malaysian, Bangladesh, Jordanian battalions with a total of 15.000 troops under UNPROFOR command hierarchy are trapped in non clash areas.
For Muslim troops under UNPROFOR it should be very sad to be in the audience of Bosnia tragedy that started and ended in front of their eyes...
The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH).
Although the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries, the presence of foreign fighters is well documented, and none of these groups comprised more than five percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength. The fact that the The fact that the Dayton Peace Agreement signed by Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and Croatia President Franjo Tucman in November 21, 1995 is the proof of the reality that the main actors in Bosnia War 1992-1995 was Serbian and Croatian armies, not the local Bosnians.
1697’de Savoy’lu Prens Eugene komutasında Kutsal Roma ve Macar Imparatorluklarının bu günkü Sırbistan’ın Zenta sehri yakınlarında Osmanlı ordusunu maglup etmis ve Eugene Bosna ve Sırbistandaki camiler basta olmak üzere bütün Osmanlı eserlerini yakıp yıkmıstı. O sancak, bu zalimin atının ayagı altından muhakkak kaldırılmalıydı.
çok göç dalgalarinin son duragi oldu. Akinlarla bölgeye girip de yerlesip kalanlar arasinda Hunlar, Iskitler, Illiryalilar, Mogollar bile var. MS altinci ve yedinci yüzyillarda kuzeyden Slav kavimleri de indiler. Ancak Kosova'ya medeniyet kimligi veren gelismeler, on birinci yüzyildan itibaren, Islam tebligcisi tarikatlarin bölgeye girmesiyle baþladi. Medeniyet kimligi, 1389 Kosova Savasi'ndan itibaren 1913'e kadar Osmanli semsiyesi altinda geçen bes yüz yila yakin dönemde kesinlesti.
to the Prince's bones inside, stalls sold icon-style posters of Jesus Christ, Prince Lazar and Slobodan Miloševic side by side. At the ceremony on the
battlefield Miloševic was accompanied by black-robed metropolitans of the Orthodox Church, singers in traditional Serbian folk costumes, and members
of the security police in their traditional dress of dark suits and sun glasses. 'After six centuries', Miloševic told the crowd, “We are again engaged in battles and quarrels. They are not armed battles, but this cannot be excluded yet.” The crowd roared its approval. Dissolution of Yugoslavia get a start from the words of Miloševic.
not should see Bosniak, Serbs, and Croats as being Muslim, Orthodox, and Catholic, but as being of those three respective backgrounds. As since persons of all ethnicities were twenty-century, modern, secular Europeans, led by members of the Communist Party of BiH, there was much intermarriage among different groups in BiH cities. Between the Second World War and 1991 roughly 40 percent of urban marriages were mixed and over 20 percent of urban Bosnians declared themselves in censuses “Yugoslav” or other, refusing to define themselves in ethnic terms. Thus the first definition for the term “Muslim” after the 1968 was ethnic and few educated Muslims gave Islam much thought.
The existing civilizational crisis could only be overcome by a civilizational dialogue and a free exchange of values. Uni-cultural monopolization has been the main dilemma of modern western civilization and has led to the destruction of traditional civilizations. The current revival of traditional civilizations is not simply a reaction against this uni-cultural monopolization, but it has its own dynamics summarized by some authors by the label “The Return of God”, or “The Revenge of God”.
In this chapter we will try to blueprint a strategy for the national Islamic organizations, Meshiats, of the former Yugoslavia region, as well as Islamic organizations representing the societies resident as minorities in all over the world.
assassination to happen. Many Bosnians made up their minds very quickly about who was to blame: The assassination by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June
1914 of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand was sponsored by a group of "national revolutionaries," nationalist Serb youth generally known by the
name Mlada Bosna, or Young Bosnia.
Siyasi liderliğin bu başarısızlığında, Müslümanların Tito döneminin bitmeyeceği anlayışıyla rehavete kapılmış olmaları, Bosna’nın Hiristiyan ahalisi kendisini Tito sonrasina hazirlarken, Bosnalı Müslümanların dünkü komşularının kendilerine neler yapabileceği konusunda bilinçlerinin son derece zayıflamış olmasının da rolü görülüyor.
Alija İzetbegovic, bu gün Bosna’da Müslümanların kavuştuğu tanınmışlığın mimarı olarak övgüye layık olmakla birlikte, Bosna savaşını bir Müslüman-Hristiyan çatışması görünümünden çıkarmak için Müslüman ülkelere koyduğu mesafe ile ve uluslararası Hristiyan topluluğa fazla bel bağlamış olmakla siyasi kariyerine bir gölge düştüğü kanaatimizi tekrarlamak isteriz.
Unutulmaması gereken ders:
Innemel Mu’minine ihvetun
إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ
Sadece Mü'minler kardeştir.
Hucurat-10
Croat army troops and Bosnia Croats’ HVO combatants were 50-50 in Bosnia War. Commanding team of Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) composed of senior JNA officers. VRS received continuous logistic, and combatant support from JNA. The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH). UN Protect force UNPROFOR shortened its responsibility to peace keeping when it does exist. Turkish, Pakistanian, Malaysian, Bangladesh, Jordanian battalions with a total of 15.000 troops under UNPROFOR command hierarchy are trapped in non clash areas.
For Muslim troops under UNPROFOR it should be very sad to be in the audience of Bosnia tragedy that started and ended in front of their eyes...
The only army that consists of 100% local people was Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ABiH).
Although the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina attracted foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries, the presence of foreign fighters is well documented, and none of these groups comprised more than five percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength. The fact that the The fact that the Dayton Peace Agreement signed by Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and Croatia President Franjo Tucman in November 21, 1995 is the proof of the reality that the main actors in Bosnia War 1992-1995 was Serbian and Croatian armies, not the local Bosnians.
1697’de Savoy’lu Prens Eugene komutasında Kutsal Roma ve Macar Imparatorluklarının bu günkü Sırbistan’ın Zenta sehri yakınlarında Osmanlı ordusunu maglup etmis ve Eugene Bosna ve Sırbistandaki camiler basta olmak üzere bütün Osmanlı eserlerini yakıp yıkmıstı. O sancak, bu zalimin atının ayagı altından muhakkak kaldırılmalıydı.
çok göç dalgalarinin son duragi oldu. Akinlarla bölgeye girip de yerlesip kalanlar arasinda Hunlar, Iskitler, Illiryalilar, Mogollar bile var. MS altinci ve yedinci yüzyillarda kuzeyden Slav kavimleri de indiler. Ancak Kosova'ya medeniyet kimligi veren gelismeler, on birinci yüzyildan itibaren, Islam tebligcisi tarikatlarin bölgeye girmesiyle baþladi. Medeniyet kimligi, 1389 Kosova Savasi'ndan itibaren 1913'e kadar Osmanli semsiyesi altinda geçen bes yüz yila yakin dönemde kesinlesti.