Sustainability in agriculture means the ability to maintain productivity, whether of a field or f... more Sustainability in agriculture means the ability to maintain productivity, whether of a field or farm or nation, in the face of stress or shock. In other words, it means to develop practices and technologies that will mitigate the major problems in agriculture like erratic weather conditions, pests, increase in the cost of production, climate change, soil erosion, etc. Though the Himalayan mountainous states are rich in biodiversity but there are issues like climate change, degradation of natural resources, soil erosion, fragmentation of land, etc. that poses a great threat to entire Himalayan biodiversity, agriculture, ecosystem and livelihood of its human population. Due to increasing population and growing demand of food, it became very important to support for agricultural sustainability that would be economically viable and environment friendly. The present study will focus on issues and challenges foragricultural sustainability with reference to North-West Himalayan region.
The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases... more The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases out land in agriculturally developed and backward states using unit-level National Sample Survey data from different rounds. There are three important findings of the study. First, reverse tenancy in terms of distribution of leased in and leased-out land among households of different size categories is more pronounced in agriculturally developed states while in agriculturally backward states, most of the leased in and leased-out land was accounted for by sub-marginal, marginal and small households. Second, in terms of concentration of leased in and leased-out land among households at different levels of ownership hierarchy, the tenancy relations in both the categories of states conform to the traditional variety where most of the leased-in land is concentrated among households that are at the bottom and middle levels and leased-out land among households that are at top different levels....
The study, using unit level data from two latest nationally representative surveys, examines chan... more The study, using unit level data from two latest nationally representative surveys, examines changes in the levels and sources of household income, consumption expenditure, and incidence of poverty among agricultural households in mountainous states of India. It also identifies factors affecting household income and the probability of an agricultural household falling below the poverty line in each state. The results show that a significant decrease in the per cent share of income from cultivation is accompanied by a significant increase in the share of income from wages and salary. The results also show that the average annual income of such households is higher than their average annual consumption expenditure in most states and a significant decrease in poverty among them.
The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases... more The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases out land in agriculturally developed and backward states using unit-level National Sample Survey data from different rounds. There are three important findings of the study. First, reverse tenancy in terms of distribution of leased in and leased-out land among households of different size categories is more pronounced in agriculturally developed states while in agriculturally backward states, most of the leased in and leased-out land was accounted for by sub-marginal, marginal and small households. Second, in terms of concentration of leased in and leased-out land among households at different levels of ownership hierarchy, the tenancy relations in both the categories of states conform to the traditional variety where most of the leased-in land is concentrated among households that are at the bottom and middle levels and leased-out land among households that are at top different levels. Third, the results of the logit regression further show that variables such as household size, age of the head of family, education of the head of the family, self-employment in agriculture, ownership of livestock and land use affect the probability of medium and large households leasing in and sub-marginal, marginal and small households leasing out land though the nature of their effect, and statistical significance of the regression coefficients vary among agriculturally developed and backward states and also over the years.
The study examines changes in the salient features of agrarian structure in rural India since 195... more The study examines changes in the salient features of agrarian structure in rural India since 1953-54 using NSS data. The study, inter alia, shows increasing marginalization of holdings, growing concentration of land at the middle thirty and forty percent levels, decrease in the incidence of tenancy, increasing prominence of fixed money contracts, increase in the duration of tenancy contracts and prevalence of traditional tenancy relations. It shows that factors like household size, number of marginal holdings and proportion of area under non-foodgrain crops are significant determinants of tenancy and share tenancy. The study raises some concerns and outlines policy options.
Sustainability in agriculture means the ability to maintain productivity, whether of a field or f... more Sustainability in agriculture means the ability to maintain productivity, whether of a field or farm or nation, in the face of stress or shock. In other words, it means to develop practices and technologies that will mitigate the major problems in agriculture like erratic weather conditions, pests, increase in the cost of production, climate change, soil erosion, etc. Though the Himalayan mountainous states are rich in biodiversity but there are issues like climate change, degradation of natural resources, soil erosion, fragmentation of land, etc. that poses a great threat to entire Himalayan biodiversity, agriculture, ecosystem and livelihood of its human population. Due to increasing population and growing demand of food, it became very important to support for agricultural sustainability that would be economically viable and environment friendly. The present study will focus on issues and challenges foragricultural sustainability with reference to North-West Himalayan region.
The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases... more The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases out land in agriculturally developed and backward states using unit-level National Sample Survey data from different rounds. There are three important findings of the study. First, reverse tenancy in terms of distribution of leased in and leased-out land among households of different size categories is more pronounced in agriculturally developed states while in agriculturally backward states, most of the leased in and leased-out land was accounted for by sub-marginal, marginal and small households. Second, in terms of concentration of leased in and leased-out land among households at different levels of ownership hierarchy, the tenancy relations in both the categories of states conform to the traditional variety where most of the leased-in land is concentrated among households that are at the bottom and middle levels and leased-out land among households that are at top different levels....
The study, using unit level data from two latest nationally representative surveys, examines chan... more The study, using unit level data from two latest nationally representative surveys, examines changes in the levels and sources of household income, consumption expenditure, and incidence of poverty among agricultural households in mountainous states of India. It also identifies factors affecting household income and the probability of an agricultural household falling below the poverty line in each state. The results show that a significant decrease in the per cent share of income from cultivation is accompanied by a significant increase in the share of income from wages and salary. The results also show that the average annual income of such households is higher than their average annual consumption expenditure in most states and a significant decrease in poverty among them.
The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases... more The present study analyses the extent of reverse tenancy in terms of who leases in and who leases out land in agriculturally developed and backward states using unit-level National Sample Survey data from different rounds. There are three important findings of the study. First, reverse tenancy in terms of distribution of leased in and leased-out land among households of different size categories is more pronounced in agriculturally developed states while in agriculturally backward states, most of the leased in and leased-out land was accounted for by sub-marginal, marginal and small households. Second, in terms of concentration of leased in and leased-out land among households at different levels of ownership hierarchy, the tenancy relations in both the categories of states conform to the traditional variety where most of the leased-in land is concentrated among households that are at the bottom and middle levels and leased-out land among households that are at top different levels. Third, the results of the logit regression further show that variables such as household size, age of the head of family, education of the head of the family, self-employment in agriculture, ownership of livestock and land use affect the probability of medium and large households leasing in and sub-marginal, marginal and small households leasing out land though the nature of their effect, and statistical significance of the regression coefficients vary among agriculturally developed and backward states and also over the years.
The study examines changes in the salient features of agrarian structure in rural India since 195... more The study examines changes in the salient features of agrarian structure in rural India since 1953-54 using NSS data. The study, inter alia, shows increasing marginalization of holdings, growing concentration of land at the middle thirty and forty percent levels, decrease in the incidence of tenancy, increasing prominence of fixed money contracts, increase in the duration of tenancy contracts and prevalence of traditional tenancy relations. It shows that factors like household size, number of marginal holdings and proportion of area under non-foodgrain crops are significant determinants of tenancy and share tenancy. The study raises some concerns and outlines policy options.
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Papers by Shakir H Malik