Agricultural Landholdings

The protoindustrialization theories presuppose, as a cause or as a consequence, that in the proto-industrial areas there was a strong concentration of land ownership. The article addresses this issue in the environment of the cloth-leading producer at the end of the Old Regime, the Valencian town of Alcoi. The work confirms this concentration, accentuated over the time and greater depending on the size of the population. The land market is studied, with special attention to the impact of the expulsion of the Moriscos and hypotheses are raised about the influence of transmission and inheritance mechanisms. Likewise, the relations of production and the importance of wage labour in agriculture are considered. Despite the concentration of ownership, the extent of indirect management through leases and sharecropping, and a suspicion of an important salarization in agricultural activities, the English model does not seem to be reproduced by apparent absence of capitalist tenant farmers.

Las teorías de la protoindustrialización presuponen, como causa o como consecuencia, que en las áreas protoindustriales se dio una fuerte concentración de la propiedad de la tierra. El artículo aborda esta problemática en el entorno del principal núcleo productor de paños a finales del Antiguo Régimen, la villa valenciana de Alcoi. El trabajo constata dicha concentración, acentuada con el paso del tiempo y mayor en función del tamaño de la población. Se estudia el mercado de la tierra, con una especial atención al impacto de la expulsión de los moriscos y se plantean hipótesis sobre la influencia de los mecanismos de transmisión y herencia. Asimismo, se consideran las relaciones de producción y la importancia del trabajo asalariado en la agricultura. A pesar de la concentración de la propiedad, de la extensión de la gestión indirecta mediante arrendamientos y aparcerías, y de existir indicios de una importante salarización en las actividades agrarias, no parece reproducirse el modelo inglés por la aparente inexistencia de labradores arrendatarios capitalistas.

This chapter focuses on tourism and the conservation of yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) and the northern royal albatross (Diomedea sanfordi) on New Zealand's Otago Peninsula. These wildlife species have proven to be very valuable tourism resources and expenditure by tourists coming to view these species adds substantially to incomes and employment in the Dunedin region of New Zealand. This chapter examines the role of tourism in supporting the conservation of these species, and the contribution to income and unemployment in the Dunedin region of the tourism generated by these species, both of which are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to be endangered. This is followed by a general discussion of how wildlife which is used to meet the demands of tourists should be valued, and consideration is given to whether landholders relying on income from wildlife-based tourism can be expected to conserve wildlife species to an extent that is socially optimal from an economic point of view.